GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJversusSTATE OF KARNATAKA

                             [2017] 2 S.C.R. 62



A        GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ
                                      v.
                         STATE OF KARNATAKA
                      (Criminal Appeal No. 631 of2012)
B                           FEBRUARY 28, 2017
         [KURIAN JOSEPH AND A. M. KHANWILKAR, JJ.]
          Penal Code. 1860:
           s. 302 - Murder - By appellant-accused - Of his daughter -
c   Motive attributed to commit the murder was that the accused was
    frustrated as his daughter had married a boy of lower caste - PW-
    18 (mother-in-law of the deceased) was the eye-witness - Trial Court
    discarding the evidence of PW-18 and holding that circumstantial
    evidence was not sufficient to convict the accused, acquitted him -
    High Court accepted the prosecution case and recorded finding of
D
    guilt against the accused, but convicted him for offence uls. 304
    (Part I) !PC and sentenced him to 10 years of imprisomnent-Appeal
    to Supreme Court by the accused against his conviction - The court
    issued show cause notice to the accused for enhancement of
    sentence - Held: The entire version of PW-18 cannot be treated as
E   untruthful - The version of PW-18 that she heard the cries of the
    deceased from public toilet; saw the accused coming out from the
    toilet with a blood stained sickle and throwing that sickle in a nearby
    dung-pit is reliable and truthful - This version is reinforced by the
    strong motive and further corroborated by seizure of blood-s(ained
    sickle and matching of blood group on the sickle and on the clothes
F
    of the deceased - However, none of the exceptions in s. 300 !PC is
    attracted in the present case, therefore, the case cannot be brought
    under first part of s. 304 !PC - The accused is liable to be convicted
    under s. 302 and is sentenced to undergo life imprisonment.
          Constitution of India:
G
          Art. 142 - Criminal appeal before Supreme Court - Filed by
    accused - Challenging his conviction - Suo-motu notice issued by·
    the court for enhancement of sentence - Permission to withdraw
    the appeal sought - Held: The appellalll cmii10t 'be permitted to
    withdraw the appeal - The show-cause notice has to be taken to its
H
                                      62
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                            63
               OF KARNATAKA

logical end being substantive proceedings ascribable to the               A
;urisdiction of the appellate court uls. 386 rlw. 397 and 401 of
Cr.P.C and in the present case plenary jurisdiction of Supreme
Court - It is the duty of the Court to decide the case, irrespective of
the fact that the accused does not want to prosecute his appeal
against conviction - Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - ss. 386
                                                                          B
rlw 397 and 401.
      Dismissing the appeal and making the show-cause notice
for enhancement of sentence absolute, the Court
      HELD: 1. This Court after hearing the parties and having
been prima facie convinced, issued show cause notice to the               c
appellant-accused for enhancement of sentence. In this backdrop,
the appellant cannot be permitted to withdraw the appeal. The
show cause notice will have to be taken to its logical end being
substantive proceedings ascribable to the jurisdiction of the
Appellate Court under Section 386 or read with Sections 397
and 401 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 and, in this case,           D
plenary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. It is the duty of this
Court to decide the case irrespective of the fact the accused does
not want to prosecute his appeal against conviction. [Para 20]
[74-C-E, G-H]
      Vikas Yadav v. State of UP (2016) 9 SCC 541; Khedu                  E
      Mohton and Ors v. State of Bihar 1970 (2) SCC 450 :
      [1971] 1 SCR 839; Dea Narain Manda/ 1~ State of UP
      2004 (7) SCC 257; Pilot UJ.S. Chopra v. The State of
      Bombay [1955] 2 SCR 94 - relied on.
       2.1 The entire version of PW18 cannot be treated as                 F
untruthful. Her evidence that she had heard the cries of her
daughter-in-law (deceased) from the public toilet "Appa Beda
Appa" and thereafter she saw the accused coming out of the public
toilet with a blood-stained sickle in his hand and throwing that
sickle in the nearby dung pit after seeing PW18 when she asked            G
him to stop and then' running away from the.spot, is reliable and
truthful. There is no tangible reason to doubt this version of
PW18. On accepting the same, it would necessarily follow that
the accused alone was responsible for the killing of the deceased,
which fact is reinforced by his strong motive to do so. Further,
this version of PW18 stands corroborated from the other                   H
64           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2017] 2 S.C.R.



A    prosecution evidence including the seizure of blood stained sickle
     from the spot and the matching of blood group "B" on the sickle
     and· on the clothes of the deceased. The conclusion reached by
     the High Court and in particular the finding of guilt against the
     appellant (accused) is the correct view. The High Court was right.
     in holding that the trial court assigned flimsy reason to discard
B
     the evidence of PW18 in its entirety. [Para 24] [77-E-H]
           Vadivelu Thevar v. State of Madras AIR 1957 SC
           614 : [1957] SCR 981 - relied on.
            2.2 As the evidence of PW18 has been corroborated by
c    other circumstances and prosecution evidence, that leaves no
     manner of doubt that the accused not only had strong motive to
     kill his daughter but was responsible for doing so and excludes
     the probability of someone else being responsible for the death
     of the deceased. The view taken by the High Court about the
     efficacy of evidence of PW18, keeping in mind other proved
D    circumstances and evidence of other prosecution witnesses,
     appears to be the only possible view and is the correct approach
     in the matter. The seizure panchnallla and recovery of the articles
     cannot be disbelieved. Even the trial court has opined that the
     same have been proved by the prosecution witnesses. [Para 24]
E    [80-B-D]
           2.3 The trial court opined that it was a case of homicidal
     death, but gave benefit of doubt to the appellant on the finding
     that there was no substantive evidence to indicate his complicity
     in the commission of offence. In that sense, there is no challenge
F    to the finding reached by the trial court that the death of the
     deceased was homicidal. [Para 25] [80-E-F]
            2.4 The High Court has found that the fatal injuries suffered
     by deceased were established from the contents of the
     postmortem report proved by the doctor (PW 21). Further, PW
G    21 opined that the injury found on the body of the deceased can
     be attributed to the sickle recovered from the scene of offence.
     He has further opined that the injuries were sufficient to cause
     her death. From the postmortem report and the evidence of PW
     21, it is evident that the injuries were incised injuries and which
     resulted in loss of blood due to cutting of veins. Further, the
H    description of the injuries itself shows that bones Wet"C exposed
 GANDI DODDABASAPPA@ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                            65
               " OF KARNATAKA

 because of the injury. That means, it was a case of incised wound        A
 and not lacerations or superficial injury. The court cannot blindly
 accept the expression "lacerated", when pitted against the nature
 and depth of the cut injury as described in the report. The use of
 sickle during the assault, fortifies the conclusion reached by the
 Courts below about homicidal death and including that the injuries
                                                                          B
 resulted in instant death of the deceased. [Para 26) [80-G-H; 81-
 A-C)
         3.1 The High Court has made no attempt to explain as to
  how the case on hand would be covered by one of the five
  exceptions given in Section 300 of IPC. Unless the case falls
  under one of the specified exception, it cannot be brought. under       c
  first part or second part of Section 304 of IPC. Even the defence
· of the appellant-accused, as evinced from his statement under
  Section 313 of Cr.P.C., is of complete denial and being falsely
  implicated. None of the exceptions in Section 300 of IPC is
  attracted in the present case. [Paras 28, 29) [82-E; 83-B-C)            D.
        Harendra Nath Manda/ vs. State of Bihar (1993) 2 SCC .
        435:(1993] 2 SCR 137 - relied on.
        3.2 The accused (appellant) committed murder of his
 daughter, who was in the advanced stage of pregnancy and for
 which he was liable to be punished with either imprisonment for          E
 life or death under Section 302 of IPC alone. In the peculiar
 factual background of this case, it is not a fit case to impose death
 penalty. The appellant is sentenced to undergo imprisonment for
 life. [Paras 29, 30) (83-D-E]
                        Case Law Reference                                F
 (2916) 9 sec 541                relied on             Para 13
 [1~71] 1 SCR 839                relied on             Para 20
 2094 (7) sec 257                relied on             Para 20 •
 [1955] 2 SCR 94                 relied on             Para 20            G
 [1957) SCR 981                  relied on             Para 22
 [1~93]   2 SCR 137              relied on             Para 28
       CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
 No. 631 of2012.
