STATE OF RAJASTHANversusKASHI RAM

                          STATE OF RAJASTHAN                                       A
                                   v.
                              KASHI RAM

                             NOVEMBER 7, 2006

                [B.P. SINGH AND TARUN CHATTERJEE, JJ.]


      Indian Evidence Act. I 872;

     Section 106-deceased last seen together-Burden to prove what
happened thereafter-Held, on the accused                                           C
      Section 106-circumstantial evidence-facts specially within the
knowledge of the accused--burden ofproof-Held, -is not shifted but failure
to adduce any explanation for the same is to be considered as an additional
link in the chain of circumstances.
                                                                                   D
      Extra judicial/confession-conviction based upon-Held, is a weak
piece of evidence but to base a conviction on the same, it must be proved
like any other fact and the value thereof depended upon the veracity of the
witnesses to whom it was made.

       The respondent was accused of committing murder of his wife and two
                                                                                   E
daughters and disappearing thereafter. The trial court on an exhaustive
consideration of the evidence on record came to the conclusion that the
prosecution had successfully established that the deceased was last seen alive
in her house by her brother. l_t also held that the prosecution had proved that
the two doors of the house were found locked till the recovery of the bodies       F
when the concerned prosecution witnesses entered the house after removing
the door. The trial court relied on the recoveries made of the weapon of offence
namely - the waist chord, and the keys of the two locks, from possession of
the respondent pursuant to his statement recorded under Section 27 of the
Evidence Act Reliance was also placed by the trial court on the extra-judicial
confession said to have been made by the respondent The trial court also found     G,
that till he was arrested, the whereabouts of the re:;pondent were not known.
Even after his arrest he did not offer any explanation and even at the trial
only denied the allegations made against him without offering any explanation

                                      501                                          H
    502                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A   for his absence during the crucial days. Relying on these circumstances, and
    finding that the deaths were homicidal as proved by the medical evidence on
    record, the trial court came to the conclusion that the only inference that
    could be drawn from the proved facts and circumstances was that the
    respondent after committing the murder of his wife and his two daughters
    locked the house and disappeared from the scene. He was arrested two weeks
                                                                                        -
B   later but failed to give any explanation in defence. Accordingly, the trial court
    finding the respondent guilty of the offence punishable under Section 302
    IPC sentenced him to death having regard to the heinous nature of the crime
    committed by him in which three innocent lives were lost including two
    infants. In appeal, the High Court reversed the findings of fact recorded by
C   the trial court and acquitted the respondent. High Court held that the
    circumstantial evidence relied upon by the prosecution was not strong enough
    to sustain the conviction of the respondent Accordingly, the High Court allowed
    the appeals preferred by the respondent and declined the death reference made
    by the trial court for confirmation of the sentence of death. Hence this appeal.

D         It was contended by the appellant-State that the High Court committed
    an apparent error in ignoring the evidence on record which disclosed that
    the respondent was last seen with the deceased. The disappearance of the
    respondent was rather suspicious because if at all only he could explain what
    happened thereafter. He, therefore, submitted that in the facts of the case, in
E   the absence of any explanation offered by the respondent, an inference must
    be drawn against the respondent which itself is a serious incriminating
    circumstance against him.

          It was contended by the respondent that no reliance can be placed on
    the statement of the brother of the deceased regarding his· having seen the
F   deceased last in the company of the respondent as the aforesaid statement
    was not specifically put to the accused when he was examined under Section
    313 Cr.P.C. It was also contended that, though the circumstance regarding
    his having been seen on the evening by his neighbour was put to the
    respondent accused during his examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C the
    name of the particular witness was not mentioned as the person who had also
G   seen him on that day with the deceased.

          Allowing the appeal, the Court

         HELD 1.1 Extra-judicial confession ls a weak piece of evidence and
    though it is possible to base a conviction on the basis of an extra-judicial
H
                         STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. KASHI RAM                         503    ·I



     confession, the confessional evidence must be proved like any other fact and A
     the value thereof depended upon the veracity of the witnesses to whom it was ,
     made. In view of the fact that, there was really no reason for the respondent
     to make a confessional statement before the prosecution witnesses who were
     neither known to the respondent nor held the cffice of a sarpanch or a ward ;
     member or even acquainted with him nor any reasons have been shown that
     he had reasons to confide in them, their evidence was rendered unnatural B
     and unbelievable and must be rejected. [510-8, C, DJ

