BACCAROSE PERFUMES AND BEAUTY PRODUCTS PVT. LTDversusCENTRAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION & ANR.

                  [2024] 9 S.C.R. 54 : 2024 INSC 662

       Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd
                              v.
            Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.
                    (Criminal Appeal No. 3216 of 2024)
                             06 September 2024
           [Abhay S. Oka and Augustine George Masih,* JJ.]

                           Issue for Consideration
       Whether the High Court was justified in dismissing the Revision
       Application against the rejection of the discharge application moved
       by the appellant-Company.

                                  Headnotes†
       Companies Act, 1956 – Central Excise Act, 1944 – Code of
       Criminal Procedure, 1973 – Immunity from the prosecution –
       Grant of – Allegations against the appellant-Company that
       it cleared its goods into the Indian Market on payment
       of Countervailing Duty-CVD on the invoice value of the
       concerned goods, rather than the payment of the CVD on the
       Maximum Retail Price of the said goods, thereby caused a
       wrongful gain to themselves and a corresponding wrongful
       loss to the Government exchequer – Show Cause Notice
       issued to the company under Customs Act, CE Act and CA
       Act – Pursuant thereto, registration of FIR under IPC and
       PC Act – Thereafter, the appellant granted immunity from
       the prosecution, however, order passed by the trial court
       taking cognizance – Discharge application by the appellant –
       Rejected by the Special Judge – High Court upheld the
       same – Justification:
       Held: Both the provisions-section 127H of the CA Act and
       section 32 K of the CE Act, provide for an explicit bar from
       prosecution on grant of immunity in cases where the proceedings
       for any offence have been instituted subsequent to the date of
       receipt of the application seeking such immunity under the relevant
       law – Furthermore, mere registration of FIR cannot be interpreted
       to mean that it constitutes the initiation of such proceedings –
       Registration of FIR necessitates an investigation by a competent


* Author
[2024] 9 S.C.R.                                                             55

         Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd v.
               Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.

     officer – It is only after a Final Report/Challan/Chargesheet is
     submitted as per the compliance of s. 173(2) CrPC, cognizance
     for the offence is taken – However, the court is not bound by the
     said report – On facts, on remand to the Assessing Authority for
     decision afresh on the liability, it had observed that the appellant-
     Company was entitled to a refund of INR 1.39 Crores out of the
     INR 1.51 crores paid by it to the Revenue Authorities as per the
     demand made earlier for the purpose of clearance of the concerned
     goods – Said Order attained finality – Furthermore, the appellant-
     Company had successfully claimed immunity from prosecution
     under the CA 1962, CE Act 1944, and IPC – As such, there was
     no fiscal liability on the appellant-Company, and accordingly, the
     order passed by Special Judge, taking cognizance against the
     appellant-Company, ought not to have sustained – As the very
     basis of the allegation of offence against the appellant-Company
     was found to be non-existent, it would have amounted to misuse
     rather abuse of the process of law – In view thereof, application
     for discharge ought to have been accepted by the Special Judge –
     Thus, the proceedings against the appellant-Company quashed
     by setting aside the impugned order passed by the High Court
     and the order passed by the Special Judge – Customs Tariff Act,
     1975 – Customs Act, 1962 – Prevention of Corruption Act, 1998 –
     Penal Code, 1860. [Paras 18, 19, 21-23]

                              Case Law Cited
     General Officer Commanding, Rashtriya Rifles v. CBI and Another
     [2012] 5 SCR 599 : (2012) 6 SCC 228; Jamuna Singh and Others
     v. Bhadai Shah [1964] 5 SCR 37 : 1963 SCC OnLine SC 263;
     Devarapalli Lakshminarayana Reddy and Others v. V. Narayana
     Reddy and Others [1976] Supp. 1 SCR 524 : (1976) 3 SCC 252;
     H.N. Rishbud v. State [1955] 1 SCR 1150 : (1954) 2 SCC 934;
     Abhinandan Jha and Others v. Dinesh Mishra [1967] 3 SCR 668 :
     1967 SCC OnLine SC 107; State of Orissa v. Habibullah Khan,
     2003 SCC OnLine SC 141; Hira Lal Hari Lal Bhagwati v. CBI,
     New Delhi [2003] 3 SCR 1118 : (2003) 5 SCC 257– referred to.

