V.K. RATHEESHversusSTATE OF KERALA

A                                V.K. RATHEESH
                                         v.
                               ST ATE OF KERALA

                                  JULY 6, 2006

B         [ARIJIT PASA YAT AND LOKESHWAR SINGH PANTA, JJ.]


         Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 :

         S.378-Appeal against acquittal-Trial court found discrepancies in
C proserntion case and ordered acquittal-High Court set aside the order of
    acquittal holding that discrepancies pointed out by trial court were trivia/-
    Held: The High Court's judgment is indefensible as it did not indicate any
    reason for discarding the conclusion of trial court.

D          S.378-Appeal against acquittal-Re-appreciation of evidence by
    appellate court-Scope of-Discussed.

          S.378-Two views possible on the evidence adduced-One pointing to
    the·guilt of the accused and the other lo his innocence-Held: View favourable
    to accused lo be adopted--Administration of criminal justice.
E         Appellant was tried in a murder case. Trial court found discrepancies
    in the prosecution case and ordered acquittal. On appeal, High Court held
    that the order of acquittal was not proper as the discrepancies pointed
    out by trial Court were trivial and immaterial.


F         In appeal to this Court, appellant contended that High Court has
    not even indicated any reason as to why it discarded the conclusion of trial
    Court.

          Allowing the appeal, the Court,

G         HELD: I.I. There is no embargo on the appellate Court reviewing
    the evidence upon which an order of acquittal is based. Generally, the
    order of acquittal shall not be interfered with because the presumption of
    innocence of the accused is further strengthened by acquittal. The golden
    thread which runs through the web of administration of justice in criminal

H                                       314
                   V.K. RATHEESH v. STATE OF KERALA                    315
cases is that if two views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case,   A
one pointing to the guilt of the accused and the other to his innocence,
the view which is favourable to the accused should be adopted. The
paramount consideration of the Court is to ensure that miscarriage of
justice is prevented. A miscarriage of justice which may arise from
acquittal of the guilty is no less than from the conviction of an innocent.    B
In a case where admissible evidence is ignored, a duty is cast upon the
appellate Court to re-appreciate the evidence where the accused has been
acquitted, for the purpose of ascertaining as to whether any of the accused
really committed any offence or not. (318-C-EI

      Bhagwan Singh and Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2002) 2 Supreme      C
567, relied on.

      1.2. The principle to be followed by appellate Court considering the
appeal against the judgment of acquittal is to interfere only when there
are compelling and substantial reasons for doing so. (318-E-FI
                                                                               D
      Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade and Anr. v. State a/Maharashtra, AIR (1973)
SC 2622; Ramesh Babula/ Doshi v. Slate of Gujaral, (1996) 4 Supreme 167;
Jaswant Singh v. State of Hmyana, (2000) 3 Supreme 320; Raj Kishore Jha
v. State of Bihar and Ors., (2003) 7 Supreme 152; State of Punjab v. Kamai[
Singh, (2003) 5 Supreme 508 and State of Punjab v. Pohla Singh and Anr.,
(2003) 7 Supreme 17, relied on.                                                E
      2. By making observations in an abstract and general manner High
Court concluded that the discrepancies were immaterial, without even
discussing the factors which weighed with the trial court to hold that the
prosecution evidence was not cogent and credible. Therefore, the order
of acquittal should not have been set aside in the manner as done.             F
                                                           (318-H; 319-Al

     CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 1375
of 1999.

      From the Judgment and Order dated 6.1.1998 of the Kerala High Court      G
at Ernakulam in Criminal Appeal No. 485/1996.

     V.J. Francis for the Appellant.