            2.1 The person last seen with the deceased must offer an explanation
     as to how and when he parted company. He must furnish an explanation which ,
     appears to the Court to be probable and satisfactory. If he does so he must be C
     held to have discharged his burden. If he fails to offer an explanation on the
     basis of facts within his special knowledge, he fails to discharge the burden .
     cast upon him by Section 106 of the Evidence Act. The provision does not
     shift the burden of proof in a criminal trial, which is always upon the
     prosecution. It lays down the rule that when the accused does not throw any             1




     light upon facts which arc specially within his knowledge and which could D
     not support any theory or hypothesis compatible with his innocence, the Court
     can consider his failure to adduce any explanation, as an additional link which
     completes the chain. The respondent having been seen last with the deceased,
     the burden was upon him to prove what happened thereafter, since those facts
     were within his special knowledge. Since, the respondent failed to do so, it E          1




     must be held that he failed to discharge the burden cast upon him by Section
     106 of the Evidence Act. This circumstance, therefore, provided the missing
     link in the chain ofcircumstances which proved his guilt beyond reasonable '
     doubt. [514-8, C, D, E, F)

           Joseph slo Kooveli Poulo v. State of Kera/a, (2000) 5 sec 197; Ram IF
     Gu/am Chaudhary and Ors. v. State of Bihar, (2001) 8 SCC 311; Sahadevan
     alias Sagadevan v. State represented by Inspector of Police, Chennai, (2003)
     l SCC 534 and In Re. Naina Mohd., AIR 1960 Madras, 218, relied upon.

           P. Mani v. State of Tamil Nadu, (2006) 3 SCC 161, referred to.
                                                                                                 G
            2.2. In a case resting on circumstantial evidence if the accused fails to
..   offer a reasonable explanation in discharge of the burden placed on him, that
     itself provides an additional link in the chain of circumstances proved against
     him. (514-C)

           2.3 The incriminating circumstances that the accused was not on ,H


-
    504                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A   cordial terms with his wife - the deceased, he was last seen in his house with
    his wife, his house was found locked till it was opened when the dead bodies
    of his wife and daughters were found, and the medical evidence established
    that they had been strangulated to death, the cause of death being asphy,Xia,
    the respondent was not traceable in the course of investigation, and for the
    first time he appeared on the scene when he was arrested and even after his
B   arrest he did not offer any explanation as to when he parted company with his
    wife nor did he offer any exculpatory explanation to discharge the burden under
    Section 106 of the Evidence Act, are clearly established , and thus form a
    complete chain and are consistent with no other hypothesis except the guilt
    of the accused respondent [516-D, E, F, G; 517-A, BJ
c         3.1 The statement of the prosecution witness, the brother of the deceased,
    regarding his having seen the deceased last in the company of the respondent-
    a statement to the same effect made in the course of investigation - was not
    even challenged in his cross-examination. It cannot therefore, be said that he
    had introduced this fact for the first time at the trial. Since this witness had
D   deposed in the presence of the respondent and was exhaustively cross-examined
    by the counsel appearing for him no prejudice has been caused to him even
    though the aforesaid statement was not specifically put to the accused when
    he was examined under Section 313 Cr.P.C. [515-B, A)

         3.2 The fact that the incriminating circumstance was put to the accused
E   and his response was a bald denial no prejudice was caused to him even ifthe
    name of the witness who made the statement was not mentioned. [516-A, BJ

            CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 745 of
    2000.
F         From the final Judgment and Order dated 21.12.1999 of the High Court
    of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in D.B. Criminal Murder Ref. 02/1999.

         Naveen Kumar, Mukul Sood, S. Gupta, Shikha Tandon and Aruneshwar
    Gupta for the Appellant.

G         Doongar Singh, VJ. Francis, A. Radhakrishann, Anupam Mishra and P.1.
    Jose for the Respondent.

            The Jlidgment of the Court was delivered by

            B.P. SINGH, J. This appeal by special leave has been preferred by the
H
                                                                                       •
           STATEOFRAJASTHANv. KASHIRAM{B.P. SINGH,J.]                     505
State of Rajasthan against the common judgment and order of the High Court A
of Judicature for Rajasthan at Jodhpur in D.B. Criminal Appeal No.622of1999,
D.B. Jail Appeal No.619of1999 and D.B. Criminal Murder Reference No.2 of
 1999 whereby the High Court by its impugned judgment and order dated
December 21, 1999 allowed the appeals preferred by the respondent and .
declined the murder reference made by the learned Additional Sessions Judge B
for confirmation of the sentence of death. We notice that both the criminal
appeals were preferred by the respondent herein, one from jail and the other
presented through an advocate. The judgment and order of the Special
Additional District and Sessions Judge (Women Atrocities), Sri Ganganagar
in Sessions Trial No.39 of 1998 dated September 29, 1999 sentencing the
petitioner to death under Section 302 l.P.C. was set aside.                  C
      The respondent herein Kashi Ram was married to Kalawati (deceased)
about seven years before the occurrence. They were blessed with two children,
Suman (deceased) and Guddi (deceased) aged two and half years and two and
half months respectively. It appears from the record that the relationship
between them was not cordial and there were incidents of the respondent          D
assaulting Kalawati and treating her with cruelty. A Panchayat had also been
convened at the house of the father of the respondent, however, the
respondent's father pleaded helplessness since the appellant did not pay any
heed to his advice. The result was that Kalawati stayed with her parents for
about two years. Later Harchand, father of the respondent assured her parents    E
that Kashi Ram had improved in his behaviour and, therefore, Kalawati should
be sent to her matrimonial home. On being convinced, Kalawati was sent to
her matrimonial home.

