VIDYADHARANversusSTATE OF KERALA

A                                VIDYADHARAN
                                          v.
                               STATE OF KERALA

                              NOVEMBER 14, 2003

B            [DORAISWAMY RAJU AND ARIJITPASAYAT, JJ.]


         Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973:

         Section 154-FJR-Delay in lodging-Incident of molestation of woman
C -Held: In such an incident some delay is natural-When delay is sufficiently
    explained, it cannot be a ground to reject the prosecution case.

          Section 193-Cognizance of offence directly by Court of Session--
    Legality of-Held: Court of Session being Special Court under the Act can
D   take cognizance of offence only when case is committed to it by the
    Magistrate-However, if any provision is expressly provided in the Code or
    Act ii can act as Court of original jurisdiction without case being committed
    to it by the Magistrate-On facts, requirements of Section 193 not fulfilled
    and Sessions Court acting as Court of original jurisdiction, thus cognizance
    of offence under Section 3(J}(ix) directly not sustainable and hence set
E   aside-Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act,
    1989-Section 3(J)(ix).

          Penal Code, 1860:

          Sections 354 and 448-Conviction under-Plea offalse imp/ication-
F   Held: On account of enmity a person cannot normally be falsely implicated--
    A/so, it is unusual in a conservative society-Further, when such plea is
    raised the Court is to deeply scrutinize the evidence and decide acceptability
    or otherwise of the accusations.

         Section 354-0ffence under-Criteria for determination of-Held: Mere
G
    knowledge that modesty of woman is likely lo be outraged is sufficient
    without any deliberate intention.

          Sections 354 and 3(J)(xi) of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe
    (Prevention ofAtrocities) Act, 1989-Difference between-Discussed-Further,
H
                                         524
                  VIDY AD HARAN v. STA TE OF KERALA                        525

held that offence under Section 3 is an aggravated form of offence under          A
Section 354.

      Section 448-Conviction under-Essential ingredients-Discussed

      According to the prosecution, appellant-accused outraged the modesty
of the complainant-a married woman with children. She lodged an FIR the           B
next day. Appellant-accused was charged under Sections 354, 448 IPC and
Section 3(1)(xi) of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of
Atrocities) Act, 1989. Prosecution witnesses were examined. Trial Court
convicted and sentenced the appellant and High Court upheld the order. Hence
the present appeal.                                                               C
       Appellant-accused contended that the evidence on record established that
there was false implication; that the complainant's brother outraged modesty
of the appellant's sister after trespassing into their house and as a counter
blast false case was instituted; and that the conviction under Section 3(1)(xi)
of the Act is clearly unsustainable and the Sessions Judge had no jurisdiction    D
to try the offence.

      Disposing of the appeal, the Court

       HELD: I. The Sessions Judge could not have convicted the appellant
for the offence under Section 3(l)(xi) of the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled       E
Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. Therefore, conviction under Section
3 (1) (ix) of the Act is set aside. However, for the offence under Sections 354
and 448 IPC, appellant has suffered custodial sentence for three months which
would meet the ends of justice considering the facts of the case. (534-D-F[

      2. Though there was some delay in lodging the FIR, it is but natural in     F
a tradition bound society to avoid embarrassment which is inevitable when
reputation of a woman is concerned. Delay in every case cannot be a ground
to arouse suspicion. It can only be so when the delay is unexplained. In the
instant case, the delay has been properly explained. (529-EI
                                                                                  G
      3. PW-2 being independent witness and a neighbour of both the appellant-
accused and the complainant, there is no reason for him to falsely implicate
the appellant. A charge under Section 354 is one which is very easy to make
and is very difficult to rebut. It is not that on account of enmity false
implications are made. It would however, be unusual in a conservative society,
that a woman would be used as a pawn to wreck vengeance. Further, when a          H
    526                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A plea is taken about false implication, Courts have a duty to make deeper
    scrutiny of the evidence and decide acceptability or otherwise of the
    accusations. In the instant case, both trial court and High Court have done
    that, thus there is no scope for taking a different view. (529-E-G]

          4.1. In order to constitute the offence under Section 354 IPC mere
B knowledge that the modesty of a woman is likely to be outraged is sufficient .
    without any deliberate intention having outraged alone for its object. Intention
    is not the sole criteria. Knowledge and intention are essentially things of the
    mind and cannot be demonstrated like physical objects. Its existence has to
    be culled out from various circumstances in which and upon whom the alleged
C   offence is alleged to have been committed. There is no abstract conception of
    modesty that can apply to all cases. A victim of molestation and indignation is
    in the same position as an injured witness and her witness should receive the
    same weight. (530-C-D)

