STATE OF M.P.versusDESHRAJ AND ORS.

'
>                                 STATE OF M.P.                                       A
                                          v.
                               DESHRAJ AND ORS.

                                JANUARY 29, 2004

              [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJIT PASA YAT, JJ.]                              B


          Penal Code, 1860:

          Ss.302134, 323134 and 304 Part fl-Prosecution u/s 302134 for murder         C
    of one and injuries to others-Injuries caused in course of sudden quarrel-
    Trial Court convicted 10 accused uls 323134 holding offence uls 302134 not
    made out in absence of evidence showing as to which injury was atlributable
    lo which accused-One of the accused acquitled-Judgment of Trial Court
    upheld by High Coiirt-On appeal, held: Conviction uls 323 not justified-
    However, in view of the fact that injuries caused in course of sudden quarrel     D
    accused convicted uls 304 Part 11-Acqui/la/ of one of the accused is justified.

          Section 34-Na/Ure and applicability of-Held: It is only a rule of
    evidence and does not create a substantive offence-Proof ofcommon intention
    can only be inferred fi'om circumstances appearing fi'om proved facts-For
    applying the provision it fr not necessmy to show some overt act.                 E

          Eleven accused-appellants faced trial u/s 302 r/w Section 34 IPC for
    having caused death of one person and having injured PWs 5, 9 and I 0.
    Trial Court acquitted ae,:cused No. II finding no material against him. As
    regards accused Nos. I to 10, it held that their case was not covered u/s         F
    302/34 IPC in absence of any documentary evidence to show as to which
    injury could be attributed to which accused. But in view of several other
    injuries on the deceased, it held that case u/s 323/34 IPC was made out.
    High Court confirmed the judgment of trial court.

         In appeal to this Court appellant-State contended that the courts G
    below had lost sight of true import of Section 34 IPC.

          Respondents-accused contended that in view of the fact that the
    occurrence took place in course of a quarrel and in absence of material
    to show as to who caused which injury, judgments of Courts below should
                                        1185
                                                                                      H
    1186                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [2004] I S.C.R.

A not be varied.
           Disposing of the appeal, the Court

        !-fELD: I. Trial Court and the High Court were not justified in
  holding that offence committed was under Section 323 read with Section
B 34 IPC. Applying the factual scenario noticed by the Trial Court and the
  High Court more particularly the fact that there was fight between accused
  and the deceased and the injured witnesses, and the injuries came to be
  innicted in course of sudden quarrel, it would be appropriate to convict
  respondents 2 to 10 under Section 304 Part 11 IPC. Trial Court has rightly
C observed that there was practically no material to find respondent No. I I
  guilty. 11190-D, F-GJ

        2.1. Section 34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in
  the doing of a criminal act. The Section is only a rule of evidence and do1~s
  not create a substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the Section is
D the element of participation in action. The liability of one person for an
  offence committed by another in the course or criminal act perpetrated
  by several persons arises under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in
  furtherance of a common intention of the persons who join in committing
  the crime. Direct proof of common intention is seldom available and,
E therefore, such intention can only be inferred from the circumstances
  appearing from the proved facts of the case and the proved circumstances.
  In order to bring home the charge of common intention, the prosecution
  has to establish by evidence, whether direct or circumstantial, that there
  was plan or meeting of m.ind of all the accused persons to commit the
  offence for which they are charged with the aid of Section 34, be it pre-
f arranged or on the spur of moment; but it must necessarily be before the
  commission of the crime. The true contents of the Section is that if two or
  more persons intentionally do an act jointly, the position in law is just the
  same as if each of them has done it individually by himself. The existence
  of a common intention amongst the participants in a crime is the essential
G element for application of this Section. It is not necessary that the acts of
  the several persons charged with commission or an offence jointly must
  be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character,
  but must have been actuated by one and the same common intention in
  order to attract the provision. 11189-D-H; 1190-AI

H          As/10k Kumar v. State of Punjab. AIR (1977) SC 109, relied on.
''

                      STATE OF M.P. v. DESHRAJ (PASAYAT, .I.)              1187
           2.2. Section 34 is intended to meet a case in which it may be ilifficult A
>    to distinguish between acts of individual members of a party who act in
     furtherance of the common intention of all or to prove exactly what part
     was taken by each of them. It is applicable even if no injury has been
     caused by the particular accused himself. For applying Section 34 it is not
     necessary to show some overt act on the part of the accused. [1190-B-DI B

          Ch. Pulla Reddy and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR (1993) SC
     1899, relied on.

