STATE OF RAJASTHANversusSHAMBHOOGIRI

                            STATE OF RAJAS THAN                                  A
                                     v.
                               SHAMBHOOGIRI

                              OCTOBER 12, 2004

          [K.G. BALAKRISHNAN AND DR. AR. LAKSHMANAN,H.]                          B


         Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947:

         ss. 2 (h) and 5·A-Investigatiotr-Complaint of illegal gratification made
    to SDM-He verified the currency notes received in bribery, prepared recovery C
    memo and sent the same to Superintendent ofPolice along with the complaint-
    Conviction by trial court-Acquittal by High Court holding that SDM was not
    authorized to investigate into the case-Held, investigation under the Act
    would start after the complaint was given by SDM to Superintendent ofPolice-
    Matter remitted to High Court for decision afresh.                            D
          PW·l, resident of a village under the Police Station wherein the
    respondent was a constable, was facing a case in the court of the Sub-
    Divisional M:agistrate. The respondent arrested PW-1 under s.110 Cr.P.C.
    and demanded from him Rs.500 as illegal gratification. PW-I gave Rs.300
    to the respondent and thereafter, made a written complaint and got it        E
    handed over to the SDM with currency notes of Rs.200. The SDM noted
    the numbers of the currency notes and gave them back to P.W. I. When
    the respondent demanded money from PW-I, the latter gave the same to
    the former in presence of witnesses. Thereafter, SDM called the respondent
    in his chambers and recovered currency notes of Rs.200 from his pocket.
    On verification, the numbers of the notes tallied with those noted by the    F
    SDM. The SDM prepared a recovery memo and sent the same to the
    Superintendent of Police along with the complaint. A case under s.I 6I IPC
    and ss. 5(I){d) and 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, I947 was
    registered. The Deputy Superintendent of Police, Anti-Corruption
    Department collected the documents and filed the challan against the         G
    respondent. The respondent was convicted of the offences charged. In the
    appeal filed by the respondent before the High Court, it was contended
    that the complaint was lodged before the SOM who was not the person
    authorized to investigate the case, as mentioned in s.5-A of the Act. The

•                                      337                                       H
     338                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004) SUPP. S S.C.R.

A High Court set aside the conviction holding that the trial was vitiated
     owing to the investigation having been'conducted by ~he SDM. ·. _ /

          Disposing of the appeal and remitting the matter lo the High Court,
     the Court       .            ..   ·    · .--- '     :.. •...  ;;.:,
                                                                 •
B          HELD: 1.1. The High Court erred in holding that the SDM
     conducted the investigation as he laid the trap and recovered the notes.
     On getting the information, the SDM ascertained the veracity of the
     allegation. He prepared the recovery memo and sent the same to the
     Superintendent of Police along with the complaint. Thus, the SDM was
C    not doing any investigation. The investigation of the crime, as defined in
     s.2{h) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, would start only after
     the complaint is given by the SDM to the Superintendent of Police {Anti-
     Corruption). [342-A, C, D,[

            1.2. Every citizen is competent and entitled to detect crimes and
-D report and, if any, information regardi_ng the commission of any crime is
      known to any person, such information can be passed on to the rolice or
      any other competent authority for taking appropriate action. If a crime
      is committed in the presence ofany citizen, he can very well ascertain the
      truth of the fact and make all efforts to bring home the guilt of the accused.
      The Sub-Divisional Magistrate had only discharged his duties as law-   a
E     abiding citizen and the allegation that SDM had conducted investigation
     ·of the case is incorrect. [342-F, G, HI               ·

          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 955
     of 2003.

F
              .                                                      .
          From the Judgment and Order dated 16.1.200 I of the Rajasthan High
     Court in S.B. Crl. A. No. 198 of 1983.

            Ms: Madhudma Taiia for Aruneshwar Gupta for the Appellant.

           : B.D. Sham1a for the Respondent.
.G
           · The Judgment of th~ Court was delivered by

           DR. AR. LAKSHMANAN, J. This appeal is directed against the
     judgment and order dated 16.01.200 l ·passed by the High Court of Rajasthan
     at Jodhpur in S.B. Criminal Appeal No. 198 of 1983 whereby the High Court
H    allowed the appeal filed by the respondent herein. The said appeal before the
      STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHAMBHOOQIRI [LAKSHMANAN, J.]                 339

High Court was directed against the order dated 03.05.I983 passed by the          A
Special Judge, Anti Corruption Cases, Udaipur in Criminal Case No. 47 of
 I 978 convicting the respondent herein - Shambhoogiri for the offence under
Section I6I I.P.C. and Section 5(I)(d) and (2) of the Prevention of Corruption
Act, I947 (hereinafter referred to as "the PC Act") and sentencing him to
undergo two years R.I. and a fine of Rs. 250 on each count and in default         B
of payment of fine to further undergo six months simple imprisonment. Both
the sentences were ordered to run concurrently.