                                List of Acts
     Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Companies Act, 1956; Standards
     of Weights and Measures Act, 1976; Customs Tariff Act, 1975; Central
     Excise Act, 1944; Customs Act, 1962; Prevention of Corruption Act,
     1998; Penal Code, 1860.
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                             List of Keywords
      Revision; Discharge application; Immunity from the prosecution;
      Countervailing duty on the invoice value of goods; Payment of
      countervailing duty on maximum retail price of goods; Wrongful
      gain; Wrongful loss; Government exchequer; Registration of FIR;
      Investigation; Final Report/Challan/Chargesheet; Abuse of the
      process of law.

                            Case Arising From

      CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No. 3216
      of 2024
      From the Judgment and Order dated 15.09.2023 of the High Court
      of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in CRA No. 783 of 2017

                         Appearances for Parties
      Kapil Sibal, Sr. Adv., Shamik Shirishbhai Sanjanwala, Raheel Patel,
      Prabhakar Yadav, Advs. for the Appellant.
      Mrs. Chitrangda Rastavara, Ms. Shagun Thakur, Shantanu Sharma,
      Rajat Nair, Ms. Rajeshwari Shankar, Akshaja Singh, Mukesh Kumar
      Maroria, Ms. Swati Ghildiyal, Prashant Bhagwati, Ms. Devyani Bhatt,
      Advs. for the Respondents.
                Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court
                                Judgment
      Augustine George Masih, J.
1.    The Appellant (hereinafter referred to as “Appellant-Company”) is
      assailing the Order dated 15.09.2023, wherein the High Court of
      Gujarat dismissed the Criminal Revision Application No. 783 of 2017
      (hereinafter referred to as “CRA No. 783 of 2017”) moved under
      Section 397 read with Section 401 of Code of Criminal Procedure,
      1973 (hereinafter referred to as “CrPC 1973”) against the rejection
      of discharge application moved by the Appellant-Company. The said
      application was dismissed by the learned Special Judge (CBI) at
      Ahmedabad (hereinafter referred to as “Special Judge”) vide Order
      dated 19.07.2017.
2.    It is alleged by the Central Bureau of Investigation, being Respondent
      No. 01 (hereinafter referred to as “Respondent-Agency”), that the
[2024] 9 S.C.R.                                                           57

         Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd v.
               Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.

