Holding

The High Court’s acquittal was erroneous; the accused is guilty of rape under Section 376 IPC and the conviction is reinstated.

Summary

The State of Rajasthan appealed the acquittal of N.K., who had been convicted of rape under Section 376 IPC. The trial court had found the prosecutrix’s testimony reliable, corroborated by her father’s statement and medical evidence showing a ruptured hymen, and had accepted the five‑day delay in lodging the FIR as satisfactorily explained. The High Court reversed the conviction, holding that the victim’s age could not be proved to be below 16, that the absence of injuries suggested consent, and that the delay in filing the FIR was unexplained. The Supreme Court held that the High Court erred, emphasizing that a prosecutrix’s testimony, when credible, need not be corroborated like an accomplice’s, that delay in FIR alone does not defeat prosecution, and that lack of visible injuries does not infer consent. Consequently, the Court restored the conviction for rape under Section 376 IPC and ordered the respondent to serve the sentence already undergone plus a fine.

Issues considered

The credibility of the prosecutrix’s testimony and whether it inspires confidence
Whether the prosecutrix’s testimony requires corroboration and if such corroboration exists
The determination of the victim’s age and its relevance to consent under Section 375 IPC
Whether the victim was a consenting party to the sexual act
Whether the five‑day delay in lodging the FIR is a fatal defect in the prosecution case
The relevance of the absence of physical injuries to the issue of consent

Legislation cited

Subjects

rapeconsentage of victimdelay in FIRmedical evidencecorroborationIndian Penal Codeevidence lawcriminal procedure

Judgment

A STAIB OF RAJASTHAN
v.
-
N.K. - THE ACCUSED

MARCH 30, 2000

B [DR. A.S. ANAND, CJ., R.C. LAHOTI AND S.N. VARIAVA, JJ.]

Indian Penal Codi!, 1860 :

Section 376-0.ffence under-Delay in lodging FIR satisfactorily ex-
plained-Testimony ofprosecutrix corroborated by another witness and Medi-
c cal Evidence-Delay in medical examination-Absence ofinjuries on the body
ofthe prosecutrix-Perpetrator ofcrime able bodied youth-Acquittal by High
Court on presumption of the consent of the prosecuirix to the act-On appeal,
-,
Held, Prosecutrix is a witness of truth and her testimony inspires confidence-
Absence of injury is not necessarily an evidence to falsify the allegation or an
D evidence of consent-Ifprosecution has succeeded in making out a convincing
case for recording afinding~ to the !accused being guilty, the Court should not
lean in favour of acquittal.

Section 375-0.ffence under-Consent of prosecutrix-ls no defence, if
the victim has been pmved to below 16 years of.age-If she be of 16 years of
,.
E age or above, her consent cannot be presumed-inference as to consent can be
drawn if o'!ly based on evidence or probabilities of the case.

Criminal Trial : J

Evidence of pmsecutrix-Reliability on-A prosecutrix complaining of
having been a victim of the offence of rape iS not an accomplice after the
F
crime-There is no rule of law that her testimony cannot be acted without
corroboration in material particular-Her testimony has to be appreciated on
the principle ofprobabilities just as the testimony ofany other witness-Indian
Evidence Act, 1872-Section 133-Accomplice. .
G FIR-Delay in lodging-Mere delay in lodging FIR cannot be a ground
by itselffor throwing the entire prosecution case-Criminal Procedure Code,
,, 1973-Section 154.
...._
Accused/respondent was charged under Section 376 lPC for the
offence of committing rape of the prosecutrix. As per the prosecution case
H the prosecutrix repQrted the matter to 'U' and to her father, immediately
818
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED 819

~
aftl'r the incident. She wanted to lodge FIR alongwith her father, but she A
was prevented from doing so by the people of the village of the community
of the accused. However, FIR was lodged after five days of the incident
stating therein the reason for delay in lodging FIR. Thereafter medical
examination of the prosecutrix was done. Hymen 'Yas found ruptured. ln
the opinion of the doctor sexual intercourse was done with the prosecutrix
B
5 to 7 days prior to the day of the examination. No other injury was found
on her body. The doctor opined that the age of the prosecutrix was 15
years.

During trial, the testimony of the prosecutrix was corroborated by
the deposition of her father, and also by medical evidence. In cross-exami-
nation nothing was brought out by the defence to doubt the truth of the
c
reason for delay in lodging FIR. The doctor in his cross-examination
stated that the age of the prosecutrix could be 15 or 16 years because a
variation of 3 on plus or minus side was possible. 'U' was not examined.