      The case of the prosecution is as follows:

       The respondent was working as Head Constable Police, Amod, District
Chittorgarh. One Fakir Chand PW-I was the resident of the sall\e lqcal police     C
station, where the respondent/accused was posted. There was spme pending
case against Fakir Chand PW-I and his friends before the SDM, Pratap Garh,
where he used to come in the Court of the SDM. The respondent arrested
PW-I under Section 110 of the Cr.P.C. and demanded illegal gratification of
Rs. 500 from him and further threatened him for lodging more complaints for       D
not doing so. Therefore, PW-I had to give Rs. 100 to the r,espondent. The
respondent had to produce ew-I before the SDM, Pratapgarh on 12.09.1977
and on the same day PW- I had to give him Rs. 200 more. On that date,
before appearance in the Court, PW-I met PW-7 and told him about the
accused/respondent, who advised PW-I to give the entire details in written
complaint with Rs. 200 currency notes. PW-I did so. Thereafter, PW-7 had          E
given the written complaint with Rs. 200 currency notes to the SDM,
Pratapgarh. PW-6, who noted the numbers of the currency notes in his diary
and after getting initials of the SDM, these notes were given to PW-I and he
was asked to give these currency notes to the respondent/accused. When the
respondent demanded money from PW-I, the same was given in the presence           p
of PW-5 and PW-7 to him. Thereafter, PW-5 informed the SDM PW-6 who
called the accused in his chamber and asked him to produce Rs. 200 from his
pocket. The accused is said to have produced that Rs. 200 before th~ SDM
who verified the ~umbers of the currency notes from the entries noted in his
diary, which was found the same. The SDM prepared a recovery Memo of
those notes and thereafter sent the memo of recovery along with the notes to      G
the Collector, Chittorgarh and also sent this information to the Superintendent
of Police. Thereafter, the Superintendent of Police sent this information to
the Anti Corruption Department and the case was registered under Section
 161 I.P.C. and Section 5(1)(d) and 5(2) of the PC Act. The Deputy S.P. Anti
Corruption Department collected the entire documents and after seeking            H
    340                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A permission filed the challan against the accused. On 11.09 .1978, charges
    were framed against the accused in the Court of the Special Judge Anti
    Corruption, Jaipur. The respondent denied the charges and claimed the trial.
    The case was committed in the Court of Special Judge, Anti Corruption,
    Udaipur.

B          The prosecution examined eight witnesses in support of its case. The
    trial Court came to the conclusion that the respondent/accused being a public
    servant was guilty for the offence under Section 161 l.P.C. and Section 5(1)
    and 5(2) of the PC Act of having accepted Rs. 200 as bribe and convicted
    him vide judgment dated 03.05.1983 in Criminal Case No. 47 of 1978.
c         Aggrieved against the conviction, the respondent preferred an appeal
    before the High Court in which a question of law was raised on behalf of the
    respondent that as per Section 5-A of the PC Act the investigation has to be
    taken by a person not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police or
    by Inspector of Police provided that there is a special authorization in that
D   regard by the State Government generally or specially for a particular case.
    It was further argued on behalf of the respondent that the complaint was
    lodged before the SOM, Pratapgarh PW-6 who was not the competent,person
    to investigate and that he did not have any such authorization generally .or
    specifically to investigate the case of corruption.

E         The High Court, on 16.01.2001, has set aside the conviction and sentence
    awarded by the Special Judge on the ground that the prosecution based on
    investigation having been commenced at the instance of unauthorized person
    is without jurisdiction and faulty and, therefore, .it cannot be sustained.
    Aggrieved against the same, the State of Rajasthan has come up on appeal
    before us. Leave was granted on 01.08.2003 by this Court..
F
          Learned counsel for the appellant-State contended that the High Court
    seriously erred in holding that there was no compliance of Section 5-A of the
    PC Act. It was contended that the SOM who laid the trap and caught the
    accused red-handed was not conducting any investigation and the High Court
G   wrong!)' assumed that the investigation by the SOM was without jurisdiction
    and the entire proceedings were vitiated by such illegality. The learned Counsel
    for the respondent, on the other hand, contended that Section 5-A of the PC
    Act authorises only specified person to conduct the investigation and action
    conducted by any authority other than the specified authority is illegal and
    the accused has been rightly acquitted by the High Court. Section 5-A of the
H
          STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHAMBHOOGIRI [LAKSHMANAN, J.]                341
    P.C. Act reads as follows:-"                                                     A
         5-A. Investigation into cases under this Act. -