        From the Judgment and Order dated 03.06.201 I of the High Court   H
66            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           (2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    ofKarnataka Circuit Bench at Dharwad in Criminal Appeal No. 2259 of
     2005.
           Ms. Kiran Suri, Sr. Adv., S. J. Amith, (For Dr. (Mrs.) Vi pin Gupta),
     Advs., for the appellant.
           Devadatt Kamat, AAG., V. N. Raghupathy, Javedur Rahman,
B    Prakash Jadhav, Advs. for the respondent.
           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
            A. M. KHANWILKAR, J. I. This criminal appeal arises from
     the judgment and final order passed by the High Court of Karnataka
C    dated 3'• June, 2011 in Criminal Appeal No. 2259 of2005. The High
     Court has set aside the order of acquittal passed by the Sessions Court
     and instead convicted the appellant (accused) for an offence punishable
     under Section 304, Part I of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 ('IPC') and
     sentenced him to undergo I 0 (ten) years ofrigorous imprisonment for
D    killing his daughter, Shilpa.
           2. When this appeal was taken up for hearing on 8"' September,
     2016, the Court directed issuance of notice to the appellant (accused)
     for enhancement of sentence. That notice has been duly served on the
     appellant.
E
           3. The factual circumstances leading to this appeal are as under:
     a. One Ravi Kumar (PW! 6), from the Naik community and Sh ii pa, from
     the Lingayat community, were in love. Being from different castes and
     apprehending opposition to their marriage by the family of Shilpa; they
     decided to elope and got married in 2002. They got their marriage
F
     registered before the Sub-Registrar, Hospet in 2003. Eventually, the couple
     returned to their village Taranagar to stay with the parents of Ravi Kumar
     (PWl6), PW\ 7 and PW\8. When this marriage came to the knowledge
     of Shilpa's father, the accused, he bitterly opposed the same and
     reportedly berated PW\6 and his family on several occasions, stating
G    that they had brought down the honour of his family and that he would
     "finish" his daughter for marrying into a lower caste.
     b. In the days leading up to the alleged incident, Shilpa was pregnant
     (around nine months). She frequently used the public toilet near t9 her
     place of residence, often accompanied by her mother-in-law (PW\ 8).
H    On the fateful day i.e. on 3'• October, 2003, at around 8 AM, Shilpa
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVA~AJ v. STATE                                67
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KtfANWILKAR, J.)

wanted to go to the toilet. At the relevant time, PW 18 was preparing         A
'rotis' for her husband (PW 17) who was getting ready to go to work.
PW 18 told Shilpa that she would join her as soon as she finishes that
work. After finishing her task and washing her hands, PWl 8 started
walking towards the public toilet. When she was near the house of one
Hanumanthappa, she heard a cry ofShilpa "Appa BedaAppa" (Father,
                                                                              B
don't, father) coming from the toilet. PWl8 rushed towards the toilet.
She saw the appellant (accused) emerging from tlie toilet with a blood
stained sickle. Upon seeing PW! 8, the appellant (accused) threw the
sickle into a manure dung pit nearby and ran away. Hearing the
commotion, PW s I to 4 soon arrived at the spot and along with PW 18,
entered the public toilet. They found Shilpa lying on the ground, facing      c
upwards, in a pool of blood with a cut to her neck. PW 18 then lodged a
complaint with PSI (PW24), who then registered the FIR. The appellant
 absconded after the incident and was eventually arrested 20 (twenty)
 days later. After the investigation was complete, the appellant was charge
 sheeted for killing his daughter Shilpa and committed to trial before the
                                                                              D
 Sessions Court.
c. During the trial, prosecution led evidence of25 (twenty five) witnesses
including the experts. The eye witnesses who had arrived at the spot of
the incident turned hostile with the exception of PW 18, whose testimony
has been found to be truthful and reliable by the High Court.
                                                                               E
d. The Sessions Court, videjudgment dated 28"' February, 2005, acquitted
the accused inter alia on the ground that mere intent on the part of the
accused to commit the crime was not sufficient to record a finding of
guilt. The Sessions Court discarded the evidence of PW! 8. It held that
the evidence of PW 18 was replete with improvements on her previous
statement and was unreliable. Further, the circumstantial evidence was         F
not enough to convict the accused.
e. In appeal by the State, the High Court accepted the prosecution's
case that the accused was a frustrated father because of his daughter
having married to Ravi Kumar (PW 16) who belonged to lower caste
and was the motive to commit the crime. Further, even if there was a           G
little exaggeration of the events by PW 18 during her evidence, the same
could be ignored and that the circumstantial evidence was sufficient to
convict the accused. The High Court also relied on the post mortem
 report and serology report which inter alia stated that blood stains on
 the sickle matched with those on the clothes of the deceased. The High        H
68             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    Court recorded a finding of guilt against the appellant but went on to
     convict the appellant for offence under Section 304 Part I of !PC and
     sentenced him to I 0 years of imprisonment. This order of conviction
     and sentence has been challenged by the appellant.
           4. As aforesaid, when this appeal was heard on the earlier
B    occasion this Court issued a show cause notice to the appellant for
     enliimcement of sentence. At the commencement of hearing of this appeal
     and on the show cause notice, Ms. Suri the learned senior counsel for
     the appellant (accused), sought leave of the Court to withdraw the appeal.
     She submits that as a consequence of withdrawal of the present appeal
     against conviction filed by the accused, the notice for enhancement of
c    sentence (issued on 8'h September 2016) would automatically get disposed
     of. As we declined the prayer for withdrawal of appeal, the learned
     senior counsel addressed us on the merits of the case.
              S. On merits, Ms. Suri first submits that the prosecution has failed
       to prove the intent of the accused in committing the crime. Merely
D      because the accused was unhappy about his daughter's inter-caste
       marriage, that by itself cannot be the basis to infer motive to commit the
       crime. Besides, the witnesses who have deposed about the threats given
       by the accused to PW16 and his family, have turned hostile. PW 17
       (father of Ravi Kumar (PW 16)), during his cross examination, has
E      stated that the accuse<I and he were on good terrris and that it was not
       true that he had been warned about the accused planning to kill the
       deceased. The evidence of PW I S's (mother of Ravi Kumar (PW 16)),
     , is the only incriminating evidence in this regard and there is nothing to
       corroborate the same. PW! 7's evidence is hearsay. Additionally, none
       of the witnesses have ~poken about any pre-planning on the part of
F      accused to commit the alleged crime. The accused never kept relations
       with his daughter nor did he even meet her after she returned to the
       village post-marriage. The accused never filed any complaint against
       PW 16 and his family nor did he seek to hold any panchayat in respect of
       the inter-caste marriage. The accused could not have known when the
G      deceased would go to the toilet nor could he have known that, on the
       date of the incident, she alone will visit the toilet. Finally, there was
       nothing to show that the accused had procured the sickle (which is a
       common household object) for the sole purpose of killing the deceased.
       Thus, there is nothing to show that there was any intent on the part of
       the accused to commit the alleged crime.
H
GANDI DODDABASAPPA@ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                                  69
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANW!LKAR, J.]

        6. Ms. Suri further submits that the entire case of the prosecution    A
rests on the evidence of PW! 8. There are material contradictions,
inconsistencies and omissions in the evidence given by PW! 8 which led
the trial court to record that she was not an eye witness and that the
case has to be considered on circumstantial evidence. The evidence
shows that PW 18 exaggerated her case in a bid to secure the conviction
                                                                               B
of the accused. Ms. Suri points out that in the FIR (Exh. P- I 8) filed
immediately after the incident, PW18 has alleged that she merely saw
the accused coming out of the .toilet with a blood stained sickle in his
hand wher.eas in her deposition stated that she actually saw the accused
cutting Shilpa's neck with a sickle. This clearly shows an attempt of
PW! 8 to improve her case. However, the High Court erred by terming            c
 such discrepancy as a "little exaggeration" when it is infact a material
 improvement. This is further substantiated by reading the evidence of
Doctor (PW 21 ), where he states that the cause of Shilpa's death was
 cardio-pulmonary arrest due to severe haemorrhaging and that the death
 may have occurred 5-10 minutes afterthe actual assault due to bleeding.
