Holding

Order 18 Rule 17 CPC may be used only to clarify doubts in evidence, not to fill lacunae, and therefore the witness could not be recalled.

Summary

The suit concerned the ownership of a flat and the validity of letters of administration obtained by the respondent. A key witness, Sadanand Sheshgiri Shet, gave his evidence by affidavit under Order 17 Rule 4 CPC. The plaintiffs later moved a motion under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC seeking to recall the witness to adduce facts omitted from the affidavit. Both the trial court and the Bombay High Court dismissed the motion, holding that the provision is meant to clarify doubts, not to fill gaps in a witness's evidence. On appeal, the Supreme Court affirmed this view, stating that the power to recall a witness must be exercised sparingly and only to resolve ambiguities, not to supplement an already‑recorded testimony. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether a witness examined by way of affidavit evidence can be recalled under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC to give further evidence on facts not mentioned in the affidavit.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order 18 Rule 17

Subjects

Order 18 Rule 17recall of witnessaffidavit evidencecivil procedureevidence lawdiscretionary powerappellate jurisdiction

Judgment

[2009] 2 S.C.R. 1071

VADIRAJ NAGGAPPA .VERNEKAR (D) THROUGH LRS . A
. .. --1
v
SHARAD CHAND PRABHAKAR GOGATE
Civil Appeal No. 1172 of 2009
FEBRUARY 24, 2009
B
[ALTAMAS KABIR AND CYRIAC JOSEPH, JJ.]
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: Order 18 rule 17 -
.. -+ Power of Court to recall and examine witness - Held: Witness
examined by way of affidavit evidence can be recalled for giving
further evidence with regard to facts not mentioned in the c
affidavit- The purpose of the provision is to clarify doubts with
regard to evidence and not to fill up omissions in the evidence
of the witness who was already examined - Power under 0. 18,
r. 17 is to be sparingly exercised - On facts, no case made out
;. to invoke provisions of 0. 18 r. 17 - Witness. D
The question which arose for consideration in the
present appeal is whether a witness having been
examined by way of affidavit evidence can be recalled for
giving further evidence with regard to facts not mentioned
in the affidavit. E

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
J.. HELD: 1. The main purpose of Order 18 rule 17 CPC
is to enable the Court, while trying a suit, to clarify any
doubts which it may have with regard to the evidence led F .
by the parties. The said provisions are not intended to be
used to fill up omissions in the evidence of a witness who
has already been examined. The evidence which was
sought to be introduced by recalling the witness in
question, was available at the time when the affidavit of G
.,A evidence of the witness was prepared and affirmed. It was
not as if certain new facts were discovered subsequently
which were not within the knowledge of the applicant
when the affidavit evidence was prepared. In the instant
, 1071 H
1072 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 2 S.C.R.

A case, witness was shown to have been actively involved
in the acquisition of the flat in question and, therefore,
r--·.
had knowledge of all the transactions involving such
acquisition. It is obvious that only after cross-examination
of the witness that certain lapses in his evidence came to
B be noticed which impelled the appellant to file the
application under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC. Such a course
of action which arose out of the fact situation in the
present case, would not make out a case for recall of a _.,
t
witness after his examination was completed. The power I
\