          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
     1055 of 1997.                                                                 C
          From the Judgment and Order dated 14.3.90 of the Madhya Pradesh
     High Court in Crl. A. No. 72 of 1982.

          Siddharth Dave for Ms. Vibha Datta Makhija for the Appellant.
                                                                                  D
          ~.L. Sahu for the Respondents.

          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

            ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. In this appeal challenge is to the correctness of
     judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Madhya Pradesh High Court E
     which affirmed tha conviction under Section 323 read with Section 34 of the
      Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short 'the IPC') as recorded by the Trial Court
     in respect of respondents I to 10 and did not accept prosecutions' plea that
     it was a case covered by Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC. Eleven
     persons faced trial and the Trial Court held A-11 Toran Singh to be not F
     guilty. The accused persons were charged for commission of offences
     punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and Section 323 IPC
     for allegedly committing homicidal death of one Ramdin (hereinafter referred
     to as 'the deceased') and causing injuries on Harbhan (PW-5), Brijbhan (PW-
      10) and Bina Bai (PW-9). Trial Court while acquitting accused Toran Singh
     held that the other accused persons were to be convicted under Section 323 G
     read with Section 34 !PC. The State of Madhya Pradesh filed appeal before
     the Madhya Pradesh High Court and the same was dismissed by the impugned
     judgment. It appears respondent no.1-Darua had died on 15.6.1986, and that
     being so, the appeal stands abated so far he is concerned.

          Background facts as projected by the prosecution are as follows:         H
                                                                                    ',

    1188                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                 (2004] I S.C.R.

A        On 26.5.1980, about 8.15 a.m. PW-5 lodged first information report
  with the police regarding alleged occurrence which took place on the previous
  day i.e. 25.5.1980. There was an exchange of words between Harbhan (PW-
  5) and Pratap Singh Thakur over payment of fare relating to hire of bullock
  cart. According to the informant, the rent was fixed at Rs.15/- but Pratap
B Singh Thakur wanted to pay Rs.13/-. When the exchange of words was going
  on, the accused persons armed with various weapons arrived there and accused
  Balkishan hit on the head of the deceased. The otl;er accused persons assaulted
  him with various weapons. The deceased ran inside the house for protection.
  The accused persons continued to assault. When Brijbhan (PW-I 0) and Bina
  (PW-9) tried to rescue accused, Maharaj Singh struck on the head of Bina
C with farsa. Bhagwan Das and Badhraj struck her with lathies. Maharaj Singh
  gave a farsa blow on the head of the informant. Bhagwan Das and Badhraj
  struck on the head with lathi on his left arm while accused Halka struck lathi
  on the right arm. Jagna struck him on the shoulder and he fell down. Even
  then accused persons inflicted lathi blows. Accused Ramdas also assaulted
D Brijbhan (PW-10). On hearing his cries for help, several villagers gathered.
  They also witnessed the assaults. Deceased breathed his last instantaneously
  and the informant became unconscious. Acting on the information given by
  the informant first infonnation report was lodged. The dead body was sent
  for post-mortem and the injured persons were sent for medical examination.
E On the body oi' the deceased 8 injuries were noticed. One of them was the
  fracture of the skull. According to the doctor (PW-8) who conducted the
  post-mortem: the injuries on the skull were sufficient to cause death in the
  nonnal course. The accused persons pleaded innocence and false implication ..
  Some of them were also examined and the medical reports indicated that they
  had sustained injuries. The Trial Court held that the death was homicidal: but
F there was no definite material as to which of the injuries was inflicted by
  which accused. Additionally, it was observed that there was fight between the
  parties and the accused persons had sustained injuries. ln the absence of any
  documentary evidence to show as to which injury could be attributed to
  which accused, the case was not covered by Section 302 read with Section
G 34 IPC. But he held there being several other injuries on the body of the
  deceased as noticed, cas.e under Section 323/34 IPC was made out so far as
  the deceased is concerned, as well as injuries noticed on PWs. 5, 9 and I0.
  As there was no definite material, so far accused Toran is concerned, he was
  acquitted. As noted (supra), the State of M.P. filed an appeal before the
  Madhya Pradesh High Court which came to be disposed of by a Division
H Bench of the High Court at Jabalpur Bench. The High Court found that there
                 STATE OF M.P. v. DESHRAJ (PASAY AT, J.]                1189
were several injuries on the person of the deceased. Some were lacerated A
wounds and others were bruises. Doctor had opined that the injury on the
skull was vital one. Having noticed this factor, the High Court further observed
that the material evidence which has not come from the doctor, is the result
of cumulative effect of.the several injuries that the accused persons stated to
have been caused, and for which death took place. There was also no evidence B
as to the authorship of fatal injury and, therefore, Section 302/34 IPC was
ruled out.

