Holding

The accused police officers were guilty of culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part II r/w Section 34 IPC and of fabricating documents, and were convicted accordingly.

Summary

The deceased Nathu Banjara was brought to Rampura police station as a murder suspect, beaten and tortured by Sub‑Inspector Shyamsunder Trivedi, Head Constable Rajaram and Constable Ganniuddin, and died in custody. The police attempted to conceal the death by preparing false death reports and panchnamas and seeking cremation of the body as a "lavaris". The trial court acquitted all accused; the High Court set aside only Trivedi's conviction for fabricating documents and sentenced him to two years' rigorous imprisonment, maintaining his acquittal for murder and acquitting the others. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the police officers were directly or indirectly responsible for the death, which fell under Section 304 Part II read with Section 34 IPC, and also convicted them for fabricating documents and related offences. It affirmed convictions of Trivedi and three other officers, imposed rigorous imprisonment and fines, directed the fine to be paid to the heirs, and dismissed the acquittal of the remaining respondent.

Issues considered

The death of a suspect in police custody due to police‑inflicted injuries constitutes culpable homicide under Section 304 Part II read with Section 34 of the IPC.
Whether police officers can be convicted for fabricating documents and false statements under Sections 201, 218 and 342 IPC.
Whether a conviction under Section 201 IPC is barred when incriminating material was not put to the accused under Section 313 CrPC.
Whether the High Court erred in acquitting the accused of murder (Section 302/149 IPC) despite circumstantial evidence.
Appropriate sentencing considerations, including the effect of a long lapse of time.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 235(2), s. 313, s. 357
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 147, s. 149, s. 201, s. 218, s. 302, s. 304 Part II, s. 330, s. 331, s. 34, s. 342

Subjects

custodial deathpolice tortureculpable homicidefabricated documentsSection 304 IPCSection 201 IPCSection 313 CrPCsentencinghuman rightspolice excesses

Judgment

>

A STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH
v.
SHYAMSUNDER TRIVEDI AND ORS.

MAY 9, 1995
B
[DR. AS. ANAND AND M.K. MUKHERJEE, JJ.]

Indian Penal Code 1860-S.304 Part II r/w S.34-Death in police cus-
tody-Sub-Inspector, Head Constables and Constable beating and torturing
murder suspect to death-Members of local bar deposing about accused
c transporting dead body of the deceased from police station to hospital for post
mortem-Trial Court and High Court acquitting accused policemen since
direct evidence not avai/able-ffeld, accused policemen directly or indirectly
involved in torture and death of the victim; guilty of offence under S.304 Part
II r/w S.34.
-
-
D
Indian Penal Code 1860-Ss.201, 218-Death in police custody-Sub-
Inspector present at police station where murder suspect beaten and tortured
to death-Sub-Inspector preparing roznamcha that dead body found near tree
outside police station-Recording panchnama that cause of death not known,
no injuries marks found and requesting Municipal Council for cremation of
E 'lavaris' person-Held, Sub-Inspector prepared false documents with a view
to screen the offence-rightly convicted.

Code of Criminal Procedure 1973-S.313--lncriminating material not
put to accused while recording statement-Held, accused was seriously
F prejudiced and no conviction could be recorded for offence of causing
disappearance of evidence.

Code of Criminal Procedure 1973-Section 357-Death in police cus'
tody-Accused policemen sentenced to imprisonment as well as fine-Court

G
directs entire amount of fine to be paid to heirs of the deceased.

Criminal Law-Sentence-Mitigating factors-Death in police cus-
•
...........
tody-Accused Sub-Inspector held guilty of culpable homicide-Long lapse
of time and accused already serving two years' for other offence~eld,
balance to be struck between human factor and interests of victim of crime;
H accused sentenced to two years' RI and fine.
44
STATEOFM.P. v.S.TRIVED! 45

Code of Criminal Procedure 1973-Section 235 (2)-Death in police A
custody-Police excesses-Need for Court to deal with cases in a realistic
manner and with sensitivity, discussed-Legislature asked to bring changes to
curb custodial crime-Constitution of India-Article 2 J.

During the intervening night of October 13 & 14, 1991 deceased NB B
was brought by RR, Head Constable and GU, Constable to the Rampura
police station for interrogation as a suspect in a murder case.· There SST,
Sub-Inspector and RNS, Head Constable joined RR and GU in beating,
torturing and causing the death of NB. The news of NB dying in police
custody leaked out and local residents including lawyers keeping a watch
over the p~lice station saw the dead body wrapped in a blanket being C
brought out of police station and being placed in a jeep at about 2 p.m. on

- October 14, 1991 by SST, RR and RNS. They followed the jeep to the
hospital and persuaded the doctors not to .conduct post-mortem till the
arrival of the higher authorities. The Additional District Magistrate who
was appointed Enquiry Officer found that NB died in police custody due D
-. to extensive beating for which SST and RR were held directly responsible.
The post-mortem showed 14 extensive external injuries and the medical
opinion was that NB had died of shock resulting from the injuries.

During enquiry it came to light that SST had prepared false entries
to show that NB had been released from police custody after interrogation E
on October 13, 1991 itself and that at 7 a.m. on October 14, 1991 informa-
tion had been received regarding 'one unknown person' (lavaris) near a
tree. SST also prepared a panchnama of the dead body recording that •
cause of death was not known and that no injury marks were found on the
body. Thereafter, SST addressed a letter to the Administrator, Municipal F
Council, Rampura on October 14, 1991 requesting for the arrangement of
the crematiOn of a 'lavaris' (unknown) person.

The accused policemen were charged with the offences of rioting,
murder, fabricating documents and causing disappearance of evidence. G
The Trial Court acquitted all the accused of all the charges. Partly allowing
the appeal of the State of M.P., the High Court set aside the acquittal of
SST for the offences of causing disappearance of evidence and fabricating
documents and sentenced him to two years' RI. However, the acquittal of
SST for the offence of murder as well as the acquittal of the other accused
were maintained. The State of M.P. appealed to this Court. H
46 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A Allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1.1. SST, RLS, RR and GU were definitely present at the
police station and were directly or indirectly involved in the torture ofN and
his subsequent death while in police custody as also in making a'ttempts to
screen the offence to enable the guilty to escape punishment. Their offence
B would, thus, squarely fall under Section 304 Part-11/34 IPC. [58-H]

1.2. The High Court erroneously overlooked the ground realities that
rarely in cases of police torture or custodial death, direct ocular evidence
of the complicity of the police personnel would be available, when it ob-
C served that 'direct' evidence about the complicity of these respondents was
not available. Police personnel prefer to remain silent and more often than
not even pervert the truth to save their colleagues, and the present case is

D
an apt illustration, as to how one after the other police witnesses feigned
ignorance about the whole matter. [58-F-G]

2. The death report and panchnama are false documents prepared
-
by SST with a view to screen the offence. It is not imaginable that SST and
others, particularly RR and GU, would not have known the identity of the
deceased. [53-G]

3. Since the incriminating material appearing in the prosecution
E evidence against certain accused who were charged for an offence under
Section 201 IPC only was not put to them in their statements recorded
under Section 313 Cr.P.C. and no opportunity was afforded to them to
explain those circumstances, they had been seriously prejudiced and no
conviction could therefore, be recorded against them for the offence under
Section 201 IPC. [55-C]
F
4.1. SST is convicted under section 304 Part 11/34 !PC and sentenced
to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two years and to pay a fine of Rs.
50,000. The long lapse of period is indeed a consideration which may weigh
in favour of the respondents for not being awarded a long sentence of
G imprisonment but then the interests of the victim of the crime have also be
kept in view. [61-H, Fl

4.2. RNS, RR and GU are convicted and sentenced to suffer rigorous
imprisonment for one year each and to pay a fine of Rs. 20,000 each, and
in default of payment of fine to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one
H year more for the offence under section 304-11/149 IPC. The entire amount
STATEOFM.P. v. S. TRIVEDI [DR.ANAND,J.] 47

of fine on realisation shall be paid to the heirs of the deceased by way of A
compensation. [62-B-C]

5.1. Police excesses and the mal-treatment of detainees/undertrial
prisoners or suspects tarnishes the image of any civilised nation and
encourages the men in 'Khaki' to consider themselves to be above the law
and sometimes even to become law unto themselves. [59-E) B

5.2. Keeping in view the dehumanising aspect of the crime, the
flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the victim of the crime and
the growing rise in the crimes of this type the Government and Legislature
should bring about appropriate changes in the Law not only to curb
custodial crime but also to see that it does not go unpunished. [60-D-E)
c

- Fourth Report of the National Police Commission (June 1980); 113th
Report of the Law Commission, referred to.

5.3. The Courts are also required to have a change in their outlook D
and attitude particularly in cases involving custodial crimes and should
adopt a realistic rather than a narrow technical approach. [60-F)

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No,
217 of 1993. •

From the Judgment and Order dated 21.1.87 of the Madhya Pradesh E
High Court in Crl.A.No. 382 of 1983.

Sakesh Kumar, Uma Nath Singh and Gautam Bose for the Appellant.

R.K. Jain, B.B. Dubey and C.L. Sahu f~r the Respondent No. 1.
F
S.S. Tiwari, R.C. Asthana and B.S. Banthia for the Respondent
Nos. 2-7.
- ·.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

DR. ANAND, J. On the fateful night, intervening 13th and 14th G
"~ October, 1981, the uncivilised method of interrogation of a suspect took its
toll and a fatal blow was inflicted on human dignity when custodial violence
claimed yet another victim · Natho Banjara. But for the vigilance of some
members of the Bar of Rampura and the loud protestations of some of the
residents of the village the crime could have gone unnoticed and un·
punished.· H
48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A According to the prosecution case on 13th October, 1981 respondent
No. 4 Rajaram, Head Constable and respondent No. 5, Ganniuddin, Con-
stable brought one Nathu Banjara of village Dhabala Deval to police
station Rampura for interrogation as a suspect in a murder case. At the
police station respondent No. 1 Shyam Sunder Trivedi, Sub-Inspector;
respondent No. 3 Ram Naresh Shukla, Head Constable alongwith respon-
B dent Nos. 4 and 5 gave beating to Nathu Banjara and tortured him with
the intention of extracting a confession of guilt from him in connection with
the murder of one harijan women of village Singharia Piparia. As a result
of the extensive injuries caused to Nathu, he died in police custody at the
police station Rampura. At about 2.00 p.m. on 14.10.1981, the dead body
c of the deceased Nathu was removed in a jeep, belonging to the fisheries
department Rampura to the hospital for post-mortem examination with the

-
ultimate object of cremating the deceased, as an 'unclaimed body', for
which respondent No. 1 had already initiated some steps. Some residents
of the village including some members of the Bar of Rampura who had
D come to know about the torture of Nathu at the police station, kept a watch
over the police station and on noticing the removal of the dead body of
Nathu in the jeep, they followed the jeep and reached the hospital. The
dead body was removed to the mortuary. The members of the Bar and
others requested Dr. Naraindas Neema PW22 not to perform the autopsy
till the arrival of higher authorities. Naib Tehsildar Rathore PWlO who
E arrived at the hospital in the meanwhile got the mortuary locked and sealed
at the insistence of the protestors. On telephonic information given to the
District Magistrate about the protests at the hospital and the gathering of
a large crowd, the Superintendent of Police and the Additional District
Magistrate PW20 reached the hospital in the evening. A written report
Ex.P/1 signed by some of the residents of Rampura was given to the
F
District Magistrate who ordered the holding of a magisterial enquiry into
the matter. Shri Bhat PW20, the Additional District Magistrate was ap-
pointed as the Enquiry Officer. He commenced an enquiry immediately
and prepa.e'd the panchnama Ex.P/22 of the dead body and sent it for
post-mortem examination vide requisition memo Ex.P/6, which was also
G signed by respondent No. 1 Shyarnsunder Trivedi. The post-mortem ex-
amination was conducted by Dr. Mehta PW7. The Doctor in the post-mor-
tem report, Ex.P-7, noticed the following multiple injuries on the deceased:

1. Irregular reddish blue contusion of 3 cm x 2 cm on the Rt. lower
H eye lid Zygomatic area of Rt. side of face.
STATE OF M.P. v. S. TRIVEDI [DR. ANAND, J.] 49
-.
2. There are two contusions of reddish blue in (torn) oblique and A
parallel form outer to inner border of middle of left scapula upper
8 cm x 4 cm, lower 6 cm x w cm.

3. There ~re multiple reddish blue contusions imposed on each
other in all directions in the area of 5 to 8 cm on lower aspect of
back of left side of chest. B

4. There are multiple reddish blue contusions imposed on each
other of variable shape, size and direction in the area of 7 cm x
10 cm area of middle of Rt. scapula to lower part of back of Rt.
side of chest. c
5. Oblique reddish blue contusion from lower part of chest to
lumber on ~t side verticle 10 x 2 cm.

6. Two cross reddish blue contusions of 4 cm x 2 cm size in the
I left lumber area on the back. D
7. There are four reddish blue contusions of variable length from
4 to 6 cm x 2 cm size on outer aspect of left shoulder and middle
and outer of left upper arm, imposed on each other.

8. There are two oblique contusion_s of reddish blue colour from E
3 to 4 cm x 2 cm on the outer upper aspect of Rt. upper arm.

9. Redish blue two paraller contusions oblique on outer aspect of
Rt. elbow 2 cm x 2 cm each.

10. Two oblique reddish blue contusions with swelling and body F
crepitus on dorsum of Rt. hand 3 to 4 cm x 2 cm.

11. Oblique reddish blue contusion 4 cm x 2 cm on the dorsum of
left hand.
G

--· 12. Multiple reddish blue contusions of variable sizes, direction,
shape in the area of 10 cm x 12 cm on the back and outer aspect
of left gluteal area super imposed on each other.

13. Transversely placed reddish blue contusions two in number
parallel 5 cm x 2 cm each on back and middle of left eye. H
50 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
"
A 14. Multiple reddish blue contusions on the right gluteal area in
veriable directions, sizes and shapes imposed on each other in area
of 8 cm x 10 cm on the back and outer aspect of Rt. gluteal area.

The doctor opined that the cause of death was shock as a result of the
extensive external injuries and that the death had taken place within 24 hours
B
preceding the post-mortem examination.

Shri Bhat, PW20, the Enquiry Officer during the course of inquiry
examined some witnesses and seized various documents. After conclusion
of the enquiry he submitted his report, Ex. P/28 on 15.10.1981. The Enquiry
c Officer, PW20, found that during the night intervening 13th and 14th
October, 1981, deceased Nathu Banjara died in police custody at Rampura
police station due to extensive beating given to him and held respondent
No. 1 Shyamsunder Trivedi, SI and respondent No. 2 Rajaram to be
directly responsible for causing those injuries. The report was sent to the
Circle Inspector Narayangarh where on its basis, case FIR, Ex. P/31 was
D
registered by Circle Inspector G.S. Tamar PW 21 on 15.10.1981. During
the investigation of the case, letter Ex.P/9 written by SJ. Shyamsunder
Trivedi respondent No. 1 to the Administrator Municipal Committee as-
king him to make necessary arrangements for the cremation of a dead body
of an unknown person was also seized from Naib Tehsildar Rathore, PWlO.
E Further investigation was later on carried out by CID Inspector G.S. Rai,
PW 23, who seized some more incriminating documents and examined
some of the witnesses. At the conclusion of the investigation, the respon-
dents were arrested and a challan was filed against them. The respondents
were committed to stand their trial before the Additional Sessions Judge.
F
Whereas lU. Shyamsunder Trivedi, respondent No. 1 was charged
with offences under Section 302/149, 147, 201, 342 and 218 !PC; Rajaram
respondent No. 2 was charged with offences under Section 147, 302/149,
201 and 342 !PC; respondent No. 3 Ramnaresh Shukla, respondent No. 4
Ram Partap and respondent No. 5 Ganniuddin were charged with offences
G under Section 147, 302/149 and 201 !PC. Respondent nos. 6 & 7 Ramesh
Chander and Goverdhan were charged with offences under Section 201
IPC only. After trial of the case, the First Additional Sessions Judge,
-
Mandsaur acquitted all the respondents of all the charges vide his order
dated 14.5.1983. The State of Madhya Pradesh went up in appeal against
H the order of acquittal dated 14.5.1983 to the High Court of Madhya
STATEOFM.P. v. S. TRIVEDI[DR. ANAND,J.] 51
••
Pradesh. vide its judgment dated 21.1.1987, the High Court maintained the A
acquittal of respondent nos. 2 to 7 but set aside the acquittal of respondent
No. 1 Shyamsunder Trivedi for offences punishable under Sections 218, 201
and 342 !PC and sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 2
years on each of the two counts under Sections 218 and 201 !PC and six
months rigorous imprisonment for the offence under Section 342 !PC. The
B
sentences were, however, directed to run concurrently. His acquittal for
the offence under Section 302/149 and 147 !PC was, however, maintained.
Shyamsunder Trivedi, respondent No. 1 filed a special leave petition cha!·
lenging his conviction and sentence but the same was dismissed. A review
petition filed by him also failed. This appeal by special leave has been filed
by the State of Madhya Pradesh questioning the acquittal of respondent C
No. 1 for the offences under Sections 302/149 !PC and 147 !PC and of
respondents 2 to 7 for the offences with which they were charged.

We have heard learned counsel for the parties and perused the
record.
D
That Nathu deceased was brought from his village Dhabala Deval to
Rampura police station by Head Constable Rajaram and Constable Gan·
niuddin on 13.10.1981 in the evening for interrogation as a suspect in a
murder case has not been disputed either in the courts below or before us.
From the evidence of Dr. Mehta, PW7 who conducted the post-mortem on E
the dead body of Nathu it is established that the death of Nathu was
homicidal and not natural and was as a result of extensive external injuries
received by the deceased. While the prosecution case was that Nathu died
while in police custody on account of torture and excessive beating given
to him at the police station, the defence set up by the respondents and F
particularly respondent no. 1, Shyamsunder Trivedi, at the trial was that
Nathu had been released from police custody at about 10.30 p.m., after
interrogation on 13.10.1981 itself vide entry Ex. P/22A in the Roznamcha
and that at about 7.00 a.m. on 14.10.1981, a death report Ex. P/9 was
recorded at the police station, Rampura at the instance of Ramesh respon· G
dent No. 6, to the effect that he had found "one unknown person" near a
tree by the side of the tank riggling with pain in his chest and that as soon
as respondent No. 6 reached near him, the said person died. The further
case set up by Trivedi, respondent No. 1, was that after making a Roz·
namacha entry at 7.00 a.m. about his departure from the police station he
(respondent No. 1 Shyamsunder Trivedi) and Constable Rajaram respon· H
52 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP.1 S.C.R.

A dent proceeded to the spot where the dead body was stated to be lying for
conducting investigation under Section 174 Cr.P.C. He summoned Ramesh
Chander and Goverdhan respondents to the spot and in their presence
prepared a panchnama Ex.P/27 of the dead body recording the opinion
therein to the effect that no definite cause of death was known. The
panchnama was signed by Respondents Ramesh Chander and Goverdhan
B Lal. Requisition for post-mortem examination Ex.P/6 was made by Trivedi
respondent No. 1, in which again it was stated that the cause of death was
·not known. It was also stated in it that respondent No. 1 had examined the
body of the deceased, after removing the clothes of the deceased, but had
not found any injury marks on the body. The return entry Ex.P/20 was made
c in the roznamcha giving the time of return of respondent No. 1 and others
at the police station at 12.20 p.m. After preparing the panchnama, Ex.P/27
respondent No. 1 addressed a letter Ex. P/9 to the Administrator,
Municipal Council, Rampura, on 14.10.81, requesting him to make imme-
diate arrangements for the cremation of "a lavaris" person. The Ad-
D ministrator in turn directed the CM 0 to take immediate action and the
CMO endorsed the communication to the Accountant directing him to
grant Rs. 150 towards expenses for cremation. However, before the respon-
dents could succeed in cremating the body, the events took a different turn
as already noticed by us while narrating the prosecution case.

E The High Court after appreciating of the ocular evidence and the
other material on the record rightly observed :

"..... and there remains no doubt, on a proper appreciation of
evidence of these witnesses that the dead body of the deceased
F Nathu was taken out from the Police Station Rampura on
14.10.1981. The necessary inference which follows is that the
deceased Nathu Banjara died in police custody in Rampura Police
Station and further that the deceased Natho Banjara remained at
the police station right from the time he was brought there in the
evening on 13.10.1981 under custody till the time his dead body
G came out from the Police Station. The case set up by the defence
on the basis of a Roznamcha (Ex. P/22-A) prepared at the Police
Station is that the deceased Natho had been released from Police
custody after interrogation at 10.30 p.m. The deceased Nathu had
admittedly been brought to Rampura Police Station in police
H custody by bus from his village, a distance of 100 Kms. or so and
STATEOFM.P. v. S. TRIVEDl[DR.ANAND,J.] 53
>
it would be normally expected that the police would arrange the A
facility of return to his distant village by bus which is not the case
here. At any rate it is difficult in the circumstances to believe that
after having been brought in police custody from a distance of 100
Kms. he was Jet off that very night and left to his fate at Rampura.
The Roznamcha (Ex. P/22- A), in our opinion, sets up a story which
B
is intrinsically not reliable in the circumstances. This document
appears to have been prepared to conceal the truth that the
deceased Nathu died in police custody".

We are in complete agreement with the High Court in so far as the
above findings are concerned. We agree with the High Court that N athu C
Banjara died in police custody as a result of extensive beating given to him
and that the respondents had created false clues and fabricated false
evidence to conceal the truth that Nathu had died in police custody. We
are of the opinion that Trivedi SI recorded Panchnama Ex. P/27 of the
dead body, an intrinsically false document, with a view to screen the D
offence. The Panchnama which records that Trivedi respondent No. 1 had
examined the dead body of the deceased after removing the clothes and
found no injuries on the body, is totally belied by the post-mortem report
Ex. pn, which shows that there were multiple injuries on different parts of
the body of the deceased. Further, the attempt of Trivedi to cremate the
dead body in hot haste by addressing a letter Ex. P/9 to the Administrator, E
Municipal Council, Rampura also unmistakably points towards his guilt. It
is significant to note that Trivedi, who prepared the Panchnama Ex. P/27
allegedly after seeing the dead body near the tank described the deceased
as a "lavaris", although admittedly the deceased had been brought by the
police from his village for the purpose of interrogation and had been F
interrogated at the police station by SI Trivedi and others. It is not
imaginable that SI Trivedi and others, particularly Rajaram Head Con-
stable and Constable Ganniuddin would not have known the ide'!tity of the
deceased. We are of the opinion that the death report Ex. P/21 and the
Panchnama Ex. P/27 are false documents and were prepared by SI Trivedi
with a view to screen the offence. G

The High Court while dealing with the case of Trivedi, SI and finding
him guilty of certain offences convicted him thus :

"The accused Trivedi Sub-Inspector is, therefore found guilty being H
54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A a public servant framing incorrect writing and record with intent ·
to save persons responsible for beating the deceased Nathu Ban-
jara and causing his death in the Police Station, Rampura and is
also found guilty of giving false information to screen offenders
from legal punishment. As such, he is convicted of the offences
punishable under sections 218 and 201 of the Indian Penal Code.
B He is sentenced to two years' rigorous imprisonment for each of
the two offences. The sentences shall, however, run concurrently."

The acquittal of Trivedi, SI for offences under Section 147 and
302/149 !PC was however, maintained by the High Court.
c The High Court upheld the acquittal of respondents 6 & 7 Ramesh
Chander and Goverdhan Lal for offences under Section 201 !PC on the
ground that the incriminating material against them was not put to them
during their examination under Section 313 Cr. P.C. and no opportunity
had been given to them to tender and explanation in that behalf.
D
The High Court acquitted the remaining accused namely, Ram
Pratap, Ram Naresh Shukla, Raja Ram and Ganniuddin respondent No. 2
to 5 observing :

As regards the remaining four accused-respondents No. 2 to 5 viz.,
E Rampratap, Ramnaresh Shukla, Rajaram and Ganniuddin no
evidence what-so-ever has been adduced by the prosecution to
show that they were the persons responsible for causing injuries
to the deceased. Even the facts as to at what time the deceased
was given beating in the police station and who were the police
F persons on duty at the police station at the time when beating was
given to the deceased Nathu Banjara, have, not been proved by
the prosecution. Consequently, in the absence of evidence against
the accused persons as to their presence or participation at the
time injuries were caused to the deceased Nathu, it is not possible
to find the said four accused guilty of causing injuries to the
G deceased Nathu Banjara. As regards the charge aforesaid four
accused respondents, there is no definite evidence to show that the
deceased Nathu Banjara was detained in the Police Station, Ram-
pura, during the night interventing 13th and 14th October, 1981 by
these respondents or at their instance. The only evidence is that the
H accused-respondents Rajaram and Ganniuddin to the Police Sta-
STATEOFM.P. v. S. TRIVEDI [DR.ANAND,J.] 55
•
tion for interrogation. It was the responsibility of the Station House A
Officer to release the deceased after interrogation which was not
done and for which the Head Constable or constables in the
absence of any positive evidence against them, cannot be held
responsible."

We are in agreement with the High Court that since the incriminating
B
material appearing in the prosecution evidence against respondent No. 6
& 7, who were charged for an offence under Section 201 IPC only was not
put to them in their statements recorded under Section 313 Cr.P.C. and no
opportunity was afforded to them to explain those circumstances, they had
been seriously prejudiced and no conviction could therefore, be recorded C
against them for the offence under Section 210 IPC. Their acquittal, in the
peculiar facts and circumstances of the case, therefore does not call for
any interference by us and upholding their acquittal, we dismiss the appeal -
against them.

D
We are, however, not impressed with the approach of the High Court
in dealing with. the case of the other respondents as well as with the
acquittal of Trivedi Respondent no. 1 for the offences under Section 147
and 302/149 IPC. Having recorded a clear and conclusive finding, and on
a proper appreciation of the evidence, that the deceased Nathu Banjara
had remained in custody at the police station right from the time he was E
brought there in the evening on 13.10.1981 by constables Rajaram Respon-
dent No. 4 and Ganniuddin Respondent No. 5 till the time his dead body
was removed from the police station on the next day and that the respon-
dent No. 1 and others had with a view to conceal the truth created false
evidence and fabricated false clues, the High Court could not have ac- p
quitted SI Trivedi respondent, whose presence at the police station was
amply established by the prosecutiqn evidence, of the offence of causing
multiple external injuries to the deceased which ultimately resulted in the
death of Nathu. Similarly, the materials on the record established not only
the presence of respondents 3, 4, and 5 at the police station during the
period Nathu had remained in custody but also their participation in the G
removal of the dead body to the hospital with a view to screen the offence..

PWl Subhash Chandra, Advocate, PW 4 Radheshyam, advocate, PW
8 Ram Chandra Karel, Advocate and PW18 Virendra Singh Nahha, advo-
cate amongst others deposed at the trial that they had seen the body of the H
56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R ..

A deceased being taken out of the police station and put in a jeep which had
arrived at the police station Rampura and that the jeep proceeded towards
the Civil hospital. From the testimony of these witnesses it clearly emerges
that news that Nathu had died in police custody at Rampura police station
had already leaked out. and the witnesses and some others were keeping a
B watch at the police station to see as to how the police would try to dispose
of the dead body. These witnesses further deposed that they saw a dead
body wrapped in a blanket being brought out from the police station and
being placed in a jeep belonging to the fisheries department at about 2.00
p.m. on 14.10.81 Ram Chandra Karel, PWS who was the Secretary of the
Rampura Bar Association at the relevant time clearly deposed that while
C the dead body was being put inside the jeep the face of the deceased had
got uncovered and had become visible and that since he had heard about
the death of Nathu, he saw the face of the deceased whom he identified as
Nathu Banjara. According to Advocate Subhash Chandra PWl, 3 persons
including Rajaram Head Constable had put the dead body inside the jeep
D after bringing it out from the police station. He had also seen Trivedi
Sub-Inspector respondent No. 1 talking to the driver of the Jeep Prabhula~
PW3 and that at that time besides Respondent No. 1. Rajararn Mishra and
Shukla respondents were also present there. His testimony has been cor-
roborated by PW4 who named Ram Pratap, Rajaram and Shukla respon-
E dents as the persons who had brought. out the dead body from the police
station and put it in the jeep. PW4 further deposed that after coming to
the court he had even telephoned the police station and asked Trivedi
Sub-Inspector whether one Banjara had died in the police station and
Trivedi had told him that he would meet him in the court and let him know
the details. Advocate Ram Chandra Karel, PWS corroborated the tes-
F timony of PWl and PW4 and deposed that he had himself ;een Rajaram
and Shukla respondents alongwith one other constable bringing the dead
body, wrapped in a blanket, from police station and putting it in the jeep,
while Trivedi SL Respondent No. 1 was standing there. He went on to add
that respondents Rajararn and Shukla also sat in the jeep, which left for
G the hospital with the dead body. This witness had also telephoned to
Trivedi, Sub-Inspector at about 11.00 a.m. to confirm about the death of
Nathu inside the police station but Sub-Inspector Trivedi denied the inci-
dent. PWl, PW4, PWS and PW18 as already noticed had followed the jeep
and went to the hospital. According to PWS when he reached the hospital,
H he saw the jeep standing there and Rajaram Head Constable was also
STATEOFM.P. v. S. TRNEDI[DR.ANAND,J.] 57

· standing near the jeep. PW8 Ram Chandra Karel met Dr. Neema PW and A

•• at that time Respondent Shukla was present with Dr. Neema. PW8
deposed that he told Dr. Neema that since the deceased had died as a
result of beating given to him at the police station in police custody, the
post-mortem of the dead body be not undertaken and that the doctor
should await for the higher officials. PW3 Prabhulal, driver of the jeep,
B
turned hostile at the trial but his evidence lends sufficient corroboration to
the statements of PWl, PW4, PW8 and PW18 with regard to the removal
of the dead body of the deceased from the police station to the hospital
for post-mortem examination. The testimony of PWl, PW4, PW8 and
PW18 who are independent persons and respectable members of the Bar
at Rampura and who were subjected to searching and lengthy cross-ex- c
amination has remained unshattered and has established beyond any
reasonable doubt that the dead body of deceased Nathu was taken out from
the police station Rampura and transported in the jeep of the fisheries
department for post-mortem to the hospital and respondents Rajaram,
Shulda and Trivedi SI definitely took part in the removal of the dead body. D
The evidence of these witnesses particularly PW4 and PW8 has impressed
us. Their evidence is consistent and cogent and these witnesses had no
reason to falsely implicate any of the·respondents. These witnesses truth-
fully disclosed what they had seen. We find these witnesses to be witnesses
of truth.
E
Indeed, there is no evidence to show that after Ganiuddin, respon-
dent No. 5, who along with Rajaram respondent No. 4 had brought the
deceased to the police station for interrogation, had at any time left the
police station on the fateful night. In the face of the unimpeachale evidence
of PW4 and PW8, we fail to understand how the learned Judges of the F
High Court could opine that there was no definite evidence to show the
complicity of Ram Naresh Shukla respondent No. 3, Rajaram and Gan-
niuddin respondents 4 and 5 respectively in the crime alongwith SI Trivedi,
respondent No. 1. The observations of the High Court that the presence
and participation of these respondents in the crime is doubtful are not G
borne out from the evidence on the record and appear to be an unrealistic
over simplification of the tell tale circumstances established by the prosecu-
tion. The following pieces of circumstantial evidence apart from the other
evidence on record; viz.: (i) that the deceased had been brought alive to
the police station and was last seen alive there on 13.10.81 : (ii) that the
dead body of the deceased was taken out of the police station on 14.10.81 H
58 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A at about 2 p.m. for being removed to the hospital; (iii) that the deceased
had died as a result of the receipt of extensive injuries while he was at the
police station; (iv) that SI Trivedi respondent no. 1, Ram Naresh Shukla, ••
Respondent No. 3, Raja Ram, respondent No. 4 and Ganiuddin respondent
No. 5 were present at the police station and had all joined hands to dispose
of the dead body of Nathu - Banjara; (v) that SI Trivedi, respondent No.
B 1 created false evidence and fabricate false clues in the shape of documen-
tary evidence with a view to screen the offence and for that matter, the
offender (vi) SI Trivedi respondent in connivance with some of his subor-
dinates, respondents herein had taken steps to cremate the dead body in
hot haste describing the deceased as a 'lavaris'; (vii) Rajaram and Gan-
C niuddin respondents had brought the deceased to the police station form
his village, and (viii) that police record did not show that either Rajaram
or Ganniuddin had left the police station, till the dead body was removed
to the hospital in the jeep, unerringly point towards the guilt of the
deceased and the established circumstances coupled with the direct
D evidence of PWl, 3, 4, 8 and 18. are consistent only with the hypothesis of
the guilt of the respondents and are inconsistent with their innocence. So
far as respondent No. 2, Ram Partap Mishra is concerned, however, no
....
clinching or satisfactory evidence is available on the record to establish his
presence at the police station when Nathu deceased was being subjected
to extensive beating or of his participation in the commission of the crime.
E The High Court erroneously overlooked the ground realities that rarely in
cases of police torture or custodial death, direct ocular evidence of the
complicity of the police personnel would be available, when it observed
that 'direct' evidence about the complicity of these respondents was not
available. Generally speaking, it would be police officials alone who can
only explain the circumstances in which a person in their custody had died.
F
Bound as they are by the ties of brotherhood, it is not unknown that the
police personnel prefer to remain silent and more often than not even
pervert the truth to save their colleagues, and the present case is an apt
illustration, as to how one after the other police witnesses feigned ig-
norance about the whole matter.
G
From our independent analysis of the materials on the record, we
are satisfied that respondents 1 and 3 to 5 were definitely present at the
police station and were directly or indirectly involved in the torture of
Nathu Banjara and his subsequent death while the police custody as also
H in making attempts to screen the offence to enable the guilty to escape
STATE OF M.P. v. S. TRIVEDI [DR. ANAND, J.] 59

punishment. The trial court and the High Court, if we may say so with A
respect, exhibited a total lack of sensitivity and a 'could not careless'
attitude in appreciating the evidence on the record and thereby condoning
the barbarous third degree methods which are still being used, at some
police stations, despite being illegal. The exaggerated adherence to and
insistence upon the establishment of proof beyond every reasonable doubt, B
. by the prosecution, ignoring the ground realities, the fact situations and the
peculiar circumstances of a given case, as in the present case, often results
in miscarriage of justice and makes the justice delivery system a suspect.
In the ultimate analysis the society suffers and a criminal gets encouraged.
Tortures in police custody, which of late are on the increase, receive
encouragement by this type of an unrealistic approach of the Courts C
because it reinforces the belief in the mind of the police that no harm
would come to them, if an odd prisoner dies in the lock-up, because there
would hardly be any evidence available to the prosecution to directly implicate
them with the torture. The Courts, must not loose sight of the fact that
death in police custody is perhaps one of the worst kind of crime in a D
civilised society, governed by the rule of law and poses a serious threat to
an orderly civilised society. Torture in flouts the basic rights of the citizens
recognised by the Indian Constitution and is an affront to human dignity.
Police excesses and the mal-treatment of detainees/undertrial prisoners or
suspects tarnishes the image of any civilised nation and encourages the men
in 'Khaki' to consider themselves to be above the law and sometimes even E
to become law unto themselves. Unless stern measures are taken to check
the malady, the foundations of the criminal justice delivery system would
be shaken and the civilization itself would risk the consequence of heading
towards perishing. The courts must, therefore, deal with such cases in a
1 ealistic manner and with the sensitivity which they deserve otherwise the F
common man may loose faith in the judiciary itsel~ which will be a sad day.

In its 4th Report of June, 1980, The National Police Commission
noticed the prevalence of custodial torture etc. and observed that nothing
is so dehumanising as the conduct of police in practising torture of any kind G
on a person in their custody. The commission noticed with regret that the
police image in the estimation of the public has badly suffered on account
· of the prevalence of this practice in varying degrees over the past several
years and noted with concern the inclination of even some of the super-
visory ranks in the police hierarchy to countenance this practice in a bid
to achieve quick results by short-cut methods. Though Sections 330 and H
60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A 331 of the Indian Penal Code make punishable those persons who cause
hurt for the purpose of extorting the confession, by making the offence
punishable with sentence upto 10 years of imprisonment, but the convic-
tions, as experience shows us, have been very few because the atrocities
within the precincts of the police station are often left without any ocular or
other direct evidence to prove who the offenders are. Disturbed by this
B situation, the Law Commission in its 113th Report recommended amend-
ments to the Indian Evidence Act so as to provide that in the prosecution
of a police officer for an alleged offence of having caused bodily injuries
to a person while in police custody, if there is evidence that the injury was
caused during the period when the person was in the police custody, the
c Court may presume that the injury was caused by the police officer having
the custody of that person during that period unless, the police officer
proves to the contrary. The onus to prove the contrary must be discharged
by the concerned police official. The recommendation, however, we notice
with concern, appears to have gone un-noticed and the crime of custodial
D torture etc. flourishes unabated. Keeping in view the de-humanising aspect
of the crime, the flagrant violation of the fundamental rights of the victim
of the crime and the growing rise in the crimes of this type, where only a
few come to light and others don't, we hope that the Government and
legislature would give serious thought to the recommendation of the Law
Commission (supra) and bring about appropriate changes in the law not
E only to curb the custodial crime but also to see that the custodial crime
does not go unpunished. The Courts are also required to have a change in
their outlook and attitude, particularly in cases involving custodial crimes
and they should exhibit more sensitivity and adopt a realistic rather than a
narrow technical approach, while dealing with the cases of custodial crime
so that as far as possible within their powers, the guilty should not escape
F
so that the victim of the crime has the satisfaction that ultimately the
Majesty of Law has prevailed.