under the provisions of Order 18 Rule 17 CPC is to be
c sparingly exercised and in appropriate cases and not as
a general rule merely on the ground that his recall and re-
examination would not cause any prejudice to the parties.
That is not the scheme or intention of Order 18 Rule 17
CPC. [Para 16] [1078-C-G]
D -<l
2. It is now well settled that the power to recall any +
witness under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC can be exercised by
the Court either on its own motion or on an application
filed by any of the parties to the suit, but such power is to
be invoked not to fill up the lacunae in the evidence of the
E witness which has already been recorded but to clear any
ambiguity that may have arisen during the course of his
examination. Of course, if the evidence on re-examination
of a witness has a bearing on the ultimate decision of the >-
suit, it is always within the discretion of the Trial Court to
F permit recall of such a witness for re-examination-in-chief
with permission to the defendants to cross-examine the
witness there.after. There is nothing to indicate that such
is the situation in the present case. Some of the principles
akin to Order 47 CPC may be applied when a party makes
G an application under the provisions of Order 18 Rule 17
CPC, but it is ultimately within the Court's discretion, if it +~
deems fit, to allow such an application. In the present
appeal, no such case has been made out. [Para 17] [1078-
H; 1079-A-D]
H Smt. M.N. Amonkar & Ors. v. Dr. S.A. Johari (1984) 2 ""
VADIRAJ NAGGAPPA VERNEKAR (D) THROUGH LRS. V.1073
SHARAD CHAND PRABHAKAR GOGATE

- ~ --! SCC 354; S.S. S. Durai Pandian v. Samuthira Pandian AIR A
(1998) Mas 323; Satinder Singh v. Sukhdev AIR (1999) HP
72; Om Prakash v. Sarupa & Ors. AIR (1981) P&H 157;
Jodhpur Gums & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. v. Punjab National Bank
& Ors. AIR (1999) Raj. 38; SunderTheaters v. Allahabad
Bank, Jhansi AIR (1999) All. 14 - referred to. B
Case Law Reference
_____,..
J (1984) 2 sec 354 referred to Para 7

~ AIR (1998) Mas 323 referred to Para 8
,' c
AIR (1999) HP 72 referred to Para 8
AIR ({981) P&H 157 referred to Para 8
AIR (1999) Raj. 38 referred to Para 9
J>
4 AIR (1999) All. 14 referred to Para 13 D
CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No.1172
of 2009
~ From the Judgement and Order dated 01.12.2006 of the
-1 Hon'ble High Court of Judicature at Bombay in Appeal No. 853 E
~
of 2006.
' Aribam Guneshwar Sharma, for the Appellant.
,,4.
(,.:
Shivaji M. Jadhav, for the Respondent.
F
The Judgement of the Court was delivered by
ALTAMAS KABIR, J.
1. Leave granted.
2. The short question for decision in this appeal is whether G
"~ a witness having been examined by way of affidavit evidence
· can be recalled for giving further evidence with regard to facts
not mentioned in the affidavit.
3. The aforesaid question arises in respect of a suit filed
by one Vadiraj Naggappa Vernekar and Smt. Mainabai Ranade, H
1074 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 2 S.C.R.

A being Suit No. S.925 of 1990, before the learned Single Judge r--~

of the Bombay High Court, seeking a declaration that the Letters
of Administration obtained by one Sharadchandra Prabhakar
1
Gogate on 5 h November, 1998, in respect of the estate of Dr.
Sud ha Gogate, was not binding on the plaintiffs or any of them
B and did not affect their right, title and interest in the suit property,
being Flat no.402, situated in Amogh Vikram Cooperative
Housing Society Ltd., Murari Ghag Marg, Prabhadevi, Bombay
400025. Vadiraj Naggappa Vernekar died during the pendency
of the suit and his legal representatives were brought on record
c in his place. The appellant No.1, being the wife of the deceased,
was made plaintiff no.1A and his sons and daughters were made
plaintiff Nos.B, C and D respectively..
4. One Sadanand Sheshgiri Shet, who was alleged to be
a witness to all the transactions relating t6 the said flat, was
D appointed as Constituted Attorney by the appellant and the other ~

\..
heirs of deceased Vadiraj Naggappa Vernekar and as required
under Order 17 Rule 4 CPC, his evidence by way of an affidavit
was filed before the learned Single Judge. While the evidence
was still being recorded in the suit, the appellant and the other
E plaintiffs moved Notice of Motion No.463 of 2006 before the
learned Single Judge on 13th February, 2006, urging that certain
facts which were necessary for proper adjudication of the suit
had inadvertently been left out in the affidavit affirmed by >.
Sadanand Shet and that it was, therefore, necessary to recall
F him for further examination-in-chief under
th
the provisions of Order
18 Rule 17 CPC. By order dated 7 July, 2006, the learned
Single Judge dismissed the said Motion upon holding that the
witness could not be recalled to fill up the lacuna in his
examination-in-chief on affidavit. Appeal No.853 of 2006 filed
G by the appellant herein was dismissed in limine by the Division
Bench of the High Court on 1st December, 2006, confirming the
order of the learned Single Judge. The present appeal, by leave~
~----
5
has been filed against the order of the Appeal Court dated 1
December, 2006.
H 5. Learned Senior Advocate, Mr. P.S. Narasimha, who
VADIRAJ NAGGAPPA VERNEKAR (0) THROUGH LRS. V 1075
SHARAD CHAND PRABHAKAR GOGATE [ALTAMAS KABIR, J.]

appeared for the appellant, briefly submitted that the provisions A
- ... ---->!
of Order 18 Rule 17 CPC were very wide and could be made at
any stage to enable the Court to do complete justice between
the parties. For the sake of reference, the provisions of Order
18 Rule 17 CPC are reproduced hereinbelow:-
B
"17. Court may recall and examine witness. -
The Court may, at any stage of suit, recall any witness who
has been examined and may (subject to the law of evidence
~
for the time being in force), put such questions to him as
the Court thinks fit." c
6. Mr. Narasimha also submitted that it has been held by
way of judicial pronouncements that the Court may recall and
examine a witness not only suo motu but also on an application
that may be made by the parties to the suit. Learned counsel
• -4 also submitted that the affidavit of evidence of Sadanand Shet D
had been prepared by the learned advocate, who had
inadvertently left out certain vital facts which were necessary for
a complete and proper adjudication of the suit. He urged that
on account of the omission of the learned counsel, the plaintiffs/
appellants herein should not be made to suffer since the E
evidence of Sadanand Shet went to the very root of the issues
to be decided in the suit. Mr. Narasimha also submitted that
A.
although the cross-examination of the witness on affidavit had
~ been completed, the defendants could always be permitted to
re-examine the witness on the fresh evidence that would be F
adduced. Mr. Narasimha also submitted that while ensuring that
proper justice was done between the parties, allowing the recall
of Sadanand Shet would not in any way prejudice the
defendants.
7. In support of his aforesaid submissions, Mr. Narasimha G
.. f.. firstly referred to the decision of this Court in Smt. M.N. Amonkar
& Ors. Vs. Dr. S.A. Johari (1984 (2) SCC 354), wherein this
Court, while considering the scope of Article 227 in dealing with
an application under Order 18Rule17 CPC, came to a finding
that unless the reasons given by the Trial Court in rejecting an H
1076 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009) 2 S.C.R.

A application under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC can be said to be
moonshine, flimsy or irrational, the rejection of the application r-- . . j

cannot be dubbed as suggestive of non-judicial approach or
bias or partiality on the part of the Trial Court merely because in
the exercise of its discretion another Court might have taken a
B different view and allowed the application. Mr. Narasimha
submitted that, in other words, an application under Order 18
Rule 17 CPC should not be rejected as a matter of course,
unless it was shown that such an application was moonshine,
.,_
flimsy or irration.al.
c 8. Mr. Narasimha then referred to a Single Bench decision
of the Madras High Court in S.S.S. Durai Pandian Vs. Samuthira
Pandian (AIR 1998 Mas 323) in which it had been held that
under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC, the Court could not only recall a
witness on its own but also on an application made by the
D defendants. Similar views were expressed by the Himachal ~

Pradesh High Court in the case of SatinderSingh Vs. Sukhdev ~
(AIR 1999 HP 72) and by the Punjab & Haryana High Court in
the case of Om Prakash Vs. Sarupa & Ors. (AIR 1981 P&H
157).
E
9. In this regard, Mr. Narasimha also referred to another
Single Bench decision of the Rajasthan High Court in Jodhpur
Gums & Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Punjab National Bank & Ors.