          State of Punjab v. Major Singh, AIR (1967) SC 63, relied on.
D
        4.2. Section 3(1)(xi) of the Act which deals with assaults or use of force
  on any woman belonging to Schedule Caste or Scheduled Tribe with intent to
  dishonour or outrage her modesty is an aggravated form of the offence under
  Section 354 IPC. The only difference between Section 3(1)(xi) and Section
  354 is essentially the caste or the tribe to which the victim belongs and also
E that under Section 3(1) (xi) dishonour of such victim is also made an offence.
  Further, if the victim belongs to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe, Section
  3(1)(xi) applies. [530-E-F)

          5. In order to sustain the conviction under Section 448 IPC for house
F trespass the intention of the accused must be to commit an offence or to
    intimidate, insult or annoy the complainant. There must be unlawful entry
    and there must be proof of one or other of the intentions mentioned in Section
    441 IPC. In the instant case, evidence clearly establishes the commission of
    offence punishable under Section 448. (530-F-G)

G         6.1. The Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities)
    Act, 1989 contemplates only the trial to be conducted by the Special Court
    and the Court of Session is specified as a Special Court. [531-F-G)

          6.2. Section 193 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 imposes an
H   interdict on all Courts of Session against taking cognizance of any offence
    only if'the case has been committed to it by a Magistrate'. However, when the
                  VIDY AD HARAN v. ST ATE OF KERALA                         527
Code itself has provided differently in express language regarding taking of       A
cognizance, and when any other law has provided differently in express
language regarding taking cognizance of offences under such law Court of
Session can depart from the interdict contained therein. The word 'expressly'
in Section 193 denoting those exceptions is indicative of the legislative
mandate that a Court of Session can depart from the interdict contained in         B
the Section only if it is provided differently in clear and unambiguous terms.
Further, unless it is positively and specifically provided differently no Court
of Session can take cognizance ofany offence directly, without the case being
committed to it by a Magistrate. (532-C-E)

      6.3. Neither in the Code nor in the Act there is any provision whatsoever,   C
not even by implication, that the specified Court of Session (Special Court)
can take cognizance of the offence under the Act as a Court of original
jurisdiction without the case being committed to it by a Magistrate. Therefore,
the charge-sheet or a complaint cannot be straight away be filed before such
Special Court for oA'ences under the Act. It can be discerned from the
hierarchical settings of criminal courts that the Court of Session is given a      D
superior and special status, the legislature would have thoughtfully relieved
the Court of Session from the work of performing all the preliminary
formalities which Magistrates have to do until the case is committed to the
Court of Session. In the instant case, the Sessions Court has acted as one of
original jurisdiction, and the requirements of Section 193 of the Code were        E
not met (534-8-C)

      Gangula Ashok and Anr. v. State ofA.P., [2000) 2 SCC 504, affirmed.

     A.R. Antulay v. Ramdas Sriniwas Nayak, (1984) 2 SCC 500 and
Directorate ofEnforcement v. Deepak Mahajan, (1994) 3 sec 440, referred            F
to.
      CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 278
of 1997.

       From the Judgment and Order dated 19.7.96 of the Kerala High Court
in Crl. A. No. 528 of I993.                                                        G
     K. Sukumaran and N.R. Shonkar for M/s. TTK. Deepak & Co. for the
Appellant.

     Ramesh Babu M.R for the Respondent.

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                    H
    528                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A         ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. Appellant faced trial for alleged commission of
    offences punishable under Sections 354 and 448 of the Indian Penal Code,
    1860 (for short the 'IPC') and Section 3 (I) (xi) of the Scheduled Caste and
    Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989 (for short the 'Act'). He
    was convicted and sentenced to undergo three months and six months custodial
B   sentence for offences relatable to Section 448 IPC and Section 3 (I)(xi) of the
    Act respectively. No separate sentence was imposed for the other offence.
    Aforesaid conviction and sentence was affirmed by the High Court.

          Prosecution case which led to the trial is essentially as follows:

         While the victim (PW-I) was alone in her house on 1.10.1992 at about
C 2 p.m. the accused entered into her house, went to the kitchen where she was
  cooking and attempted to catch hold of her hand, that when she attempted
  to escape from him by running to the front room and attempting to close the
  door, the accused followed her, opened the door forcibly and caught hold of
  and grasped her, when she made a hue and cry her brother PW-3 and other
D witnesses including PW-2 came there, and at that time the accused left PW-
   1 and pushed down PW-3 from the verandah and went along with his parents
  who came there hearing the hue and cry.

          PW-I lodged the first information report at the Kannamali Police Station
    on 2.10.1992 and a case was registered against the accused under Sections
E   448 and 354 IPC and Section 3 (I )(xi) of the Act. The C.I. of Palluruthy took
    up the investigation and laid the charge sheet against the accused after
    completing the investigation.

         During trial, nine witnesses were examined to further the prosecution
  version. One witness was examined to substantiate the plea of false implication
F raised by the accused. On consideration of the evidence on record, learned
  Sessions Judge, Emakulam found the accused guilty and convicted him as
  aforesaid. According to learned Sessions Judge the offence punishable under
  Section 3 (I) (xi) of the Act is an aggravated form ofan offence punishable
  under Section 354 IPC and, therefore, no separate sentence for the latter
G offence is called for. Appeal before the Kerala High Court did not bring in any
  relief to the appellant.

        In support of the appeal, Mr. K. Sukumaran, learned senior counsel
  submitted that the evidence on record clearly established that there was false
  implication. According to him, PW-3, the brother of PW-I outraged modesty
H of the appellant's sister after trespassing into their house on 27.9.1992. The
           VIDYADHARAN v. STATE OF KERALA[PASAYAT,J.]                    529

sister of the accused was examined as DW-1. She is an unmarried girl and        A
hence the family members counselled her not to make any complaint about
the incident to avoid publicity. Apprehending legal action against PW-3 a
false case was made with the active support of a communal organisation
against the appellant.

      The prosecution version is that at about 2.00 p.m. on the date of B
occurrence i.e. 1.10.1992 accused entered into the kitchen of PW-I and caught
hold of her hands and tried to outrage her modesty. She is a married woman
with children. The infonnation was lodged at police station on the next date.
This itself shows that there is unexplained delay in lodging the FIR and as
the incident involving PW-3 took place on 27.9.1992, as a counter blast a false C
case was instituted. Additionally, it was submitted that the conviction under
Section 3(1)(xi) of the Act is clearly unsustainable and learned Sessions Judge
had no jurisdiction to try the offence.

      Residually, it is submitted that the incident took place more than a
decade back and the appellant has suffered custodial. sentence for nearly 3     D
months and, therefore, after this long passage of time it would not be proper
to send the accused back to custody.

       We shall first deal with the plea about false implication. It is seen that
though there were some delay in lodging the FIR, it is but natural in a tradition
bound society to avoid embarrassment which is inevitable when reputation E
of a woman is concerned. Delay in every case cannot be a ground to arouse
suspicion. It can only be so when the delay is unexplained. In the instant case
the delay has been properly explained. Further, PW-2 is an independent
witness and a neighbour of both the accused appellant and PW-I. There is
no reason as to why he would falsely implicate the appellant. A charge under F
Section 354 is one which is very easy to make and is very difficult to rebut.
It is not that on account of enmity false implications are made. It would
however be unusual in a conservative society that a woman would be used
as a pawn to wreck vengeance. When a plea is taken about false implication,
Courts have a duty to make deeper scrutiny of the evidence and decide.
acceptability or otherwise of the accusations. In the instant case, both the G
trial Court and the High Court have done that. There is no scope for taking
a different view.

       In order to constitute the offence under Section 354 mere knowledge
that the modesty of a woman is likely to be outraged is sufficient without any
deliberate intention having such outraged alone for its object. There is no H
    530                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A abstract conception of modesty that can apply to all cases. (See State of
    Punjab v. Major Singh, AIR (1967) SC 63) A careful approach has to be
    adopted by the Court while dealing with a case alleging outraged of modesty.
    The essential ingredients of the offence under Section 354 IPC are as under:

           (i)   that the person assaulted must be a woman;
B          (i~   that the accused must have used criminal force on her, and
           (iii) that the criminal force must have been used on the woman
                 intending thereby to outrage her modesty.

         Intention is not the sole criteria of the offence punishable under Section
C 354 !PC, and it can be committed by a person assaulting or using criminal
  force to any woman, if he knows that by such act the modesty of the woman
  is likely to be affected. Knowledge and intention are essentially things of the
  mind and cannot be demonstrated like physical objects. The existence of
  intention or knowledge has to be culled out from various circumstances in
D which and upon whom the alleged offence is alleged to have been committed.
  A victim of molestation and indignation is in the same position as an injured
  witness and her witness should receive same weight. In the instant case after
  careful consideration of the evidence, the trial Court and the High Court have
  found the accused guilty. As rightly observed by the Courts below Section
  3 (I Xxi) of the Act which deals with assaults or use of force on any woman
E belonging to scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe with intent to or dishonour
  or outrage her modesty is an aggravated form o(the offence under Section
  354 IPC. The only difference between Section 3 (I )(xi) and Section 354 is
  essentially the caste or the tribe to which the victim belongs. If she belongs
  to Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe, Section 3 (I )(xi) applies. The other
F difference is that in Section 3 (!)(xi) dishonour of such victim is also made
  an offence. Section 448 provides for punishment relating to house trespass.
  In order to sustain the conviction under Section 448 IPC it must be found that
  the intention of the accused was to commit an offence or to intimidate, insult
  or annoy the complainant. There must be unlawful entry and there must be
  proof of one or other of the intentions mentioned in Section 441 IPC. In the
G case at hand evidence clearly establishes the commission of offence punishable
  under Section 448.

          That bring us to the most vital question as to legality of the trial
    involving offence punishable under Section 3(J)(xi) of the Act.

G         Pristine question to consider is whether the Special Judge could take
           VIDY ADHARAN v. STATE OF KERALA[PASA YAT, J.)                      531

cognizance of the offence straight away without the case being committed to          A
him. If the Special court is a Court of Session, the interdict contained in
Section 193 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short the 'Code')
would stand in the way. It reads thus:

        "193. Cognizance ofoffences by Courts ofSession- Except as otherwise
        expressly provided by this Code or by any other law for the time being       B
        in force, no Court of Session shall take cognizance of any offence as
        a .court of original jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to
        it by a Magistrate under this Code."

     So the first aspect to be considered is whether the Special Court is a
Court of Session. Chapter II of the Code deals with "Constitution of Criminal        C
Courts and Offices". Section which falls thereunder says that :

           "there shall be, in every State, the following classes of criminal
        courts, namely:

            (i) Courts of Sessions;"                                                 D
      The other classes of criminal courts enumerated thereunder are not
relevant in this case and need not be extracted.

      Section 14 of the Act Says that:
                                                                                     E
            "for the purpose of providing for speedy trial, the State Government
        shall, with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court, by
        notification in the Official Gazette, specify for each district a Court of
        Session to be a Special Court to try the offences under this Act."

      So it is for trial of the offences under the Act that a particular Court       F
of Session in each district is sought to be specified as a Special Court.
Though the word 'trial' is not defined either in the Code or in the Act it is
dearly distinguishable from inquiry. The word 'inquiry' is defined in Section
2(g) of the Code as 'every inquiry, other than a trial, conducted under this
Code by a Magistrate or court'. So the trial is distinct from inquiry and inquiry
must always be a forerunner to the trial. The Act contemplates only the trial        G
to be conducted by the Special Court. The added reason for specifying a
Court of Session as a Special Court is to ensure speed for such trial. "Special
Court" is defined in the Act as "a Court of Session specified as a Special
Court in Section 14" (vide Section 2(1)(d)).
                                                                                     H
    532                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A          Thus the Court of Session is specified to conduct a trial and no other
    court can conduct the trial of offences under the Act. Why did Parliament
    provide that only a Court of Session can be specified as a Special Court?
    Evidently the legislature wanted the Special Court to be a Court of Session.
    Hence the particular Court of Session, even after being specified as a Special
B   Court, would continue to be essentially a Court of Session and designation
    of it as a Special Court would not denude it of its character or even powers
    as a Court of Session. The trial in such a Court can be conducted only in the
    manner provided in Chapter XVIII of the Code which contains a fascicules
    of provisions for 'trial before a Court of Session".

C       Section 193 of the Code has to be understood in the aforesaid backdrop.
  The Section imposes an interdict on all Courts of Session against taking
  cognizance of any offence as a Court of original jurisdiction. It can take
  cognizance only if 'the case has been committed to it by a Magistrate', as
  provided in the Code. Two segments have been indicated in Section 193 as
  exceptions to the aforesaid interdict. One is, when the Code itself has provided
D differently in express language regarding taking of cognizance, and the second
  is when any other law has provided differently in express language regarding
  taking cognizance of offences under such law. The word 'expressly' which is
  employed in Section 193 denoting those exceptions is indicative of the
  legislative mandate that a Court of Session can depart from the interdict
E contained in the Section only if it is provided differently in clear and
  unambiguous terms. In other words, unless it is positively and specifically
  provided differently no Court of Session can take cognizance of any offence
  directly, without the case being committed to it by a Magistrate.

         Neither in the Code nor in the Act is there any provision whatsoever,
p not even by implication, that the specified Court of Session (Special Court)
  can take cognizance of the offence under the Act as a Court of origirtal
  jurisdiction without the case being committed to it by a Magistrate .. If that be
  so, there is no reason to think that the charge-sheet or a complaint can
  straight away be filed before such Special Court for offences under the Act.
   It can be discerned from the hierarchical settings of criminal courts that the
G Court of Session is given a superior and special status. Hence we think that
  the legislature would have thoughtfully relieved the Court of Session from the
  work of performing all the preliminary formalities which Magistrates have to
  do until the case is committed to the Court of Session.

          A reading of the concerned provisions makes it clear that subject to the
H
           VIDY ADHARAN v. STATE OF KERALA[PASA YA T, J.]                    533
provisions in other enactments all offences under other laws shall also be          A
investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with under the provisions
of the Code. This means that if another enactment contains any provision
which is contrary to the provisions of the Code, such other provision would
apply in place of the particular provision of the Code. If there is no such
contrary provision in other laws, then provisions of the Code would apply
to the matters covered thereby. This aspect has been emphasized by a                B
Constitution Bench of this Court in para 16 of the decision in A.R. Antulay
v. Ramdas Sriniwas Nayak, [1984] 2 SCC 500. It reads thus"

             "Section 4(2) provides for offences under other law which may be
        investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with according       C
        to the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure but subject to any
        enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place
        of investigation, inquiring into, trying or otherwise dealing with such
        offences. In the absence of a specific provision made in the statute
        indicating that offences will have to be investigated, inquired into,
        tried and otherwise dealt with according to that statute, the same will     D
        have to be investigated, inquired into, tried and otherwise dealt with
        according to the Code of Criminal Procedure. In other words, Code of
        Criminal Procedure is the parent statute which provides for
        investigation, inquiring into and trial of cases by criminal courts or
        various designations."
                                                                                    E
       Section 5 of the Code cannot be brought in aid for supporting the view
that the Court of Session specified under the Act obviate the interdict contained
in Section 193 of the Code so long as there is no provision in the Act
empowering the Special Court to take cognizance of the offence as a Court
of original jurisdiction. Section 5 of the Code reads thus:
                                                                                    F
            "5.- Saving- Nothing contained in this Code shall, in the absence
        of a special provision to the contrary, affect any special or local law
        for the time being in force, or any special jurisdiction or power
        conferred, or any special form of procedure prescribed, by any other
        law for the time being in force."                                           G
     This Court in Directorate of Enforcement v. Deepak Mahajan, [1994]
3 SCC 440 on a reading of Section 5 in juxtaposition with Section 4(2) of the
Code, held as follows:

            "It only relates to the extent of application of the Code in the        H
    534                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A           matter of territorial and other jurisdiction but does not nullify the
            effect of Section 4(2). In short, the provisions of this Code would be
            applicable to the extent in the absence of any contrary provision in
            the special Act or any special provision excluding the jurisdiction or
            applicability of the Code".

B         Hence, we have no doubt that a Special Court under this Act is essentially
    a Court of Session and it can take cognizance of the offence when the case
    is committed to it by the Magistrate in accordance with the provisions of the
    Code. In other words, a complaint or a charge-sheet cannot straight away be
    laid down before the Special Court under the Act. We are re-iterating the view
C   taken by this Court in Gangula Ashok and Anr. v. State ofA.P., [2000] 2 SCC
    504) in above terms with which we are in respectful agreement. The Sessions
    Court in the case at hand, undisputedly has acted as one of original jurisdiction,
    and the requirements of Section 193 of the Code were not met.

          The inevitable conclusion is that the learned Sessions Judge, as the
D undisputed factual position goes .to show, could not have convicted the
    appellant for the offence relatable to Section 3 (I) (xi) of the Act in the
    background of legal position noted supra. That is accordingly set aside.
    However, for the offence under Sections 354 and 448 IPC, custodial sentence
    for the period already undergone which as the records reveal is about three
    months, would meet the ends of justice considering the background facts and
E   the special features of the case. The appeal is accordingly disposed of.

    NJ.                                                        Appeal disposed of.