     Appellant-Company had entered into a criminal conspiracy with Shri
     Yogendra Garg, Joint Development Commissioner, Kandla Special
     Economic Zone, Kandla (hereinafter referred to as “KASEZ”), and
     Shri V.N. Jahagirdar, Deputy Commissioner of Customs, KASEZ,
     between the period from March 2001 to August 2004. It is alleged
     that the latter officials perverted their official positions and allowed
     the Appellant-Company to clear its goods into the Indian Market on
     payment of Countervailing Duty (hereinafter referred to as “CVD”) on
     the invoice value of the concerned goods, rather than the payment
     of the CVD on the Maximum Retail Price (hereinafter referred to
     as “MRP”) of the said goods, thereby causing a wrongful gain to
     themselves and a corresponding wrongful loss to the Government
     exchequer to the tune of INR 8,00,00,000/- (Rupees Eight Crores
     only).
3.   Before pursuing the aftermath of the allegations by the Respondent-
     Agency, it is crucial to delve into the backdrop in which the allegations
     arose against the Appellant-Company.
4.   The Appellant-Company claims to be a private limited company duly
     incorporated under the Companies Act, 1956, which is engaged in
     manufacturing and exporting of cosmetics and toilet preparations and
     having one of its units in KASEZ. As per the Appellant-Company, its
     products get cleared from the KASEZ Unit into the Domestic Tariff Area
     (hereinafter referred to as “DTA”) in consonance with the necessary
     permissions granted to it by the appropriate authority. It is its case
     that it had effected the following three kinds of clearances from its
     KASEZ Unit into the DTA, being (a) Clearances of goods weighing or
     containing less than 20 gram or 20 millilitre, (b) products containing
     alcohol, and (c) other goods in “Wholesale Packs”.
5.   From August 2004 onwards, Officers of the Kandla Customs
     (hereinafter referred as “Revenue Authorities”) moved against the
     Appellant-Company, alleging that they had escaped payment of CVD
     on the aforementioned clearances on account of non-disclosure
     of MRP as per the provisions of the Standards of Weights and
     Measures Act, 1976 (hereinafter referred to as “SWM Act 1976”) as
     they had declared only the invoice value of the said goods. This was
     a violation of the proviso to Section 3(2) of the Customs Tariff Act,
     1975 (hereinafter referred to as “CT Act 1975”) read with Section
     4A(2) of the Central Excise Act, 1944 (hereinafter referred to as
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      “CE Act 1944”), and on the said ground, goods being cleared by
      the Appellant-Company into the DTA were intercepted. The Revenue
      Authorities issued Show Cause Notices dated 03.11.2004, 10.11.2004,
      and 10.02.2005 (along with Corrigendum dated 11.03.2005) under
      Section 28 of the Customs Act, 1962 (hereinafter referred to as “CA
      1962”), under Section 11A of the CE Act 1944, and under Section
      124 of CA 1962 respectively.
6.    Thereafter, pursuant to the said allegation based on source information
      to Respondent-Agency, First Information Report bearing number
      RC-6(A)/2005-GNR under Section 120B read with Section 420 of
      the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (hereinafter referred to as “IPC 1860”)
      and Section 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1998
      (hereinafter referred to as “PCA 1998”) was registered on 04.04.2005
      at Gandhinagar branch of Respondent-Agency (hereinafter referred
      to as “the FIR”). A raid is also claimed to have been conducted on the
      KASEZ Unit of the Appellant-Company by the Respondent-Agency.
7.    Eventually, Assessment Orders were passed observing the non-
      declaration of MRP on the concerned goods by the Appellant-Company.
      These Assessment Orders were assailed by the Appellant-Company
      before the Commissioner of Customs (Appeals), Kandla by filing of
      appeals, which resulted in the passing of Orders dated 09.05.2005
      and 30.06.2005. The Commissioner of Customs (Appeals), Kandla
      observed that the concerned goods were ought to be assessed
      under Section 3(2) of the CT Act 1975 as opposed to the proviso to
      the said provision. Furthermore, declaration of MRP is necessary
      on packages intended for retail sale and not for bigger packages for
      wholesale trade. The Revenue Authorities were directed to consider
      the case of the concerned goods of the Appellant-Company afresh
      in light of the observations made in the said Orders.
8.    In the meanwhile, a clarification was sought from the Office of the
      Collector of Legal Metrology and Director of Consumer Affairs by the
      Appellant-Company in the said regard and it was responded vide
      Letter dated 04.01.2006 wherein, the view taken by the Appellant-
      Company by placing reliance on Rule 29 of the Standards of Weights
      and Measures (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 1977 (hereinafter
      referred to as “Packaged Commodities Rules 1977”) was affirmed.
9.    Placing reliance on the Letter dated 04.01.2006 and other materials
      on record, the Appellant-Company moved three applications before
[2024] 9 S.C.R.                                                      59

           Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd v.
                 Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.

     the Settlement Commission and immunity was granted to it under
     the CE Act 1944, CA 1962, and IPC 1860 vide Common Order No.
     248/Final Order/CEX/KNA/2007 dated 21.08.2007.
10. The Investigation Officer, thereafter, was pleased to move a Closure
    Report dated 05.03.2008 before the learned Special Judge. The
    Court, however, rejected the said Closure Report vide order dated
    01.06.2010, and instead directed for registration of a Special Case
    against the accused persons, including the Appellant-Company. This
    case came to be registered as CBI Special Case No. 48 of 2010.
11. The Appellant-Company moved the High Court of Gujarat by filing
    a Special Criminal Application challenging the above Order which
    was dismissed on 12.12.2011. Aggrieved, the Appellant-Company
    moved this Court through filing of Special Leave Petition (Criminal)
    No. 14430 of 2013. This Court was pleased to condone the delay in
    filing, but while dismissing the petition vide Order dated 26.07.2013
    observed that only cognizance had been taken by the learned Special
    Judge and directed issuance of summons to the Appellant-Company,
    and thereby, it was not an appropriate stage to interfere. However,
    liberty was granted to the Appellant-Company to pursue and plead
    for discharge at the time of hearing of charges.
12. In pursuance of the said liberty, the Appellant-Company moved an
    application for discharge before the learned Special Judge. One
    of the grounds was that the Appellant-Company had been granted
    immunity under the CE Act 1944, CA 1962, and IPC 1860 through
    Order dated 20.08.2007 passed by the competent authority, i.e., the
    Settlement Commission and pressed into service the observations
    made by this Court in General Officer Commanding, Rashtriya
    Rifles v. CBI1 and Another, Jamuna Singh and Others v. Bhadai
    Shah,2 and Devarapalli Lakshminarayana Reddy and Others v.
    V. Narayana Reddy and Others 3 to the effect that mere filing of
    FIR with the police, which is subsequently forwarded to the Court,
    does not amount to institution of prosecution. Furthermore, that the
    Appellant-Company is not a “public servant” vis-à-vis Section 13(1)
    (b) read with Section 13(2) of the PCA 1998. Besides this, the Court
    had already refused to accept contentions of the Respondent-Agency