     Ramesh Babu M.R. for the Respondents.
                                                                               H
    316                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

        ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Appellant calls in question legality of the
  judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Kerala High Court upsetting
  the order of acquittal passed by learned Sessions Judge Kasaragod, Kerala.
  Appellant faced trial for alleged commission of offence punishable under
B Section 302 Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the '!PC'). According to the
  prosecution on 23.12.1994 at about 11.15 a.m. he stabbed one Narayanan
  (hereinafter referred to as the 'deceased') to death at the private bus stand.
  The High Court by the impugned judgment held that the order of acquittal
  passed by the trial court was not proper and the appellant was convicted for
C the offence punishable under Section 304 Part I IPC and sentenced to undergo
  seven years rigorous imprisonment. The prosecution version as unfolded during
  trial was as follows :

         On 23.12.1994 at 11.15 a.m. the accused stabbed deceased to death at
  the private bus stand, Kanhangad. On Ext.P 1 complaint of H.R. Ashokan
D (PW!) and V.K. Raghavan (PW 9), Sub Inspector of Police, Kanhangad
  Police Station, registered Ext. P.9 F.l.R. in Crime No. 648 of 1994. The
  accused had been taken to the police station by PW I and another, from
  whom MOl dagger and M02 sheath were seized under Ext.P2 mahazar,
  which was attested by K. Kanna (PW4), who was allegedly an eye witness.
  PW 9 also visited the scene of incident where PW4 gave the details. P. Habib
E Rahiman (PWl 0), Circle inspector took over the investigation at about 2.45
  p.m. on the same day. He held inquest over the dead body from the mortuary
  of the District Hospital, Kanhangad and gave his findings in Ext.P.11, inquest
  repo1t, under which MOs.3 and 4, clothes worn by the deceased, were seized.
  Dr. C.V. Jayarajan (PW8), Asst. Surgeon, District Hospital, Kanhangad,
F conducted the postmortem and he set out his findings in Ext.PS postmortem
  certificate. The accused was arrested, produced before the Magistrate and he
  was remanded. Witnesses were questioned, statements recorded and final
  report was filed against him for the aforesaid offence. He pleased not guilty
  to the charge, whereupon prosecution examined ten witnesses, marked sixteen
  exhibits and MOs. 1 to 4. When questioned under Sections 313 of the Criminal
G Procedure Code, 1973 (in short the 'Cr.PC') he denied the incident as alleged,
  gave his own version and said that the deceased Tharingil Sunny (PW 2) and
  others never let him live in peace, that on 19.8.1994 they trespassed into his
   house, assaulted him, his wife and children. He was hospitalized for treatment
   of the injuries sustained. On his complaint a case was also registered against
H them. He had to leave the place and take up residence in another place. On
                  V.K. RATHEESH v. STATE OF KERALA [PASAYAT, J.]               317
     the ill-fated day he had come to Kanhangad for purchasing some articles for      A
     his pilgrimage to Sabarimala and medicines for his child. At the bus stand the
     seven accused persons, against whom he had filed complaint, along with
     Aravindakshan (PW3) and one Pappan, surrounded and attacked him. The
     deceased held him and he was assaulted by one Kutty. He tried to wriggle
    out to escape, when PW2 tried to stab him the blow accidentally fell upon
    the deceased. He denied that he inflicted injuries upon him as alleged, and       B
    maintained his innocence. He further stated that the local police was inimical
    towards him following a complaint filed by him against the then C.I. and
    three police constables. The investigation was one sided and biased. Exts. DI
    to 3 were marked, but no witness was examined in defence.

            The trial court after consideration of the evidence brought on record
                                                                                      c
     came to hold that so far as the eye witnesses PWs 2 and 3 were concerned,
     there was great deal of discrepancy in their version about the incident. PW.4
1    who was stated to be an eye witness did not support the prosecution case.
     Therefore, it was held that even if the discrepant part of his evident is eschewed
     then also his evidence was not credible and did not inspire confidence. D
     Similarly the evidence of PW 1 did not inspire confidence. The trial court
     observed that on a conjoint reading of the evidence of PWs 2 and 3 it is clear
     that their version improbablised the scenario described by the prosecution.
     The conduct of PW3 was also indicated to be highly suspicious. It was
     further noted that a friend of PW3, i.e. Pappan (father of Sasi and Saji) who E
     was also stated to be standing by his side also resorted to the same unusual
    conduct i.e. leaving the deceased who had allegedly received knife blows
    even without caring to ascertain as to what had happened. Though there
    cannot be any universal standard as to how a witness would react, but in this
    case even after the accused had left the place of occurrence they did not care
    to ascertain as to what had happened to the deceased. Though this itself is not F
    a determinative factor, the trial Court has rightly considered this to be a
    suspicious factor. The trial Court also referred to various other circumstances
    which clearly ruled out the presence of PWs 2 and 3. Highlighting the
    deficiencies in the prosecution evidence the trial Court directed acquittal. In
    the appeal filed by the State, the High Court came to hold that the discrepancies G
    as pointed out by the trial Court were trivial and so called discrepancies were
    immaterial and insufficient to disbelieve them. Unfortunately the High Court
    did not analyse the evidence and in a very cryptic manner discarded the
    conclusions of the trial Court.

                                                                                      H
    318                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A         Learned counsel for the appellant submitted that the approach of the
    High Court is clearly erroneous. The High Court has not even indicated any
    reason as to why it discarded the conclusions of the trial Court and it did not




B
    even refer to the conclusions arrived at by the trial court to direct acquittal.

          ln response, learned counsel for the State submitted that the High Court
    has taken an overall view of the matter. It is well settled that minor
                                                                                       -
    discrepancies in evidence cannot be a ground to discard the prosecution
    version.

        There is no embargo on the appellate Court reviewing the evidence
C upon which an order of acquittal is based. Generally, the order of acquittal
  shall not be interfered with because the presumption of innocence of the
  accused is further strengthened by acquittal. The golden thread which runs
  through the web of administration of justice in criminal cases is that if two
  views are possible on the evidence adduced in the case, one pointing to the
  guilt of the accused and the other to his innocenc'!, the view which is
D favourable to the accused should be adopted. The paramount consideration of
  the Court is to ensure that miscarriage of ju;tice is prevented. A miscarriage
  of justice which may arise from acquittal of the guilty is no less than from
  the conviction of an innocent. In a case where admissible evidence is ignored,
  a duty is cast upon the appellate Court to re-appreciate the evidence where
  the accused has been acquitted, for ihe purpose of ascertaining as to whether
E any of the accu:;ed really committed any offence or not. [See Bhagwan Singh
  and Ors. v. State of Madhya Pradesh, (2002) 2 Supreme 567]. The principle
  to be followed by appellate Court considering the appeal against the judgment
  of acquittal is to interfere only when there are compelling and substantial
  reasons for doing so. If the impugned judgment is clearly unreasonable and
p relevant and convincing materials have been unjustifiably eliminated in the
  process, it is a compelling reason for interference. These aspects were
  highlighted by this Court in Shivaji Sahabrao Bobade and Anr. v. State of
  Maharashtra. AIR (1973) SC 2622, Ramesh Babula! Doshi v. State of Gujarat,
  (1996) 4 Supreme 167, Jaswant Singh v. State of Hatyana, (2000) 3 Supreme
  320, Raj Kishore Jha v. State af Bihar and Ors., (2003) 7 Supreme I52, State
G of Punjab v. Karnai! Singh, (2003) 5 Supreme 508 and State of Punjab v.
  Pohla Singh and Anr., (2003) 7 Supreme 17.

         Judged on the touchstone of the principles indicated above, the High
    Court's judgment is clearly indefensible. By making observations in an abstract
H   and general manner it concluded that the discrepancies were immaterial,
            V.K. RATHEESHv. STATEOFKERALA [PASAYAT,J.)                    319
without even discussing the factors which weighed with the trial court to hold   A
that the prosecution evidence was not cogent and credible. Therefore, the
order of acquittal should not have been set aside in the manner as done.

     The appeal is allowed. The judgment of the High Court is set aside.
The appellant is on bail, bail bonds shall stand cancelled.
                                                                                 B
D.G.                                                         Appeal allowed.