From the evidence available on the record both documentary and
oral, we are satisfied that Respondents 1 and 3 to 5 had participated in
G causing injuries to Nathu Banjara while in police custody, directly or
indirectly, and even if it is not possible to say that they intended to cause
the death of Nathu, and they can certainly be clothed with the knowledge
that the injuries which a were being caused to the deceased at the police
station were likely to cause his death though probably without any intention
H to cause his death or even to cause such bodily injuries to him as were
STATE OF M.P. v. S. TRIVEDI [DR. ANAND,J.] 61
'•
likely to cause death. Their offence would, thus, squarely fall under Section A
304 Part-II/34 !PC. Respondents 3 to 5 are also guilty of the offences under
Sections 201 and 342 !PC and holding them so guilty, we convict them for
the said offences.

The question, however, which now arises is about the appropriate
sentence that is required to be imposed upon the respondents.
B

Since the occurrence took place 14 years ago, the respondents have
gone through the ordeal of a protracted trial and the appeals in the High
Court aud in this Court. The learned counsel for the State-appellant has
very fairly submitted that though an adequate and exemplary sentence of C
imprisonment would have been normally called for the crime committed
by them the respondents. may because of the lapse of time be sentenced
to some imprisonment but they be also sentenced to pay a substantial
amount of fine, which if realised may go to the heirs of the deceased.
Learned counsel for the respondents has also urged that sending the D
respondents to the prison at this distant point of time would cause great
hardship to them and might make them hardened criminals. We have given
our anxious consideratil?n to the submissions made by learned counsel for
the parties on the question of sentence. We are conscious that a precious
human life has been lost at the hands of those who are expected to protect
the life and liberty of the citizens of this country. We are also conscious of E
the fact that the crime is a dehumanising one and is an affront to the human
dignity. The long lapse of period is indeed a consideration which may weigh
in favour of the respondents for not being awarded a long sentence of
imprisonment but then the interests of the victim of the crime have also be
kept in view. Keeping in view the consideration of the human factor F
involved and particularly the interests of the heirs of Nathu deceased to
whom mere imprisonment of the respondents at this belated stage may not
offer much solace, We have to strike a balance between these disparate
considerations and keeping in view the fact that the respondent No. 1 has
already undergone a sentence of two years rigorous imprisonment conse-
quent upon his conviction for the various offences by the High Court as G
noticed earlier we pass the following order :

Respondent No. 1 Shyarnsunder Trivedi is convicted under section
304 Part Il/34 !PC and sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two
years and to pay a fine of Rs. 50,000 (Rupees fifty thousand only) and, in H
62 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.
•'
A default of payment of fine to undergo further rigorous imprisonment for
two years. The substantive sentence of 2 years R.I. under Section 304-11/34
!PC is in addition to the sentence which was imposed upon him by the
High Court.

Respondent Nos. 3, 4 and 5 namely, Ram Naresh Shukla, Head
B constable and Rajaram Mishra, Head Constable and Ganniuddin con-
stables are convicted under sections 304 part Il/34, 201 and 342 !PC and
sentenced to suffer rigorous imprisonment for one year each and to pay a
fine of Rs. 20,000 (twenty thousand only) each, and in default of payment
of fine to undergo rigorous imprisonment for one year more for the offence
C under section 304-Il/149 !PC. No separate sentence is, however, passed
against them for the other convictions.

We, further direct that the entire amount of fine on realisation from
respondents 1, 3 to 5 shall be paid to the heirs of the deceased, Nathu
Banjara, by way of compensation. The Trial Court shall ensure, in case the
D fine is deposited by the accused respondents, that the payment of the same
is made to the heirs of deceased, Nathu Banjara, and the Court shall take
all such precautions as are necessary to see that the money is not allowed
to fall into wrong hands and is utilised for the benefit of the members of
the family of the deceased, Nathu Banjara, and if found practical by deposit
in a Nationalised Bank or post office on such terms as the Trial Court may
E in consultation with the heirs of the deceased consider fit and proper.

The appeal, therefore, succeeds and is allowed in so far as respon-
dents 1, 3, 4 and 5 are concerned. The appeal against the acquittal of
respondent No. 2 is, however, dismissed. While the bail bond of respondent
p No. 2 is discharged, the bail bonds of respondent nos. 1, 3, 4 and 5 are
cancelled. They shall be taken into custody to undergo the sentence im-
posed by us in the preceding paragraphs.

S.M. Appeal allowed.
-