       The case of the prosecution is that after some time Kashi Ram again
started mis-behaving in the same old manner and used to beat his wife            F
Kalawati off and on.

       The case of the prosecution is that the respondent killed his wife and
two daughters on the night intervening 3rd and 4th February, 1998 and
thereafter disappeared. The first information regarding the incident was given
by Inder Bhan, PW-6, a cousin of the father of Kalawati (deceased). On the       G·
basis of information given by him, a formal first information report was drawn
up and a case registered against the respondent" under Section 302 IPC. The
first information was recorded at 10.15 a.m. on February 6, 1998 in which the
informant stated as follows:-

                                                                                 H
    506                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A          The respondent was married to Kalawati (deceased) about seven years
     before the occurrence. Kalawati used to come to her parents off and on in
     the first six months after marriage but it appears that there were frequent
     quarrels between Kalawati and her husband (respondent herein) who used to
     complain that she had brought a camel instead of a buffalo at the time of
B    marriage. He also complained that she was dark complexioned. Things came
     to such a stage that Kalawati had to return to her parents. On the very next
     day, the informant along with the father of the deceased and others went to
     the father of the respondent namely. - Harchand and complained to him about
     the behaviour of his son. Harchand pleaded helplessness in the matter and
     advised them to do whatever they liked, since his son was not under his
C    control. In these circumstances, Kalawati continued to stay with her parents
     for about one and half or two years. One day, Harchand, father of the
     respondent came to the house of the father of Kalawati and assured him that
    ·his son Kashi Ram (respondent herein) had improved in his behaviour and
     assured him that she will be cared for in her matrimonial home. The father of
D    the deceased and other relatives after getting assurance from the brothers of
     Harchand decided to send her back to her matrimonial home. The respondent
     along with his father Harchand came and the deceased accompanied them to
     her matrimonial home. The respondent and his wife Kalawati (deceased) were
     blessed with two daughters who were two and half years and two and half
     months old at the time of occurrence. The respondent and Kalawati (deceased)
E   resided with the respondent's parents for some time but about two months·
     before the occurrence the respondent shifted to a rented premises in Prem
     Nagar.

           Milk used to be sent to Kalawati's house from her father's house, and
F   her brother Mamraj, PW-2, used to supply milk everyday. On February 3, 1998
    as usual Mamraj, PW-2 had gone to supply milk. His sister Kalawati told him
    not to bring milk in future. On the next day, that is on February 4, 1998 Mamraj
    PW-2 noticed that the entrance of the house of the respondent was locked.
    On enquiry, he was told by a neighbour Gurdayal Singh that he had seen the
    respondent and his family members till last evening but he did not know
G   where they had gone thereafter.

          In the evening at about 5.30 p.m. the mother of Kalawati (PW-5) came
    to the informant and told him that she suspected something, and therefore,
    requested him to find out the whereabouts of the respondent and his family
    members. The informant went on a motor-cycle along with one Sheo Narayan
H    (PW-1) to search for the respondent and his family members. On the way, he
            STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. KASH! RAM [B.P. SINGH, J.]                507
met Kashmiri Lal and another son of Harchand on the bridge. On enquiry they        A·
told him that the respondent along with his family members may have gone
to the Suratgarh fair and that they were also waiting for them. In the meantime,
Harchand father of the respondent also came. The informant asked them to
come to the house of the respondent rather than wait on the bridgf.
Accordingly, they all proceeded towards the house of the respondent on their       B
respective vehicles, but as soon as they came near Prem Nagar, the two
brothers of accused disappeared from his sight. At about 7 .30 p.m. the
informant came to the house of the respondent and found the main entrance
locked. The doors were got opened and inside the house they found the de~d
body of Kalawati lying on a cot and dead bodies of the two children lying
on another cot. It was, therefore, alleged by the informant that the respondent    C
had committed the murder of his wife and two daughters and had thereafter
disappeared.