F
(AIR 1999 Raj. 38), where.in while expressing the same views
as expressed in the above-mentioned matters, it was also
~

- '-'

observed that by allowing such an application for recall of a
witness, no prejudice could be caused to Jhe defendants as,
apart from being compensated by costs, they would also have
the opportunity to cross-examine the witness.

G 10. On the basis of the above, Mr. Narasimha submitted J
that the orders of the learned Single Judge, as also the Division
~-~
Bench, were passed on an erroneous understanding of the law
and were liable to be set aside.
11. Strongly opposing the submissions made on behalf of
H the appellants, Mr. Shivaji M. Jadhav, learned Advocate,
VADIRAJ NAGGAPPA VERNEKAR (D) THROUGH LRS. V.1077
SHARAD CHAND PRABHAKAR GOGATE [ALTAMAS KABIR, J.]

submitted that as has been held by the learned Single Judge A
.... -~ and subsequently confirmed by the Division Bench, the
application made under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC was nothing
but an attempt to fill up the lacunae in the evidence of Sadanand
Shet after his examination had been completed. He urged that
it is settled law that an application under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC B
could not be allowed when the deponent, while preparing his
affidavit evidence, had full knowledge of all the facts which were
now being proposed to be included in his evidence, and that
,;
-~
the same had been held to be impermissible. Mr. Jadhav also
contended that the power under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC, though c
giving wide power to the Court to recall any witness at any stage
of a suit in order to examine him/her, was also meant to be
exercised sparingly so that after the examination and cross-
examination of a witness, the said witness was not utilized for
.,.
;
i
filling up the gaps in the evidence of the witness which had been
elicited during cross-examination.
D

12.- Mr. Jadhav submitted that both the learned Single
Judge as well as the Division Bench of the High Court had rightly
dismissed the appellants' application under Order 18 Rule 17
CPC and the orders did not merit any interference. E
13. In support of his submissions, Mr. Jadhav referred to a
Single Bench decision of the Allahabad High Court in Sunder
A Theaters Vs. Allahabad Bank, Jhansi (AIR 1~99 All. 14), where
~
a similar question arose and the Court observed that the power
of the Court under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC is discretionary and F
has to be exercised with the greatest care and only in exceptional
circumstances. It was further observed that under the garb of
this rule, the Court ought not to recalf a witness at the instance
of a party in order to fill up a lacuna in the evidence already led.
G
14. Mr. Jadhav, therefore, submitted that the application
. ;.. filed by the appellants under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC had been
rightly rejected by the Courts below following the well-established
principles as to invocation of power by a Court under Order 18
Rule 17 CPC.
H
VADIRAJ NAGGAPPA VERNEKAR (0) THROUGH LRS. V.1079
SHARAD CHAND PRABHAKAR GOGATE [ALTAMAS KABIR, J.]

under Order 18 Rule 17 CPC can be exercised by the Court A
either on its own motion or on an application filed by any of the
parties to the suit, but as indicated hereinabove, such power is
to be invoked not to fill up the lacunae in the evidence of the
witness which has already been recorded but to clear any
ambiguity that may have arisen during the course of his B
examination. Of course, if the evidence on re-examination of a
witness has a bearing on the ultimate decision of the suit, it is
always within the discretion of the Trial Court to permit recall of
such a witness for re-examination-in-chief with permission to
the defendants to cross-examine the witness thereafter. There c
is nothing to indicate that such is the situation in the present
case. Some of the principles akin to Order 47 CPC may be
applied when a party makes an application under the provisions
of Order 18 Rule 17 CPC, but it is ultimately within the Court's
discretion, if it deems fit, to allow such an application. In the
0
present appeal, no such case has been made out.
18. We, accordingly, have no hesitation in dismissing the
appeal, but without any order as to costs. The appeal is
accordingly dismissed.

D.G. Appeal dismissed.