           (I) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal
r
           Procedure, 1898, no police officer below the rank, -

           (a) in the case of the Delhi Special Police Estabiishment, of an          B
           Inspector of Police;

           (b) in the presidency-towns of Calcutta and Madras, of an Assistant
           Commissioner of Police;

           (c) in the presidency-town of Bombay, of a Superintendent of Police;      C
           and

           (d) elsewhere, of a Deputy Superintendent of Police,

           shall investigate any offence punishable under section 161, section
           165 or section 165A of the Indian Penal Code or under Section 5 of        :0
           this Act without the order of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate
           of the first class, as the case ma)' be, or make any arrest therefore
           without a warrant:

           Provided that if a police officer not below the rank of an Inspector
           of Police is authorized by the State Government in this behalf by         E
           general or special order, he may also investigate any such offence
           without the order of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the
           first class, as the case may be, or make arrest therefore, without a
           warrant:

           Provided further that an offence referred to in clause (e) of sub-        p
           section (I) of section 5 shall not be inve!.tigate without the order of
           a police officer not below the rank of a Superintendent of Police."

          The above provision shows that only the authorities specified in sub-
    clauses (a) to (d) of Clause 5-A alone are authorised to conduct the
    investigation and no Police Officer below the rank of those categories of        G
    officers are not competent to conduct investigation unless there is an order
    of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of the first class, as the case may
    be, and the State can authorize any officer for the purpose of investigation
    of such crimes under the PC Act but not below the rank of any Inspector of
    Police.
                                                                                     H
    342                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A          In the instant case, the High Court took the view that SDM conducted
    the investigation of the case and that he was not competent to do so. This
    view of the High Court is incorrect'. The SDM got an information from PW
    1 that the accused had been demanding illegal gratification. The SDM wanted
    to ascertain whether this allegation is true or not. He asked PW-I to give a
B   written complaint with Rs. 200 currency notes. The SDM noted the numbers
    of the currency notes in his diary and these notes were given to PW- I who,
    in tum, gave these currency notes to the accused as illegal gratification. The
    SDM called the accused who was working under him and asked him to
    produce 200 rupees given by PW-I. The accused produced the notes before
    the SDM and the numbers of the currency notes were verified with the
C   entries noted earlier by him in the diary. SDM himself prepared a recovery
    memo and sent it to the Superintendent of Police with a complaint alleging
    that the accused received bribery. He also sent a note to his superior officer.
    Here, the SDM was not doing any investigation. The High Court was of the
    view that he laid a trap and recovered the notes and thus conducted an
    investigation of the crime. The investigation of the crime would start only
D   after the complaint is given by the SDM to the Superintendent of Police
    (Anti-Corruption) and investigation as such is defined under the Code of
    Criminal Procedure under Section 2(h) of the Act which is to the following
    effect:-

                "Investigation" includes all the proceedings under this Code for
E           the collection of evidence conducted by a police officer or by any
            person (other than a Magistrate) who is authorised by a Magistrate in
            this behalf'

          Every citizen is competent and entitled to detect crimes and report and,
F   if any, information regarding the commission of any crime is known to any
    person, such information can be passed on to the police or any other competent
    authority for taking appropriate action, for example, under the Food
    Adulteration Act, an ordinary citizen is competent to collect samples and
    send to public analysis and based on the report of the public analyst, the
    complaint can be filed before the appropriate authority. The collection of the
G   samples and the analysis by the public analyst do not amount to investigation.
    If a crime is committed in the presence of any citizen, he can very well
    ascertain the truth of the fact and make all efforts to bring home the guilt of
    the accused. The Sub-Divisional Magistrate had only discharged his duties as
    a law abiding citizen and the allegation that SDM had conducted investigation
H   of the case is incorrect and the High Court seriously erred in holding that the
       STATE OF RAJASTHAN v. SHAMBHOOGIRI [LAKSHMANAN, J.]              343

trial was vitiated owing to the investigation having been conducted by the     A
SDM. The acquittal of the accused was improper and we set aside the Judgment
of the High Court as the High Court had not considered the criminal appeal
filed by respondent on merits and the same is remitted to the High Court for
proper consideration in accordance with law.

     In the result, the appeal is remitted to the High Court for disposal in
accordance with law. The appeal would stand disposed of accordingly.

R.P.                                                   Appeal disposed of.