Trial Court, found that the testimony of the prosecutrix was trust- D
worthy, being corroborated by the medical evidence as also by the testi-
mony of her father. It was held that she was of 15 years of age; and that
though there was delay in lodging FIR, it was satisfactorily explained.
Accordingly, respondent was convicted for the offence under Section 376
IPC.
E
In appeal appeal the High Court acquitted the respondent, holding
that the prosecutrix was not proved beyond reasonable doubt to be below
16 years of age, that though the factum of respondent having committed
sexual intercourse was proved, but the absence of injuries on the person
of the prosecutrix infers. tl~e possibility of the prosecutrix being the con-
F

-- senting party to the act, that the delay in lodging FIR was not satisfacto-
rily explained, and that the delay coupled with non-examination of 'U'
renders the prosecution case doubtful. Hence this appeal.

Allowing the appeal, this Court

HELD : 1. High Court was not justified in reversing the conviction G
of the respondent and recording the order of acquittal. It is true that the
golden thread which runs throughout the cob-web of criminal jurispru-

- dence as administered in India is that nine guilty may escape but one
innocent should not suffer. But at the same time no guilty should escape
unpunished once the guilt has been proved to hilt. An unmerited acquittal H
820 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] 2 S.C.R.
A does no good to the society. If the prosecution has succeeded in making out .....-
a convincing case for recording a finding as to the accused being guilty,
the Court should not lean in favour of acquittal by giving weight to
irrelevant or insignificant circumstances or by resorting to technicalities
or by assuming doubts and giving benefit, therefore, where none exists. A
doubt, as understood in criminal jurisprudence has to be a reasonable
B doubt and not an excuse for finding in favour of acquittal. An unmerited
acquittal encourages wolves in the society being on prawl for easy preys,
more so when the victims of crime are helpless females. It is the spurt in
the number of unmerited acquittals recorded by criminal courts which
gives rise to the demand for death sentence to rapists. The courts have to
c display a greater sense of responsibility and to be more sensitive while
dealing with charges of sexual assault on women. [825-C-F]
Bharwada Bhoginbhai Hirijibhai v. State of Gujarat, (1983) Crl. L.J.
1069; State of Punjab v. Gurmeet Singh & Ors., [1996] 2 SCC 384, referred
to.
D A prosecutrix complaining of having been a victim of the offence of
rape is not an accomplice after the crime. There is no rule of law that her
testimony cannot be acted without corroboration in material particulars.
Her testimony has to be appreciated on the principle of probabilities just as
the testimony of any other witness; a high degree of probability having been
E shown to exist in view of the subject matter being a criminal charge.
However, if the court of facts may find it difficult to accept the version of
the prosecutrix on its face value it may search for evidence direct
or circumstantial which would lend assurance to her testimony. Assurance,
short of corroboration as understood in the context of an accomplice would
do. [826-E-F]
F
Rameshwar v. State of Rajasthan, [1952] SCR 377; Sidheshwar Ganguly
v. State of West Bengal, Affi (1958) SC 143; Madhoram & Anr. v. State of
....
U.P., [1973] 1 SCC 533; State of Maharashtra v. Chandraprakash Kewalchand
Jain, [1990] 1 SCC 550; Madam Gopal Kaddad v. Naval Dubey, [1992] 3
SCC 204; State of Rajasthan v. Shri Narayan, [1992] 3 SCC 615; Kamel
G Singh v. State of M.P., [1995] 5 SCC 518; Bodhisattwa Gautam v. Subhra
Chakraborty, [1996] 1 SCC 490 and State of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh, [1996]
2 sec 384, referred to. ..1

3. It cannot be held on the basis of material available that she was
less then 16 years of age. A positive finding cannot be recorded that the
-
H prosecutrix was less than 16 years of age on the date of the incident, only
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED 821
on the basis of Doctor's testimony. In the estimate made by Doctor, he A
himself admits as variation of 3years on either side being permissible. The
prosecutrix herself and her father are illiterate persons. The prosecutrix
has not taken any schooling. There is no other satisfactory evidence as to
her age available on record. [827-G]

Modi's Medical Jurisprudence, referred to. B

4. In the present case, the delay in lodging the F.I.R. has been satis-
factorily explained. Mere delay in lodging the FIR cannot be a ground by
itself for throwing the entire prosecution case overboard. The Court has
to seek an explanation for delay and test the truthfulness and plausibility
of the reason assigned. If the delay is explained to the satisfaction of the
c
Court it cannot be counted against the prosecution. The explanation for
delay in lodging F.I.R. is not an after though. [828-G]

State of Rajasthan v. Narayan, AIR (1992) SC 2004; State of Punjab v.
Gumzit Singh & Ors., [1996) 2 SCC 384 and Kamel Singh v. State of M.P., D
[1995) 5 sec 518, referred to.