      The appeal was dismissed so far as accused Toran is concerned.

      Learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the approach of   C
the Trial Court and the High Court is clearly erroneous. The true import of
Section 34 of the Act has been lost sight of. Learned counsel for the
respondents accused submitted that the occurrence was the result of a sudden
quarrel and free fight and, therefore, the judgments of the Courts below do
not suffer from any infirmity.
                                                                               D
       Section 34 has been enacted on the principle of joint liability in the
doing of a criminal act. The Section is only a rule of evidence and docs not
create a substantive offence. The distinctive feature of the Section is the
element of participation in action. The liability of one person for an offence
committed by another in the course of criminal act perpetrated by several
persons arises under Section 34 if such criminal act is done in furtherance of E
a common intention of the persons who join in committing the crime. Direct
proof of common intention is seldom available and, therefore, such intention
can only be inferred from the circumstances appearing from the proved facts
of the case and the proved circumstances. In order to bring home the charge
of common intention, the prosecution has to establish by evidence, whether F
direct or circumstantial, that there was plan or meeting of mind of all the
accused persons to commit the offence for which they are charged with the
aid of Section 34, be it pre-arranged or on the spur of moment; but it must
necessarily be before the commission of the crime. The true contents of the
Section is that if two or more persons intentionally do an act jointly, the G
position in law is just the same as if each of them has done it individually
by himself. As observed in As/wk Kumar v. State of Punjab, AIR (1977) SC
109, the existence of a common intention amongst the participants in a crime
is the essential element for application of this Section. It is not necessary that
the acts of the several persons charged with commission of an offence jointly
must be the same or identically similar. The acts may be different in character, H
    1190                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   (2004) I S.C.R.

A but must have been actuated by one and the same common intention in order
    to attract the provision.

           The Section does not say "the common intention of all'', nor does it say
    "and intention common to all''. Under. the provisions of Section 34 the essence
    of the liability is to be found in the existence of a common intention animating
B   the accused leading to the doing of a criminal act in furtherance of such
    intention. As a result of the application of principles enunciated in Section
    34, when an accused is convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34, in
    law it means that the accused is liable for the act which caused death of the
    deceased in the same manner as if it was done by him alone. The provision
C   is intended to meet a case in which it may be difficult to distinguish between
    acts of individual members of a party who act in furtherance of the common
    intention of all or to prove exactly what part was taken by each of them. As
    was observed in Ch. Pu/la Reddy and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh, AIR
    ( 1993) SC 1899, Section 34 is applicable even if no injury has been caused
    by the particular accused himself. For applying Section 34 it is not necessary
D   to show some overt act on the part of the accused.

         Above being the legal position, the Trial Court and the High Court
    were not justified in holding that offence committed was under Section 323
    read with Section 34 IPC.
E       Stand of learned counsel for the accused as noted above was that the
  occurrence took place in the course of a quarrel. The accused persons have
  not taken any undue advantage and have also not acted with cruelty and,
  therefore, in the absence of any material to show as to who caused the injury,
  the conviction as recorded by the Trial Court and confirmed by the High
F Court should not be varied.
        Applying the factual scenario noticed by the Trial Court and the High
  Court more particularly the fact that there was fight between accused and the
  deceased and the injured witnesses, and the injuries came to be inflicted in
  course of sudden quarrel, it would be. appropriate to convict the respondents
G 2 to 10 under Section 304 Part II IPC. Custodial sentence of 8 years would
  meet the ends of justice.

           So far as accused-respondent Toran is concerned, the Trial Court has
    rightly observed that there was practically no material to find him guilty.        ..i
H   Though the High Court has not given any reason for affinning the conclusion
                       STATE OF M.P. v. DESHRAJ [PASAYAT, J.)                    1191
,.   of the Trial Court so far as he is concerned, we find no scope for interference.     A
           In substance, the appeal filed by the State is allowed so far as respondents
     2 to IO are concerned and dismissed so far as respondent no. I I Toran Singh
     is concerned.

     K.K.T.                                                        Appeal dismissed.      B