1   [2012] 5 SCR 599 : (2012) 6 SCC 228
2   [1964] 5 SCR 37 : 1963 SCC OnLine SC 263
3   [1976] Supp. 1 SCR 524 : (1976) 3 SCC 252
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      against Shri Yogendra Garg for sanction under Section 197 of the
      CrPC 1973, and henceforth, the Appellant-Company cannot be
      prosecuted alone for the charge under Section 120B of IPC 1860,
      and it finally put forth that the offences under Section 420 read with
      Section 120B of IPC 1860 are not made out as against the Appellant.
13. The learned Special Judge, however, disagreed Company and
    dismissed the said application vide Order dated 19.07.2017. To
    substantiate its dismissal, the Court with reference to the CE Act
    1944, observed that as per Section 4A(1), it transpires that the
    retail price of the concerned goods is to be declared, which through
    reliance on Circular dated 01.03.2001 and the concerned provisions
    of law, is interpreted as declaration of MRP.
14. It is against the said Order dated 19.07.2017 that the Appellant-
    Company had moved the High Court of Gujarat in CRA No. 783 of
    2017 which eventually led to the passing of the Impugned Order dated
    15.09.2023. During the pendency of the CRA No. 783 of 2017, the
    High Court of Gujarat stayed further proceedings before the Special
    Judge while issuing notice to the Respondent-Agency vide Order
    dated 18.08.2017. It was brought to the attention of the High Court
    that the Appellant-Company had paid a total of INR 1,51,45,378/-
    (Rupees One Crore Fifty One Lakhs Forty Five Thousand Three
    Hundred and Seventy Eight only) during the investigation by the
    Revenue Authorities and admittedly, in light of the Orders dated
    09.05.2005 and 30.06.2005, the Appellant-Company had become
    entitled to a refund instead.
15. While passing the Impugned Order dated 15.09.2023, the High Court
    of Gujarat disagreed with the contentions of the Appellant-Company,
    and affirmed the contentions of the Respondent-Agency.
16. It is in this backdrop that the Appellant-Company moved this Court
    in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 13422 of 2023 by reiterating its
    earlier contentions. On the first date of hearing, our attention was
    drawn to the Order dated 09.05.2005 of the Office of Commissioner of
    Customs (Appeals) which had directed that the matter be remanded to
    the assessing authority for fresh assessment. No further development
    is there in the case of the Appellant-Company. Accordingly, vide
    Order dated 16.10.2023, proceedings before the Trial Court were
    stayed. The Respondent-Agency, too, filed their contentions as part
    of its Counter Affidavit dated 19.04.2024.
[2024] 9 S.C.R.                                                          61

           Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd v.
                 Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.