5. Absence of injuries on the person of the prosecutrix is not
necessarily an evidence of falsity of the allegation or an evidence of
consent on the part of the prosecutrix. It will all depend on the facts and
circumstances of each case. Delay in medical examination of the prosecutrix E
was occasioned by the factum of the longing of the F.I.R. having been
delayed. The prosecutrlx was in her teens. The perpetrator of the crime
was an able bodied youth bustling with energy and determined to fulfil
his lust armed with a knife in his hand and having succeeded in forcefully
removing the victim to a secluded place where there was none around to F
help the prosecutrix in her defence. The injuries which the prosecutrix
suffered or might have suffered in defending herself and offering resist-
ance to the accused were abrasions or bruises which would heal up in
ordinary course of nature within 2 to 3 days of the incident. The absence
of visible marks of injuries on the person of the prosecutrix on the date G
of her medical examination would not necessarily mean that she had not
suffered any injuries or that she had offered no resistance at the time of
the commission of the crime. [829-C-E]

Sheikh 'Zakir v. State of Bilzar, (1983) Crl. L.J. 1285; Balwant Singh &
Ors. v. State of Punjab, (1987) Crl. L.J. 971 and Kamel Singh v. State of H
822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] 2 S.C.R.
A M.P., [1995] 5 sec 518, referred to.

6. For the offence of rape as defined in Section 375 of the Indian
Penal Code, the sexual intercourse should have been against the will of
the women or without her consent. Consent is immaterial in certain
circumstances covered by clauses thirdly to sixthly, the last one being
B
when the women is under 16 years of age. Based on these provisions, an
argument is usually advanced on behalf of the accused charged with rape
that absence of proof of want of consent where the prosecutrix is not
under 16 years of age takes the assault out of the purview of Section 375
of the Indian Penal Code. Certainly consent is no defence if the victim has
c been proved to be under 16 years of age. H she be of 16 years of age or
above, her consent cannot be presumed, an inference as to consent can be
drawn if only based on evidence or probabilities of the case. The victim
of rape stating on oath that she was forcibly subjected to sexual inter-
course or that the act was done without her consent, has to be believed
D and accepted like any other testimony unless there is material available
to drawn an inference as to her consent or else the testimony of prosecutrix
is such as would be inherently improbable. [830-D-E]

7. Upon an evaluation of evidence available on record it can be held
E the prosecutrix is a witness of truth. Her testimony inspires confidence. Other
evidence available on record lends assurance to her testimony. The Trial
Court had rightly held that sexual assault amounting to rape was commit-
ted on her by the accused-respondent. In spite of her having not been proved
to be under 16 years of age the High Court was not justified in holding her
to be a consenting party to the sexual assault on her. The High Court has
F committed a clear error of law in interfering with the judgment of the trial
court regarding proof of guilt of the accused. [831-G-H; 832-A-B]

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
1698 of 1996.
G
From the Judgment and Order dated 11.10.95 of the Rajasthan High
Court in S.B.C.R.A. No. 399 of 1994.

Ms. Alka Agrawal, Manish Singhvi and Sushil Kr. Jain for the Appel-
lant.
H
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED [R.C. LAHOTI, J.] 823
R.M. Tatia, Indra Makwana and Ms. Madhurima Tatia for the Respond- A
ent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

R.C. LAHOTI, J. The State of Rajasthan has come up in appeal feeling
aggrieved by an order of acquittal recorded by the High Comt of Rajasthan
B
reversing the judgment of the Sessions Court which had found the accused-
respondent guilty of an offence punishable under Section 376 Indian Penal
Code and sentenced him to undergo seven years rigorous imprisonment with
a fine of Rs.2,000/- and to a further simple imprisonment of one year and nine
months in default of payment of fine.

According to the prosecution, G, PW2, the prosecutrix, was aged 15
c
years and was living in village BhaniaYana (Jaisalmer) with her father, mother
and a younger sister. The family resided in a lonely hutment situated in a
field. On 1.10.1993 at about 12 noon, the prosecutrix was alone in her hut
busy washing clothes on a water pump. NK, the accused-respondent was
known to the prosecut1ix since before. He came to her and initially asked for D
water which she provided in a Iota. The accused then asked for a knife for
peeling the skin of a cucumber. The prosecutrix brought the knife and handed
it over to him. When the prosecutrix was about to tum and go back, the
accused caught hold of her. He twisted her hand on her back and forcibly took
her to a nearby place called Bhitian, i.e., a place surrounded by walls. The E
accused forced the prosecutrix to lie down on the ground, put his foot on her
chest, closed her mouth with his palm, removed her lehenga upwards and then
forcibly committed sexual intercourse with her. The prosecutrix offered
resistance and tried to save herself but the respondent gagged her mouth by
a towel pressed against her mouth. Having thus raped the prosecutrix, the
accused-respondent went away to Thane, another village or another part of F
the same village. The prosecutrix reached back her home and narrated the
entire incident to a woman, described as 'wife of Udai Singh' and to her
father, PW 10, who had returned by that time. The victim accompanied by her
father wanted to go to the police station and lodge the first information report
of the incident but they were prevented from doing so by several village G
people belonging to the community of the accused who also proposed the
matter being settled within the village by convening a panchayat. However,
report of the incident was lodged on 5.10.1993at11.20 a.m. The offence was
registered and investigation commenced.

The prosecutrix was refe1Ted for medical examination so as to find out H
824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] 2 S.C.R.
A the injuries on her person as also to ascertain her age. Dr. V.D. Jetha, (P.W.9)
the medical officer posted at primary health centre, ~aisalmer examined the
prosecutrix on 6-10-1993 at about 12 noon upon a requisition made by the
inve:itigating officer. Dr. Jetha found inter alia the hymen of the prosecutrix
was ruptured in multiple radial tears, the edges of which showed healing at
most of the places and mild tenderness. The hymen hole admittted one finger
B
easily with mild tenderness. Sample of vaginal swab from posterior front of
vagina was taken and smear slide was prepared which was sealed and sent to
forensic science laboratory for examination. In the opinion of Dr. Jetha sexual
intercourse with the prosecutrix was done 5 to 7 days before the day of
examination. He further opined that after a lapse of 5 to 7 days, the
c examination of vaginal smear and vaginal swab could not confirm the
presence of semen.

For the purpose of ascertaining age of the prosecutrix, x-rays of arms
and elbow joints were taken in his presence. After examining x-rays he
opined that the age of the prosecutrix was 15 years.
D
On 4.11.1993 on a requisition made by the investigating officer, Dr.
Jetha examined NK, the accused-respondent. He was found to be a person of
average built suffering from no disease or infirmity. His height was 5 ft 11
inches and weight was 61 kg. He was found fit and competent to perform
sexual intercourse. No mark of injury was found on his person.
E
The trial court found the incident, as alleged, proved. In the opinion of
the learned trial Judge the testimony of the prosecutrix inspired confidence.
It was corroborated by the medical evidence as also by the testimony of her
father. The prosecutrix was held to be 15 years of age on the date of the
p incident. Though there was delay in lodging the FIR but it was satisfactorily
explained. Accordingly, the accused-respondent was found guilty of the
offence punishable under Section 376 IPC and sentenced as above.

The High Court has, in an appeal prefe1Ted by the accused-respondent,
held that the prosecutrix was not proved beyond reasonable doubt to be below
G 16 years of age. In the opinion of the High Court though the facturn of
accused- respondent having committed sexual intercourse with the prosecutrix

H
was proved but the absence of injuries on the person of the prosecutrix was
a material fact not excluding the possibility of the prosecutrix having been a
consenting party. The delay in lodging the FIR was not satisfactorily ex-
plained. The delay coupled with the non-examination of 'the wife of Udai
--
.
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED [R.C. LAHon J.]
Singh' to whom the in~ident was first narrated by the prosecutrix immediately
825
A
after the occurrence rendered the prosecution case doubtful. Mainly on this
reasoning the High Court has allowed the appeal and acquitted the accused-
respondent.

The learned counsel for the appellant-State has vehemently attacked the
findings arrived at by the High Court and submitted that none of them was B
sustainable and none could be a reason for doubting the prosecution case in
the given facts and circumstances and hence the acquittal deserves to be set
aside.

Having heard the teamed counsel for the parties we are of the opinion
that the High Court was not justified in reversing the conviction of the
c
respondent and recording the order of acquittal. It is true that the golden
tlu·ead which runs throughout the cob-web of criminal jurispi'i!dence as
administered in India is that nine guilty may escape but one innocent should
not suffer. But at the same time no guilty should escape unpunished once the
guilt has been proved to hilt. An unmerited acquittal does no good to the D
society. If the prosecution has succeeded in making out a convincing case for
recording a finding as to the accused being guilty, the Court should not lean
in favour of acquittal by giving weight to irrelevant or insignificant circum-
stances or by resorting to technicalities or by assuming doubts and giving
benefit thereof where none exists. A doubt, as understood in criminal
E
jurisprudence, has to be a reasonable doubt and not an excuse for finding in
favour of acquittal. An unmerited acquittal encourages wol~es in the society
being on prawl for easy preys, more so when the victims of crime are helpless
females. It is the spurt in the number of unmerited acquittals recorded by
criminal courts which gives rise to the demand for death sentence to th~
rapists. The courts have to display a greater sense of responsibility and to be F
more sensitive while dealing with charges of sexual assault on women. In
Bharwada Bhoginbhai Hirijibhai v. State of Gujarat (1983) Crl.L.J. 109~ this
Court observed that refusal to act on the tesfilnony of a victim of sexual
assault in the absence of corroboration as a rule, is adding insult to injury.
This court deprecated viewing evidence of such victim with the aid of G
spectacles fitted with lenses tinted with doubt, disbelief or suspicion. We need ~
only remind ourselves of what this court has said through one of us (Dr. A.S.
Anand, J. as His Lordship then was) in State of Punjab v. Gunneet $ingh &
Ors., [1996] 2 sec 384.

" .................... A rapist not only violates the victim's privacy and H
826 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000) 2 S.C.R.
A personal integrity, but inevitably causes serious psychological as well
as physical hann in the process. Rape is not merely a physical assault
- it is often destructive of the whole personality of the victim. A
murderer destroys the physical body of his victim, a rapist degrades
the very soul of the helpless female. The courts, therefore, shoulder
a great responsibility while trying an accused on charges of rape.
B
They must deal with such cases with utmost sensitivity. The courts
should examine the broader probabilities of a case and not get swayed
by minor contradictions or insignificant discrepancies in the statement
of the prosecutrix, which are not of a fatal nature, to throw out an
otherwise reliable prosecution case .........."
c The questions arising for consideration before us are: Whether the
prosecution story, as alleged, inspires confidence of .the court on the evidence
adduced? Whether the prosecutrix, is a witness worthy of reliance? Whether
the testimony of a prosecutrix who has been a victim of rape stands in need
of corroboration and, if so, whether such corroboration is available in the
D facts of the present case? What was the age of the prosecutrix? Whether she
was a consenting party to the crime? Whether there was unexplained delay in
lodging the F.l.R.?

It is well settled that a prosecutrix complaining of having been a victim
of the offence of rape is not an accomplice after the crime. There is no rule
E of law that her testimony cannot be acted without corroboration in material
particulars. Her testimony has to be appreciated on the principle of probabili-
ties just as the testimony of any other witness; a high degree of probability
having been shown to exist in view of the subject matter being a criminal
charge. However, if the court of facts may find it difficult to accept the
F version of the prosecutrix on its face value, it may search for evidence, direct
or circumstantial, which would lend assurance to her testimony. Assurance,
short of corroboration as understood in the context of an accomplice would
do. Reference may be had to a long chain of decisions, some of which are
Rameshwar, [1952) SCR 377, Sidheshwar Ganguly AIR 1958 SC 143,
Madhoram & Anr. [1973) 1 SCC 533, State of Maharashtra v. Chandraprakash
G Kewalchand Jain, [1990) 1 SCC 550, Madam Gopal Kaddad (1992) 3 SCC
204, Shri Narayan AIR [1992) 3 SCC 615, Kamel Singh [1995) 5 SCC 518,
Bodhisattwa Gautam [1996) 1 SCC 490 & Gunnit Singh (supra). We may
quote from the last of the above said decisions where the rule for appreciating
the evidence of the prosecutrix in such cases has been succinctly summed up
H in the following words :-
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED [R.C. LAHOTI, J.] 827
" .......... If evidence of the prosecutrix inspires confidence, it must be A
relied upon without seeking corroboration of her statement in material
particulars. If for some reason the court finds it difficult to place
implicit reliance on her testimony, it may look for evidence which
may lend assurance to her testimony, short of corroboration required
in the case of an accomplice. The testimony of the prosecutrix must B
be appreciated in the background of the entire case and the trial court
must be alive to its responsibility and be sensitive while dealing with
cases involving sexual molestations."

According to Dr. V.D. Jetha, x-ray of left elbow and arm of the
prosecutrix were taken for assessing her age. Though the technician who had c
actually x-rayed the prosecutrix and prepared the x-ray plates has not been
examined in the court but the non-examination is of no consequence. Accord-
ing to Dr. Jetha, x-rays were taken in his presence. Based on the x-ray plates
he had drawn deductions, formed an opinion based on standard text books
and prepared the report on the question of age. He has further stated that there
was no need for the prosecutrix being referred to radiologist in as much as D
what radiologist could have read from the x-ray plates could also have been
done by him as he has done.

Dr. Jetha found that top radial was fully occified. Olecranon of ulna was
also fully occified. Distal end of radial and ulna were not completely occified.
On the basis of such data he inferred the age of the prosecutrix to be about E
15 years. However, during cross-examination he admitted that the age of the
prosecutrix could be 15 or 16 years because a variation of 3 on plus or minus
side as described by Modi in his Medical Jurisprudence was possible. The
learned counsel for the State vehemently argued that non-occification of the
distal ends of radial and ulna was a positive indicator of the prosecutrix F
having not crossed the age of 15 years and in support of his submission
he referred to certain passages and tables from Modi' s Medical Jurisprudence.
However we are not satisfied that only on the basis of Dr. Jetha' s testimony,
a positive finding can be recorded that the prosecutrix was less than 16 years
of age on the date of the incident. In the estimate made by Dr. Jetha
G
he himself admits a variation of 3 years on either side being permissible.
The prosecutrix herself and her father are illiterate persons. The prosecutrix
has not taken any schooling. There is no other satisfactory evidence as to
her age available on record. We cannot positively hold on the basis of
material available that she was less than 16 years of age on the date of the
incident. H
828 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2000] 2 S.C.R.
A It is true that the incident dated 1.10.1993 was reported to the police on
5.10.1993. The prosecutrix was a married woman. Her muHana ceremony had
not taken place. Muklana ceremony is a rural custom prevalent in Rajasthan,
whereunder the bride is left with the parents after marriage having been
performed and is taken away by the husband and/or t:J..ie in-laws to live with
them only after a lapse of time. The origin of the custom owes its existence
B
to performance of child-marriages which are widely prevalent there. The
muklana was yet to take place. The prosecutrix was a virgin prior to the
commission of the crime and this fact finds support from the medical evidence.
The parents of such a prosecutrix would obviously be chary to such an
incident gaining publicity because it would have serious implications for the
c reputation of the farnil y and also on the married life of the victim. The husband
and the in-laws having become aware of the incident may even refuse to carry
the girl to reside with them. The incident if publicised may have been an end
of the marriage for the prosecutrix. Added to this is the communal tinge which
was sought to be giyen by the community of the accused. PW-10, the father
of the prosecutrix, the prosecutrix PW-2 and other witnesses have stated that
D
while they were about to move to the Police Station they were prevented from
doing so by the community fellows of the accused who persuaded them not
to lodge report with the police and instead to have the matter settled by
convening a panchayat of village people. After all the family of the victim had
to live in the village in spite of the incident having taken place. The
E explanation is not an after thought. An indication thereof is to be found in the
F.l.R. itself where the complainant has stated - "the delay in lodging the report
is due to village panchayat, insult and social disrepute". Nothing has been
brought out in the cross-examination of the witnesses to doubt the truth and
reasonableness of the explanation so offered.
F
We may, however, state that a mere delay in lodging the FIR cannot be
a ground b.Y itself for throwing the entire prosecution case overboard. The
Court has to seek an explanation for delay and test the truthfulness and
plausibility of the reason assigned. If the delay is explained to the satisfaction
of the Court it cannot be counted.against the prosecution. In State of Rajastlian
G v. Narayan, AIR 1992 SC 2004 this Court observed - "True it is that the
complaint was lodged two. days later but as stated earlier Indian society being
what it is the victims of such a crime ordinarily consult relatives and are
hesitant to approach the police since it involves the question of morality and
chastity of a married woman. A woman and her relatives have to struggle with
several situations before deciding to approach the police ................ " In State
H
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED [R.C. LAHOTI, J.) 829
of Punjab v. Gurmit Singh & Ors., (supra), this Court has held - "The Courts A
cannot overlook the fact that in sexual offences delay in the lodging of the FIR
can be due to variety of reasons particularly the reluctance of the prosecutrix
or her family members to go to the police and complain about the incident
which concerns the reputation of the prosecutrix and the honour of her family.
It is only after giving it a cool thought that a complaint of sexual offence is
B
generally lodged." So are the observations made by this Court in Karenel
Singh v. State of M.P.. (1995] 5 SCC 518 repelling the defence contention
based on delay in lodging the FIR. In the present case, in our opinion the delay
in lodging the F.I.R. has been satisfactorily explained.

Absence of injuries on the person of the prosecutrix has weighed with c
the High Court for inferring consent on the part of the prosecutrix. We are not
at all convinced. We have already noticed that the delay in medical examina-
tion of the prosecutrix was occasioned by the factum of the lodging of the
F.I.R. having been delayed for the reasons which we have already discussed.
The prosecutrix was in her teens. The perpetrator of the crime was an able
bodied youth bustling with energy and determined to fulfill his lust armed
D
with a knife in his hand and having succeeded in forcefully removing the
victim to a secluded place where there was none around to help the prosecutrix
in her defence. The injuries which tl1e prosecutrix suffered or might have
suffered in defending herself and offering resistance to the accused were
abrasions or bruises which would heal up in ordinary course of nature within E
2 to 3 days of the incident. The absence of visible marks of injuries on the
person of the prosecutrix on the date of her medical examination would not
necessarily mean that she had not suffered any injuries or that she had offered
no resistance at the time of commission of the crime. Absence of injuries on
the person of die prosecutrix is not necessarily an evidence of falsity of the
allegation or an evidence of consent on the part of the prosecutrix. It will all
F
depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. In Sheikh z.akir 1983
Crl.L.J. 1285, absence of any injuries on the person of the prosecutrix, who
was die helpless victim of rape, belonging to a backward community, living
in a remote area not knowing the need of rushing to a doctor after the
occurrence of the incident, was held not enough for discrediting the statement G
of die prosecutrix if fue other evidence was believable. In Balwant Singh &
Ors. (1987) Crl.L.J. 971 this court held that every resistance need not
necessarily be accompanied by some injury on the body of fue victim; die
prosecutrix being a girl of 19/20 years of age was not in the facts and
circumstances of fue case expected to offer such resistance as would cause H
830 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000] 2 S.C.R.
A injuries to her body. In Kamel Singh 1995 (5) SCC 518 the prosecutrix wa~
made to lie down on a pile of sand. This court held that absence of marks of
external injuries on the person of the prosecutrix cannot be adopted as a
formula for inferring consent on the part' of the prosecutrix and holding that
she was a willing party to the act of sexual intercourse. It will all depend on
the facts and circumstances of each case. A Judge of facts shall have to apply
B
common sense rule while testing the reasonablity of the prosecution case. The
prosecutrix on account of age or infirmity or overpowered by fear or force
may have been incapable of offering any resistance. She might have sustained
injuries but on account of lapse of time the injuries might have healed and
marks vanished.
c
For the offence of rape as defined in Section 375 of the Indian Penal
Code, the sexual intercourse should have been against the will of the woman"
or without her consent. Consent is immaterial in certain circumstances
covered by clauses thirdly to sixthly, the last one being when the woman is
under 16 years of age. Based on these provisions, an argument is usually
D advanced on behalf of the accused charged with rape that absence of proof of
want of consent where the prosecutrix is not under 16 years of age takes the
assault out of the purview of Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code. Certainly
consent is no defence if the victim has been proved to be u'nder 16 years of
age. If she be of 16 years of age or above, her consent cannot be presumed;
E an inference as to consent can be drawn if only based on evidence or
. probabilities of the case. The victim of rape stating on oath that she was
forcibly subjected to sexual intercourse or that the act was done without her
consent, has to be believed and accepted like any other testimony unless there
is material available to draw an inference as to her consent or else the
testimony of prosecutrix is such as would be inherently improbable. The
F
prosecutrix before us had just crossed the age of 16 years. She has clearly
stated that she was subjected to sexual intercourse forcibly by the accused.
She was not a consenting party. She offered resistance to the best of her
ability but she succumbed and fell victim to the force employed by the
accused. She has narrated how she was approached by the accused while she
G was busy washing clothes near her hut. The accused initially asked for water
in a Iota. Then the accused asked for a knife on the pretext that it was needed
for peeling cucumber. The accused was gaining time to ascertain if the
prosecutrix was alone. No sooner the prosecutrix turned her back unmindful
of what laid ahead, her hand was caught hold of by the accused and twisted
H on her back. The accused pushed her to bhitian, a secluded place. She was
STATE v. N.K. - THE ACCUSED [R.C. LAHon J.] 831
thrown on the ground. The accused put his knee on her chest so as to over A
power her. Her shouting was throttled by the accused who placed his palm on
her mouth and later covered her mouth by a towel pressed against her lips.
She was then raped. Blood oozed out from her private parts. Having finished
his act the accused left her alone and took to his heels. The prosecutrix was
weeping. She narrated the incident to a woman described as 'the wife of Udai
Singh' and to her father in quick succession. The statement of the father of
B
the prosecutrix corroborates her in all material particulars and is admissible in
evidence and relevant under Section 157 as her former statement corroborat-
ing her testimony as also under Section 8 of the Evidence Act as evidence of
her conduct. In spite of delay in medical examination in the circumstances
already discussed the medical evidence corroborates the testimony of the c
prosecutrix. According to Dr. Jetha, he had found the hymen ruptured in
multiple radial tears, the edges of which showed healing at most of the places
and mild tenderness. The prosecutrix was not used to sexual intercourse.
Pieces of broken bangles were found at the place of the incident and seized.
The Forensic Science Laboratory has found (vide report Ex.P/9) presence of
D
human semen on the Lehenga seized from the prosecutrix. It is true that 'wife
of Udai Singh' has not been examined. It would have been better if she would
have been examined. However, no dent is caused in the case of the prosecu-
tion by her non-examination. She would have repeated the same story as has
been narrated by the father of the prosecutrix. We have found the testimony
of prosecutrix's father (PW 10) trustworthy and unembellished. The prosecutrix E
and her father have both been subjected to lengthy cross-examination. The
trial court has found both the witnesses reliable. We too find no reason to
disbelieve their testimony. A father would not ordinarily subscribe to a false
story of sexual assault involving his own daughter and thereby putting at
stake the reputation of the family and jeopardizing the married life of the F
daughter. We find the testimony of prosecutrix's father reliable ar1d lending
support to the narration of the incident by the prosecutrix. No reason has been
proved, .not even suggested during cross-examination of any of the witnesses
why the prosecutrix or any member of her family would falsely implicate the
accused roping him in false charge of rape. We are surprised to note how an
inference as to consent could have been drawn against the prosecp.trix and to G
hold that she was a willing party to the sexual assault made by the accused.
Upon an evaluation of evidence available on record we are satisfied to hold
that the prosecutrix is a witness of truth. Her testimony inspires confidence.
Other evidence available on record lends assurance to her testimony. The Trial
Court had rightly held tliat sexual assault amounting to rape was committed H
832 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2000) 2 S.C.R.
A on her by the accused-respondent. In spite of her having not been proved ~o
be under 16 years of age the High Court was not justified in holding her to
be a consenting party to the sexual assault on her.

For the foregoing reasons, we are of the opinion that the High Court has
- committed a clear error of law in interfering with the judgment of the trial
B court regarding proof of guilt of the accused. The appeal is allowed. The
judgment of the High Court is set aside. We hold the accused/respondent
guilty of the offence charged i.e. under Section 376 of the I.P.C ..

Now remains the question of sentence. The incident is of the year 1993.
The accused was taken into custody by the police on 3.11.1993. He was not
c allowed bail. During the trial as also during the hearing of the appeal by the
High Court he remained in jail. It is only on 11.10.1995 when the High Court
acquitted him of the charge that he was released from jail. Thus he had
remained in jail for a little less than two years. Talcing into consideration the
period of remission for which he would have been entitled and the time which
D has elapsed from the date of commission of the offence, we are of the opinion
that the accused-respondent need not now be sent to jail. It would meet the
end of justice if he is sentenced to undergo imprisonment for the period
already undergone by him and to a fine of Rs.2000/- with further simple
imprisonment of one year and nine months in default of payment of fine as
E passed by the Trial Court. The appellant is allowed time till 1st May, 2000 for
payment of fine. The accused-respondent is on bail. The bail bonds shall stand
discharged on payment of fine as directed. Ordered accordingly.

K.K.T. Appeal allowed.