      Dr. Prem Arora, PW-10 conducted the post mortem examination of the
dead bodies of Kalawati and her two children. On Kalawati he found the
following injuries:-                                                               D
        "Mark of ligature present on neck 2cm in width and knot present qn
        back of neck, ligature mark is situated just below the thyroid certilage
        and encircling neck completely. Base of mark is pale, dry and hard.
        One cut section tissue below ligature mark is dry and white. N!>
        external injury present anywhere in body".                                 E
      Death in his opinion was caused by asphyxia. In his opinion, death df
the two children was also caused by asphyxia. In his opinion, deaths had
occurred 48 to 72 hrs. before the post-mortem examination which was conducted
on February 7, 1998.
                                                                                   F
      At the trial several witnesses were examined to prove the case of th~
prosecution. PW-I, Sheo Narayan, is the person with whom PW-6 Inder Bhan
had gone to search for the respondent and his family members on the request
of the mother of the deceased namely - PW-5, Jai Kauri. He fully supported
the case of the prosecution to the effect that he had gone with the father qf      G
the respondent and Inder Bhan, PW-5 to the house of the respondent in the
evening of February 6, 1998 and after opening the main gate and removing
the door from the entrance of the house they entered the house and found
the dead bodies lying on two cots inside the house.

      PW-5, Jai Kauri, mother of the deceased has also deposed to the effect       H
    508                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A   that her daughter was treated with cruelty by the respondent. She has narrated
    the incidents which took place before deceased Kalawati was sent back with
    her husband to her matrimonial home. She has deposed that milk used to be
    delivered by her son Mamraj, PW-2 at the house of th'! respondent and on
    February 3, 1998 when Mamraj had gone to deliver milk Kalawati had asked
B   him not to bring milk thereafter since milk was to be supplied by her husband's
    elder brother. She claimed that she had gone to the house of the deceased
    on Thursday, i.e. on February 5, 1998, but finding the doors locked she had
    returned. She had made enquiries from the neighbours, who told her that they
    had seen them on Tuesday (February 3, 1998) evening but not thereafter. She
    had again gone to her daughter's house on Friday and it was again found
C   locked. She grew suspicion and, therefore, request'!d lnder Bhan, PW-6 and
    Sheo Narayan, PW-1 to search for them.

          PW-2, Mamraj, a brother of deceased Kalawati has also narrated the
    incidents relating to the cruel treatment meted out to Kalawati by her husband.
    According to this witness, he used to deliver milk at the house of the
D   respondent, since the brother of Kashi Ram, who used to supply milk to them,
    was ill. On February 3, 1998 when he had gone to supply milk he was told
    by the respondent and his sister Kalawati (deceased) to stop further supply
    of milk. On February 4, 1998 while returning home he had found the house
    of Kalawati (deceased) locked. On the next day, when his mother PW-5, went
E   to the house of Kalawati, she also found the house locked. The neighbour
    had informed them that Kalawati and Kashi Ram were last seen on Tuesday
    evening (3.2.1998). When his mother again went to the house of Kalawati on
    February 6, 1998 she found the house locked and, therefore, she had requested
    Inder Bhan and Sheo Narayan to search for them. This witness has been
    cross-examined at length but nothing has been elicited in his cross-examination
F   which may discredit him. The assertion of this witness that he has been told
    by deceased Kalawati and her husband (respondent herein) on Febraury 3,
    1998 to stop supply of milk, went unchallenged in his cross-examination. Only
    with a view to assure ourselves that this witness had also said so in his
    statement recorded under Section 161 Crl.P.C. we read his police statement
G   and we find that he had said so even in the course of investigation. We have
    looked into the case diary not as substantive evidence but only to verify
    whether PW-2 had omitted to say so in the course of investigation. The
    substantive evidence of PW-2 that he had seen his sister and the respondent
    on February 3, 1998, has gone unchallenged.

H         The prosecution examined two witnesses Dinesh Kumar, PW-3 and Om
           STA TE OF RAJASTHAN v. KASHI RAM [B.P. SINGH, J.]             509
Prakash, PW-4 to prove that the respondent had made an extra-judicial           A
confession before these two witnesses on February 17, 1998. The prosecution
also relied on the evidence ofrecovery made at the instance of the respondent
pursuant to which a waist chord and keys of the locks put on the two doors
were recovered from the possession of the respondent on February 18, 1998.
The prosecution also examined several other witnesses to prove its case.
                                                                                B
        The trial court on an exhaustive consideration of the evidence on record
 came to the conclusion that the prosecution had successfully established that
 the deceased Kalawati was last seen alive in her house on February 3, 1998
 and that Mamraj, PW-2 had seen her as well as her husband in their rented
 premises. It also held that the prosecution had proved that the two doors of C
 the house were found locked on the morning of February 4, 1998 and that the
 concerned prosecution witnesses entered the house after removing the door
 on February 6, 1998. The house was also found locked on February 4, 1998
 when the mother of deceased Kalawati had gone to her house. The trial court
 relied on the recoveries made of the weapon of offence namely - the waist
 chprd, and the keys of the two locks, from possession of the respondent 0
 pursuant to his statement recorded under Section 27 of the Evidence Act.
 Reliance was also placed by the trial court on the extra-judicial confession
 said to have been made by the respondent before PWs 3 and 4. The trial court
 also found that the house was found locked on February 4, 1998, and till he
 was arrested on February 17, 1998, the whereabouts of the respondent were
 not known. Even after his arrest he did not offer any explanation and even E
 at the trial only denied the allegations made against him without offering any
 explanation for his absence during the crucial days. Relying on these
 circumstances, and finding that the deaths were homicidal as proved by the
 medical evidence on record, the trial court came to the conclusion that the
only inference that could be drawn from the proved facts and circumstances      F
was that the respondent after committing the murder of his wife and his two
daughters locked the house and disappeared from the scene. He was arrested
two weeks later but failed to give any explanation in defence. Accordingly,
the trial court finding the respondent guilty of the offence punishable under
Section 302 IPC sentenced him to death having regard to the heinous nature
of the crime committed by him in which three innocent lives were lost including G
two infants.

      On appeal, the High Court reversed the findings of fact recorded by the
trial court and acquitted the respondent. Before adverting to the other
incriminating circumstances we may at the threshold notice two of them          H
    510                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A namely - the circumstance that the respondent made an extra-judicial confession
    before PWs 3 and 4, and the circumstance that recoveries were made pursuant
    to his statement made in the course of investigation of the waist chord used
    for strangulating Kalawati (deceased) and the keys of the locks which were
    put on the two doors of his house. The High Court has disbelieved the
B   evidence led by the prosecution to prove these circumstances and we find
    ourselves in agr~err:ent with the High Court. There was really no reason for
    the respondent to make a confessional statement before PWs 3 and 4. There
    was nothing to show that he had reasons to confide in them. The evidence
    appeared to be unnatural and unbelievable. The High Court observed that
    evidence of extra-judicial confession is a weak piece of evidence and though
C   it is possible to base a conviction on the basis of an extra-judicial confession,
    the confessional evidence must be proved like any other fact and the value
    thereof depended upon the veracity of the witnesses to whom it was made.
    The High Court found that PW-3 Dinesh Kumar was known to Mamraj, the
    brother of deceased Kalawati. PW-3 was neither a Sarpanch nor a ward
    member and, therefore, there was no reason for the respondent to repose faith
D   in him to seek his protection. Similarly, PW-4 admitted that he was not even
    acquainted with the accused. Having regard to these facts and circumstances,
    we agree with the High Court that the case of the prosecution that the
    respondent had made an extra-judicial confession before PWs-3 and 4 must
    be rejected.
E
            So far as the recoveries are concerned, the High Court has not accepted
    the same since PW-6, Inder Bhan admitted in the course of his cross-
    examination that the waist chord which had been used for strangulating
    Kalawati was recovered much earlier from the scene of offence by the police
    itself. Moreover, the waist chord as well as the keys were not even produced
F   before the Court. It may be that some other witnesses have stated that the
    waist chord was not recovered from the spot, but in the facts of the case the
    benefit of doubt must go to the accused.

          The most important circumstance that the respondent was last seen
    with the deceased on February 3, 1998 whereafter he had disappeared and his
G   house was found locked and that he had offered no explanation whatsoever,
    was disposed of by the High Court in one short paragraph observing that
    there was nothing unusual ifthe accused was seen in the company of his own
    family members in his house. On such reasoning, the High Court held that
    the circumstantial evidence relied upon by the prosecution was not strong
H   enough to sustain the conviction of the respondent. Accordingly, the High
            STATE OF RAJASTijAN v. KASHI RAM [B.P. SINGH, J.]              511
Court allowed the appeals preferred by the respondent and declined the death . A
reference made by the trial court for confinnation of the sentence of death.