17. Having heard the counsels for both the parties at length, it is pertinent
    to consider the concerned provisions of law before we delve into the
    legal and factual facet.
18. Predominantly, the argument of the Appellant-Company pertained
    to having been granted immunity by Settlement Commission vide
    Order dated 20.08.2007 as per Section 32K of the CE Act 1944.
    A perusal of the powers of the Settlement Commission leads us to
    equivalent provision under the CA 1962 through Section 127H. Both
    the provisions are pari materia to each other and bear the same text.
    These sections provide for an explicit bar from prosecution on grant
    of immunity in cases where the proceedings for any offence have
    been instituted subsequent to the date of receipt of the application
    seeking such immunity under the relevant law.
19. A perusal of the scheme of the CrPC 1973 allows us to infer that mere
    registration of FIR cannot be interpreted to mean that it constitutes
    the initiation of such proceedings. A registration of FIR necessitates
    an investigation by a competent officer as per the detailed process
    outlined in Sections 155 to 176. It is only after a Final Report (or
    as referred in the common parlance, a Challan or a Chargesheet)
    is submitted as per the compliance of Section 173(2) of CrPC
    1973, cognizance for the offence(s) concerned is taken. However,
    undoubtedly, the Court is not bound by the said report.
     The cardinal principle that investigation and taking of cognizance
     operate in parallel channels, without an intermingling, and in different
     areas was also laid down by this Court in H.N. Rishbud v. State (Delhi
     Admn.) 4 and further elaborated and reiterated in Abhinandan Jha
     and Others v. Dinesh Mishra 5 and State of Orissa v. Habibullah
     Khan.6
20. In Hira Lal Hari Lal Bhagwati v. CBI, New Delhi,7 even though
    the subject matter of the dispute pertained to Kar Vivad Samadhan
    Scheme, 1998 (hereinafter referred to as “KVSS 1998”), the
    observations of this Court came to the rescue of the Assessee-
    Company therein. As per the said factual matrix, the case of the


4   [1955] 1 SCR 1150 : (1954) 2 SCC 934
5   [1967] 3 SCR 668 : 1967 SCC OnLine SC 107
6   2003 SCC OnLine SC 1411
7   [2003] 3 SCR 1118 : (2003) 5 SCC 257
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      Assessee-Company therein was settled under the KVSS 1998 on
      10.02.1999 by the Designated Authority and as per the terms of
      the settlement, the Assessee-Company therein withdrew the appeal
      before this Court on 16.03.1999 and a certificate for full and final
      settlement was issued on 19.07.1999. Despite that, on 06.01.1999,
      a case was registered as against the Appellant therein in capacity
      as the office bearer of the Assessee-Company. It was held by this
      Court that continuation of such a prosecution would be inconsistent
      with the intent and provisions of the law. The Appellant therein was
      also obliged to withdraw the appeal before this Court, which might
      have had also impacted the merits of the criminal proceedings as
      against them.
21. The above ratio, as laid down by this Court, would be fully applicable
    to the case-at-hand, especially when it is not in dispute that the
    Commissioner of Customs (Appeals), Kandla returned a finding that
    the Appellant-Company was not required to pay the CVD on the
    basis of MRP, but as per the invoice value. This is in consonance
    with the submission of the Appellant-Company.
      On remand to the Assessing Authority for decision afresh on the
      liability, it had observed that the Appellant-Company was entitled to
      a refund of INR 1.39 Crores out of the INR 1,51,45,378/- (Rupees
      One Crore Fifty One Lakhs Forty Five Thousand and Three Hundred
      Seventy Eight only) paid by it to the Revenue Authorities as per the
      demand made earlier for the purpose of clearance of the concerned
      goods. This position is also admitted by the Respondent-Agency in
      its Counter Affidavit dated 19.04.2024. Moreover, the said Order
      was never challenged by the Revenue Authorities, and has, thus,
      attained finality.
22. Furthermore, the Appellant-Company had successfully claimed
    immunity from prosecution under the CA 1962, CE Act 1944, and IPC
    1860 vide Order dated 21.08.2007. In such a circumstance, there
    was no fiscal liability on the Appellant-Company, and accordingly,
    the Order dated 01.08.2010 passed by learned Special Judge,
    taking cognizance against the Appellant-Company, ought not to have
    sustained. As the very basis of the allegation of offence against the
    Appellant-Company was found to be non-existent, it would have
    amounted to misuse rather abuse of the process of law. It may be
    added here that the prosecution sanction as sought against the
[2024] 9 S.C.R.                                                       63

            Baccarose Perfumes and Beauty Products Pvt. Ltd v.
                  Central Bureau of Investigation & Anr.

     officials of KASEZ, who were said to have committed the offences
     under PCA 1988, stood declined. In the light of this additional fact,
     the application for discharge, as moved by the Appellant-Company,
     ought to have been accepted by the learned Special Judge.
23. In light of the above, the present Appeal is allowed. The proceedings
    against the Appellant-Company are quashed by setting aside the
    Impugned Order dated 15.09.2023 passed by the High Court of
    Gujarat in CRA No. 783 of 2017 and the Order dated 01.06.2010
    passed by the Special Judge in RC6(A)/2005.
24. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of.

     Result of the case: Appeal Allowed



     †
         Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain