STATE OF U.PversusJHINKOO NAI

 A                                  STATE Of U.P.
                                         v.
                                    JHINKOO NAI

                                  AUGUST 03, 2001

B                   [M.B. SHAH AND DORAISWAMY RAJU, JJ.]


           Penal Code, 1860 :

           Ss. 302134. 307134 and 324-Murder-Common intention to commit the
C    offence-Inference of-Murder by inflicting knife blows-Accused persons
     trying to rape the victim and on her resistance one of the accused murdering
     her and the other two injuring her father and mother-Pending trial, one of
     the accused died-Trial Court convicting two of the accused for offences
     under SectiOns 302134 and 307134 and acquilling the third accused-Pending
D    appeal before High Court, the other co-accused also died-High Court altering
     the sentence of respondent-accused to one under Section 324 by holding that
     the act ofknife blows by accused was his individual acts-Held, not justified-
     Conviction and sentence as ordered by trial court, restored

            Section 302134-Common intention-Held, can be proved on the basis
E     of direct evidence or by inference from acts or attending circumstances and
     conduct of the parties-No distinction can be made between persons inflicting
     fatal and nonfatal injuries for allocating the guilt.

            Accused persons armed with weapons entered the house of complainant
     in the night to take revenge for a quarrel that had taken place during the
F    day. They forcefully lifted the daughter of complainant to satisfy their lust.
     When she resisted, one of the accused stabbed her in the chest resulting in
     her death. On raising alarm, accused persons gave knife blows to other
     inmates of the house. During the pendency of trial, one of the accused died.
     Trial Court convicted two of the accused persons for offences under Sections
G    302/34 and 307/34 IPC and acquitted the third accused. Convicted persons
     filed appeal before the High Court. During the pendency of the appeal one of
     the co-accused expired and his appeal stood abated. High Court held that the
     assault by knife on complainant and her husband were individual acts of
     accused and altered the conviction of respondent accused from Sections 302/
     34 and 307/34 IPC to one under Section 324 IPC. Hence this appeal by State
II                                        266
                        STATE OF U.P. v. JHINKOONAI                         267
and the respondent accused filed SLP against his conviction.                        A
     Allowing the State's appeal and dismissing the SLP filed by the
respondent-accused, the Court.

       HELD : l. The High Court erred in altering the conviction of the
accused from Sections 302/34 and 307/34 IPC to one under Section 324 IPC            B
on the ground that assault by knife on complainant and her husband were
individual acts of the accused. The order of the High Court is quashed and
set aside. The order of conviction and sentence passed by the trial court is
restored~ (271-D, E, Fl

       2.1. The common intention or the intention of the individual concerned       C
in furtherance of the common intention could be proved either from direct
evidence or by inference from the acts or attending circumstances of the case
and conduct of the parties. For common intention, there could rarely be direct
evidence. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend upon
the inferences deducible from the circumstances of the case. When several           D
persons simultaneously attack with common intention, no distinction between
causing the fatal and non-fatal wounds could be drawn while allocating the
guilt. 1270-e-DI

      H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat, (197614 sec 640, relied on.

      Mithu Singh v. State of Punjab, 120011 4 sec 193, distinguished.              E

       2.2. In the instant case, accused were armed with knives; they entered
the house of the complainant in the night; on refusal to submit to their sexual
lust, accused despite resistance by the girl lifted her and brought her to the
verandah. At that stage when deceased was crying and resisting, her father          F
and her mother got up and started raising shouts. One of the accused gave
knife blow to the deceased and two others gave knife blows to her father and
mother. From these facts, the only reasonable inference which could be drawn
is that common intention of the accused was to ravish the young poor harijan
girl and in case of resistance, to commit murder by inflicting knife blows. Their
adventure in criminality cannot be watered down or nullified by contending          G
that injuries caused by them have not resulted in death of the complainant
and her husband, viz. the parents of the girls. (271-A, B, C(

      CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
1077 of 1999.
                                                                                    H
      268                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) SUPP. I S.C.R.

 A         From the Judgment and Order dated 28.5.99 of the Allahabad High
      Court in Crl. A. No. 2478 of 1980.
                                          WITH
            S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 2857/2001 IN Crl. M.P. No. 9206/2000 (Vice Versa).

 B          Praveen Swarup, Prashant Choudhary and Pramod Swarup, Advs. for
      the appellant/Petitioner.

          K.B. Sinha, Sr. Adv., R.K. Singh and P.N. Ramalingam, Advs. with
     him for the Respondent.

 C          The following Judgment of the Court was delivered :

           SHAH, J. In Sessions Trial No. 391 of 1977, Jhinkoo Nai and Tahir
    were convicted for the offence punishable under Sections 302 and 307 read
  ' with 34 !PC. Third accused Imtiyaz alias Chitharu was acquitted. Against
    that judgment and order, Jhinkoo Nai alongwith Tahir filed Criminal Appeal
D No. 2478of1980 before the High Court of Allahabad. Pending appeal, Tahir
    expired and his appeal proved abated. By judgment and order dated 28.5. I999,
    the High Court set-aside the conviction of Jhinkoo Nai for the offence
    punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 !PC and Section 307 read
    with Section 34 IPC but convicted him for the offence punishable under
E Section 324 !PC and sentenced to suffer RI for two years.
           Against that judgment and order, the State has preferred Criminal Appeal
     No. I 077 of 1999. Accused Jhinkoo Nai has also filed special leave petition
     against the said order which is delayed by 454 days.

F            The learned counsel for the appellant-State submitted that the judgment
     and order passed by the High Court acquitting the respondent for the offence
     punishable under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC is, on the face of it,
     illegal and erroneous. As against this, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
     the respondent-accused supported the reasons recorded by the High Court
     acquitting the respondent for the offence punishable under Sections 302 and
G    307 read with 34 !PC.

         For appreciating the contention raised by the learned counsel for the
  parties, we would refer to the facts as proved by the prosecution. It is the
  prosecution story that on I4.2.1975, as it was alleged that there was illicit
  relationship of accused Chitharu and Tahir with Subhawati d/o Sanichari,
H there was a quarrel between Sanichari Devi and Nageshari (PW5) wife of
                    STATE OF U.P. v. JHINKOO NAI [SHAH . .I.]                269
   Mani Ram (PW4). At the time of this quarrel, deceased Chandratara and             A
   Mantara daughters ofNageshari were present. The accused Tahir and Chitharu
   were also sitting nearby. It is the say of the prosecution that during this
  quarrel Sanichari had given a threat to Nageshari that she would teach her a
   lesson in near future for the allegation made against her daughter. On the
  same day, in the mid-night, while Mani Ram and his wife Nageshari were             B
  sleeping on the verandah of the house and their two daughters were sleeping
   inside the room, four persons, namely, Deep Chand, who died during the
  pendency of the trial, Tahir who died during the pendency of the appeal in
  High Court, Jhinkoo Nai and Imtiyaz alias Chitharu entered into the house
  of Mani Ram. Tahir, Jhinkoo and Deep Chand entered into the room where
  Chandratara and Mantara were sleeping. All of them lifted Chandratara who          C
  was merely 18 years old and brought her in Osara (Verandah). It is the say
  of the prosecution witnesses that deceased Chandratara was resisting and was
  not prepared to satisfy the lust of the accused. At that time, Tahir stabbed her
  on the left side of chest and she died instantaneously. Nageshari started
  shouting. Thereafter, Mani Ram and other daughter Mantara also started
  raising alarm. At that time, Jhinkoo gave a knife blow to Nageshari on her         D
  chest, Deep Chand gave three knife blows to Mani Ram. It is also alleged
· that Chitharu who was standing with Iathi in his hand gave a lathi blow to
  Mani Ram. Thereafter, they ran away from the scene of occurrence. The
  aforesaid prosecution story is proved and is accepted by the Sessions Court
  as well as the High Court on the basis of evidence of PW3 Mantara d/o Mani         E
  Ram, who was sleeping alongwith her sister on the fateful night, PW4 Mani
  Ram and PW5 Nageshari. The Sessions Court rejected defence version that
  in the night in question a dacoity was committed at the house of Mani Ram
  as absolute false by observing that it looks quite improbable that a poor
  Harijan who earns his livelihood by doing Halwahi or Mazdoori should have
  been made victim of dacoity.                                                       F

        Learned counsel for the respondent vehemently submitted that in view
 of the evidence led by the prosecution, it is apparent that there was no
 intention of the accused to commit murder of the deceased, but it was at the
 most to commit rape. Therefore, the High Court rightly held that assault by G
 knife on Mantra and Nageshari was individual acts of Jhinkoo (respond:nt)
 and Deep Chand (deceased) and the High Court rightly altered the conviction
 of the respondent from Section 302 to section 324 IPC. Learned counsel also
 referred to the decision rendered by this Court in Mithu Singh v. State of
 Punjab; [200 I] 4 SCC 193 and submitted that even though both the accused
 were armed with pistol, the Court has not drawn the inference of common H
    270                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2001) SUPP. I S.C.R.

A   intention as the one shot was fired by other accused.

            In our view, contention raised by the learned counsel for the respondent-
     accused is without any substance. In case of Mithu Singh (Supra) the Court
     arrived at the conclusion that there was nothing available on record to draw
     an inference that co-accused had gone to the house of deceased with the
B    intention of causing her death and such intention was known to the accused
     much less shared by him. Hence, Court set-aside the conviction under Section
     302/34 IPC. We reiterate that for common intention, there could rarely be
    direct evidence. The ultimate decision, at any rate, would invariably depend
    upon the inferences deducible from the circumstances of each case. It is
    settled law that the common intention or the intention of the individual
c   concerned in furtherance of the common intention could be proved either
    from direct evidence or by inference from the acts or attending circumstances
    of the case and conduct of the parties. Further, when several persons
    simultaneously attack with common intent, no distinction between causing
    the fatal and non-fatal wounds could be drawn while allocating the guilt.
D   Negativing similar contention this Court in H.P. Thakore v. State of Gujarat,
    [1976] 4 sec 640 succinctly observed:

                 " .... when a murderous assault by many hands with many knives
             has ended fatally, it is legally impermissible to dissect the serious
             ones from the others and seek to salvage those whose stabs have not
E           proved fatal. When people play with knives and lives, the
            circumstances that one man's stab falls on a less or more vulnerable
            part of the person of the victim is of no consequence to fix the guilt
            for murder. Conjoint complicity is the inevitable inference when a
            gory group animated by lethal intent accomplish their purpose
            cumulatively. Section 34 IPC fixing constructive liability conclusively
F           silences sucl. a refind plea of extrication. {See Amir Hussain v. State
            of U.P., [1975] 4 SCC 247 and Maina Singh v. State of Rajasthan,
            [1976] 2 SCC 827. Lord Sumner's classic legal shorthand for
            constructive criminal liability, expressed in the Miltonic verse 'They
            also serve who only stand and wait' a fortiori embraces cases of
G           common inte_nt instantly formed, triggering a plurality of persons into
            an adventure in criminality, some hitting, some missing, some splitting
            hostile heads, some spilling drops of blood. Guill goes with communily
            of inlenl coupled wilh parlicipalory presence or opera/ion. No finer
           juristic nice/ies can be pressed inlo service to nullifY or jettison the
           plain punilive purpose of the Penal Code."
H                                                              (Emphasis supplied)
                   STATE OF U.P. v. JHINKOO NAI [SHAH, J.]                   271
       Now let us apply the aforesaid principles to the facts of the present case    A
and find out what reasonable inference could be drawn by a prudent man?
Proved facts are-accused were armed with knives; they entered the house of
the complainant dead at night; may be to take revenge of quarrel which had
taken place at day time or because they are rich and head strong persons; on
a refusal to submit and satisfy their sexual lust, accused including the appellant   E
despite resistance by the girl lifted her and brought her in Osara. At that stage
when deceased was crying and resisting, her father PW4 Mani Ram and her
mother Nageshari PW5 got up and started raising shouts. Tahir, one of the
accused gave knife blow to the deceased and two others gave knife blows to
PW4 and PW5. From these facts, only reasonable inference which cquld be
drawn is that common intention of the accused was to ravish the young girl           C
of poor harijan and in case of resistance to commit murder by inflicting knife
blows. Their adventure in criminality cannot be watered down or nullified by
contending that injuries caused by them have not resulted in death of PW4
and PW5. In this view of the matter, the High Court materially erred in
altering the sentence of the accused from the offence punishable under section
302/34 l.P.C. to section 324 l.P.C. by observing that assault by knife to Mani       D
Ram and Nagesari were individuals act of Jhinkoo (appellant) and Deep
Chand and the act of Tahir in inflicting the knife injury· on the chest of the
deceased appears to be his individual act and, therefore, appellant-Jhinkoo
cannot be convicted for the offence punishable under section 302 read with
34 l.P.C. Hence, the impugned order passed by the High Court cannot be               E
sustained.

       In the result, the appeal filed by the State is allowed, the impugned
order passed by the High Court is quashed and set-aside and the order passed
by the Additional Sessions Judge, Azamgarh convicting the respondent for
the offence punishable under Section 302 read with 34 IPC and Section 307            F
read with 34 IPC is restored. Respondent-Jhinkoo Nai be taken into custody
for undergoing the remaining part of his sentence.

      So far as the appeal filed by Jhinkoo is concerned which is delayed by
454 days. even if we condone the delay, the same would not survive because
of his conviction under Section 302 IPC as stated herein before. Hence, the          G
delay is condoned and the special leave petition is dismissed.

         Ordered accordingly.

S.V.K.                                    Appeal allowed and SLP dismissed.          ·
                                                                   .                 H