       We have been taken through the entire evidence on record. The medical
evidence on record clearly proves that the death of Kalawati and her two
minor daughters was homicidal caused by strangulation. The cause of death
was asphyxia. It is also established on record that the deceased was last seen    B
alive in the company of respondent on February 3, 1998 at her house. The
prosecution has also successfully established the fact that the house was
found locked on the morning of February 4, 1998 and continued to remain
locked till it was opened after removing the door. on February 6, l 998.
Throughout this period the respondent was not to be seen and he was               C
arrested only on February 17, 1998. Neither at the time of his arrest, nor in
the course of investigation, nor before the Court, has the respondent given
any explanation in defence. He has not even furnished any explanation as to
where he was between February 4, 1998 and February 17, 1998. It has been
argued on behalf of the prosecution that this most important circumstance
has been completely ignored by the High Court. The case of the prosecution        D
substantially rested on this circumstance. The respondent was obliged to
furnish some explanation in defence. He could have explained where he was
during this period, or he could have furnished any other explanation to prove
his innocence. Counsel for the respondent on the other hand, contends that
though the respondent furnished no explanation whatsoever, there is evidence
on record to prove that he had gone to attend Suratgarh fair with his family
                                                                                  E
members. A question, therefore, arises whether the presumption under Section
l 06 of the Evidence Act may be drawn against the respondent in the facts
of the case, since the facts as to where he was during the relevant period and
when he parted company with the deceased, were matters within his special
knowledge the burden of proving which was cast upon him by law.                   F
      Learned counsel for the State strenuously urged before us that the High
Court committed an apparent error in ignoring the evidence on record which
disclosed that the respondent was last seen with deceased Kalawati in his
house on February 3, 1998 late in the afternoon. Thereafter, he was not seen
by anyone and his house was found locked in the morning. The evidence of          G'
PW-5, mother of the deceased Kalawati, and her brother Mamraj, PW-2,
clearly prove the fact that the house was found locked on February 4, 1998.
The evidence also establishes beyond doubt that the doors were removed
and dead bodies of the deceased Kalawati and her daughters were found
inside the house on February 6, 1998. In these circumstances, the disappearance   H
    512                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.
                                                                                           '
A   of the respondent was rather suspicious because if at all only he could explain
    what happened thereafter. He, therefore, submitted that in the facts of the
    case, in the absence of any explanation offered by the respondent, an inference
    must be drawn against the respondent which itself is a serious incriminating
    circumstance against him. He has supported his argument relying upon several
    decisions of this Court.
B
          Before adverting to the decisions relied upon by the counsel for the
    State, we may observe that whether an inference ought to be drawn under
    Section 106 IPC is a question which must be determined by reference to
    proved fact. It is ultimately a matter of appreciation of evidence and, therefore,
C   each case must rest on its own facts.

           In Joseph slo Kooveli Poulo v. State of Kera/a, (2000] 5 SCC 197; the
    facts were that the deceased was an employee of a school. The appellant
    representing himself to be the husband of one of the sisters of Gracy, the
    deceased, went to the St. Mary's Convent where she was employed and on
D   a false pretext that her mother was ill and had been admitted to a hospital took
    her away with the permission of the Sister-in-charge of the Convent, PW-5.
    The case of the prosecution was that later the appellant not only raped her
    and robbed her of her ornaments, but also laid her on the rail track to be run
    over by a passing train. It was also found as a fact that the deceased was
    last seen alive only in his company, and that on informati•Jn furnished by the
E   appellant in the course of investigation, the jewels of the deceased, which
    were sold to PW-11 by the appellant, were seized. There was clear evidence
    to prove that those jewels were worn by the. deceased at the time when she
    left the Convent with the appellant. When questioned under Sectio.n 313
    Cr.P.C., the appellant did not even attempt to explain or clarify tht: incriminating
p   circumstances inculpating and connecting him witn the crime by his adamant
    attitude of total denial of everything. In the background of such facts, the
    Court held:-

            "Such incriminating links of facts could, if at all, have been only
            explained by the appellant, and by nobody else, they being personally
G           and exclusively within his knowledge. Of late, courts have, from the
            falsity of the defence plea and false answers given to court, when
            questioned, found the missing links to be supplied by such answers
            for completing the cha'n of incriminating circumstances necessary to
            connect the person concerned with the crime committed (see State of
            Maharashtra v. Suresh, [2000] 1 SCC 471). That missing link to connect
H
-                INDU.SHEKHARSINGHv. STATEOFU.P. [SINHA,J.]                     513

            the accused appellant, we find in this case provided by the blunt and
            outr:ght denial of every one and all the incriminating circumstances
                                                                                       A

            pointed out which, in our view, with sufficient and reasonable certainty
            on the facts proved, connect the accused with the death and the
            cause for the death of Gracy".

          In Ram Gu/am Chaudhary and Ors. v. State ofBihar, [200 I] 8 SCC 311;         B
    the facts proved at the trial were that the deceased boy was brutally assaulted
    by the appellants. When one of them declared that the boy was still alive and
    he should be killed, a chhura blow was inflicted on his chest. Thereafter, the
    appellants carried away the boy who was not seen alive thereafter. The
    appellants gave no explanation as to what they did after they took away the        C
    boy. The question arose whether in such facts Section 106 of the Evidence
    Act applied. This Court held:

           "In the absence of an explanation, and considering the fact that the
           appellants were suspecting the boy to have kidnapped and killed the
           child of the family of the appellants, it was for the appellants to have    D
           explained what they did with him after they took him away. When the
           abductors withheld that information from the court, there is every
           justification for drawing the inference that they had murdered the boy.
           Even though Section 106 of the Evidence Act may not be intended
           to relieve the prosecution of its burden to prove the guilt of the
           accused beyond reasonable doubt, but the section would apply to             E
           cases like the present, where the prosecution has succeeded in proving
           facts from which a reasonable inference can be drawn regarding death.
           The appellants by virtue of their special knowledge must offer an
           explanation which might lead the Court to draw a different inference".

          In Sahadevan alias Sagadevan v. State represented by Inspector of F
    Police, Chennai, [2003) Vol. l SCC 534, the prosecution established the fact
    that the deceased was seen in the company of the appellants from the
    morning of March 5, 1985 till at least 5 p.m. on that day when he was brought
    to his house, and thereafter his dead body was found in the morning of
    March 6, 1985. In the background of such facts the Court observed:            G
           "Therefore, it has become obligatory on the appellants to satisfy the
           court as to how, where and in what manner Vadivelu parted company
           with them. This is on the principle that a person who is last found in
           the company of another, if later found missing, then the person with
           whom he was last found has to explain the circumstances in which            H
A
    514                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

            they parted company. In the instant case the appellants have failed
            to discharge this onus. In their statement under Section 313 CrPC they
                                                                                       -
            have not taken any specific stand whatsoever".

           It is not necessary to multiply with authorities. The principle is well
    settled. The provisions of Section l 06 of the Evidence Act itself are
B unambiguous and categoric in laying down that when any fact is especially
    within the knowledge of a person, the burden of proving that fact is upon
    him. Thus, if a person is last seen with the deceased, he must offer an
    explanation as to how and when he parted company. He must furnish an
    explanation which appears to the Court to be probable and satisfactory. If he
C   does so he must be held to have discharged his burden. If he fails to offer
    an explanation on the basis of facts-within his special knowledge, he fails to
    discharge the burden cast upon him by Section l 06 of the Evidence Act. In
    a case resting on circumstantial evidence if the accused fails to offer a
    reasonable explanation in discharge of the burden placed on him, that itself
    provides an additional link in the chain of circumstances proved against him.
D   Section 106 does not shift the burden of proof in a criminal trial, which is
    always upon the prosecution. It lays down the rule that when the accused
    does not throw any light upon facts which are specially within his knowledge
    and which could not support any theory or hypothesis compatiable with his
    innocence, the Court can consider his failure to adduce any explanation, as
E   an additional link which completes the chain. The principle has been succinctly
    stated in Re. Naina Mohd., AIR (1960) Ma~ras, 2.18.

          There is considerable force in the argument of counsel for the State that
    in the facts of this case. as well it should be held that the respondent having
    been seen last with the deceased, the burden was upon him to prove what
F   happened thereafter, since those facts were within his special knowledge.
    Since, the respondent failed to do so, it must be held that he failed to
    discharge the burden cast upon him by Section l 06 of the Evidence Act. This
    circumstance, therefore, provides the missing link in the chain of circumstances
    which prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt.

G         Counsel for the respondent submitted that no reliance can be placed on
    the evidence of Mamraj, PW-2, the brother of the deceased, who stated that
    when he had gone to the house of the deceased on February 3, 1998 he had
    seen his sister <lS well as the respondent in the house and he was asked not
    to bring milk thereafter since alternative arrangement had been made. This
    statement ofMamraj, PW-2 was not even challenged in his cross-examination.
H    Even in the course of investigation Mamraj, PW-2 had made a statement to
              STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. KASHI RAM [B.P. SINGH, J.]              515

  the same effect. It cannot therefore, be said that he had introduced this fact    A
, for the first time at the trial. Learned counsel submitted that the aforesaid
  statement of PW-2 was not specifically put to the accused when he was
  examined under Section 313 Cr.P.C .. That may be so, but in the facts of the
  case, we find that by such omission no prejudice has been caused to the
  appellant. Mamraj, PW-2 had deposed in his presence and was exhaustively          B
  cross-examined by counsel appearing for him. The statement of Mamraj, PW-
  2 regarding his having seen the deceased last in the company of the respondent
  was not even challenged in his cross-examination. Moreover, from the trend
  of the answers given by the respoadent in his examination under Section 313
  Cr.P.C., it appears that the respondent made only a bald denial of all the
  incriminating circumstances put to him, and had no explanation to offer.          C
          It was then submitted on behalf of the respondent that the neighbours
 · who had stated that they had seen the respondent and deceased Kalawati on
   the evening of February 3, 1998 were not examined by the prosecution. In
   view of the evidence of PW-2, Mamraj who proved this fact, the non-
   examination of those witnesses does not have any adverse effect on the case      D
   of the prosecution. It was also submitted that there is no evidence to show
   that the respondent No. I was absconding after the occurrence. From the facts
   proved on record it is established that on February 4, 1998 the house was
   found locked. The same was the position on February 5, 1998. when PW-5,
   Jai Kauri, mother of deceased Kalawati visited the house of her daughter and     $
   found the house locked. Finding the house also locked on February 6, 1998,
   she became anxious to know about the welfare of her daughter and, therefore,
   she went to the infonnant, PW-6 and requested him to find out the whereabouts
   of her daughter Kalawati and members of her family. These facts clearly prove
   that while the doors of the house _of the respondent were locked, he was
   nowhere on the scene. The fact that PWs-1 and 6 went in search of the            F
   respondent and the deceased and their children, and were infonned by the
   respondent's brother that he may have gone to Suratgarh fair, also points in
   the same direction. Obviously, therefore he was absconding after commission
   of the offence. In fact, he never appeared on the scene till his arrest on
   February 17, 1998. There is, therefore, abundant evidence to prove that the      G
  respondent was traceless between February 4, 1998 and February 17, 1998.
   Reliance placed by counsel on the decision of this Court in P. Mani v. State
   o/Tamil Nadu, [2006] 3 SCC 161, is ofno avail in the facts and circumstances
  of this case.

        It was lastly submitted that in his examination under Section 313 Cr.P.C.   H
    516                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.                 ....
A though the circumstance regarding his having been seen on the evening by
    his neighbours on February 3, 1998 was put to the respondent accused, the
    name of PW-2 was not mentioned as a person who had also seen him on that
    day with the deceased. The fact remains that the incriminating circumstance
    was put to the accused and his response was a bald denial. We do not find
    that any prejudice was caused to the respondent by not mentioning the name
B   of PW-2, when the incriminating circumstance appearing against him was put
    to him.

            In the facts and circumstances of the case, we are satisfied that this
    appeal ought to be allowed. The High Court completely brushed aside the
C   most incriminating circumstance which was proved by the prosecution namely
    - that the respondent was last seen with his wife on February 3, 1998 whereafter
    the house was found locked and the respondent was riot to be seen anywhere.
    He continued to be traceless till February 17, 1998 when he was arrested. The
    respondent did not offer any explanation in defence and his response to all
    the incriminating circumstances put to him in his examination under Section
D   313 Cr.P.C. was a bald denial.

          The following incriminating circumstances are clearly established against
    the respondent :

          (a) That he was not on cordial terms with his wife Kalawati.
E
          (b) On the evening of February 3, 1998 he was seen in his house with
    his wife Kalawati (deceased).

          (c) The house of the respondent was found locked on the 4th, 5th and
    6th February, 1998.
F
           (d) On February 6, 1998 when his house was opened the dead bodies
    of his wife and daughters were found, and the medical evidence established
    that they had been strangulated to death, the cause of death being asphyxia.

          (e) Since the respondent was not traceable the mother of the deceased
G PW-5, Jai Kauri became anxious to know about their whereabouts and requested
    PWs-1 and 6 to search for them.

          (f) In the course of investigation the respondent never appeared at any
    stage, and for the first time he appeared on the scene when he was arrested
    on February 17, 1998.
H
            STATE OF RMASTHAN v. KASHI RAM [B.P. SINGH, J.]                517
      (g) Even after his arrest he did not offer any explanation as to when he     A
parted company with his wife nor did he offer any exculpatory explanation to
discharge the burden under Section 106 of the Evidence Act.

      These incriminating circumstances in our view form a complete chain
and are consistent with no other hypothesis except the guilt of the accused
respondent. If he was with his wife on the evening of February 3, 1998, he         B
should have explained how and when he parted company and/or offered some
plausible explanation exculpating him. The respondent has not pleaded alibi,
nor has he given an explanation which may support his innocence.

      We are aware of the fact that we are dealing with an appeal against          C
acquittal, but having appreciated the evidence on record we have come to the
conclusion that the High Court has completely given a go bye to the most
important incriminating circumstance which appeared against the accused
respopdent. In the facts and circumstances of the case the most incriminating
circumstance about the respondent being seen with his wife on February 3,
1998 and disappearing thereafter, and his failure to offer any explanation when    D,
arrested, has been completely ignored by the High Court by sirrply recording
the finding that there was nothing unusual in the husband being found with
the wife in his house. The High Court failed to appreciate the other co-related
circumstances namely - his disappearance thereafter locking of the house, and
his failure to offer a satisfactory explanation in defence. Thus, the High Court
has ignored important clinching evidence which proved the case of the              E
prosecution. Therefore, interference with the judgment of the High Court is
wan-anted.

       In the result, we allow this appeal and set aside the impugned judgment
and order of the High Court. On the question of sentence, having regard to         F
the fact that the offence took place in February 1998 and the respondent was
acquitted by the High Court, we sentence him to imprisonment for life. The
respondent may have been released pursuant to order of this Court dated
 1.9.2000 issuing bailable warrant of arrest. His bai: bonds are cancelled and
he is directed to be taken into custody forthwith to serve out his sentence.

B.K.                                                          Appeal allowed.