                                                                               D
 This is contrary to the version of PW18 that when she reached near the
toilet, she saw the accused attack Shilpa. There was no way that Shilpa
 would have bled to death by the time PW! 8 reached the toilet, considering
 the distance between the toilet and from where PW 18 allegedly witnessed
 the incident. This only proves that PW 18 did not actually witness the
 accused committing the crime since Shilpa was already dead when PW! 8         E
 reached the spot and that the alleged crime would have happened some
 time before. PW18 tried to cover up this discrepancy in her evidence by
 stating that Shilpa was still alive after the attack and that she gave her
 some water in a tumbler, whereafter she died. The presence of this
 tumbler was never mentioned prior to her giving evidence. This change
                                                                                F
 in stance cannot be accepted in absence of corroborating evidence.
 Further, the distance from Hanumathappa's house, from where PW 18
 allegedly witnessed the incident or heard the deceased's cries, was atleast
  I furlong (200 metres) from the toilet. PWI 8 could hot possibly have
 seen the accused committing the crime from such a distance. Even the
 fact that PW18 heard the deceased scream "Appa Beda Appa" or                   G
 "Father, don't, father" is unbelievable. Whereas, PW16 states in evidence
 that PW 18 told him that the deceased screamed "Ooh I am pregnant
 please don't do anything to me", thus clearly indicating a discrepancy in
  PW18's evidence. Finally, PW18's evidence that she was alone when
  she saw the accused committhe crime is directly contradicted by PWJ 6's
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70             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    evidence when he states that at the time of the incident, the toilet would
     have a queue outside it. Thus, the testimony of PW 18 is not fully reliable
     and cannot be accepted without corroboration.
             7. Ms. Suri further submits that evidence of PW 17 would reveal
     that a false FIR was registered against the accused merely on suspicion
B    of PW! 8. Additionally, the FIR was filed by PW18 in consultation with
     one Rudrappa, a political rival of the accused. This is substantiated by
     the fact that while the incident occurred at 8 AM, the FIR itself was
     registered only around I 0:30 AM and the inquest held between 11 :30PM
     to I :30PM. Further, the evidence of PW 18 that the police did not register
     the FIR at the first instance is directly contradicted by PW 25, who
c    states that the FIR was indeed recorded at the first instance. There is
     reason to believe that PWl 8 took time to consult Rudrappa before
     registration of FIR. The evidence of PW18 is wholly unreliable. The
     allegations in the FIR registered at the instance of PW 18 are based on
     suspicion and motivated.
D           8. Ms. Suri further submits that the description of injuries on the
     deceased's body were lacerated wounds. That was not possible by sickle
     allegedly used in the commission of crime by the appellant. Further, during
     cross examination, the doctor who prepared the medical report deposed
     that such laceration wounds could be caused by a fall on a rough surface.
E    The doctor also de)losed that sharp weapon such as sickle generally
     cause incised wounds but in the present case, the injury was a lacerated
     wound. An injury caused by a sharp weapon such as a sickle would
     always be oblique and not perpendicular. Most pertinently, the injury
     found on the deceased was not mentioned to be an oblique injury.
     Additionally, the medical report did not find any fingerprints ofthe accused
F    on the sickle, raising doubt as to whether the said sickle was used at all
     much less,by the accused. Further, PW 18 clearly state~ i.n her evidence
     that she did not see any blood stains on the clothes ofth'e accused nor
     did she herself have any blood stains on her clothes. If the accused had
     used the sickle to cause injury to Shi Ipa, then obviously there would have
G    been sprinkling of blood on his clothes but PWl 8 herself negates this
     possibility.
           9. Ms. Suri further submits that while the serology report discloses
     blood on the sickle belonging to "B" Group, there is no evidence on
     record to show that either the victim's blood or the accused's blood was
     "B" Group. This has not been explained by the prosecution. Further,
H
         i
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                                 71
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

after the sickle was seized, the same was sealed by the SHO and signed         A
by PWsl2 and 13. There was no mention of distinguishing signs to
differentiate the sickle in question from any other sickle. Since PW 12
and 13 turned hostile, the only identifying factor left was the seal and the
fact that the sickle was kept in proper custody is not established. This
too is challenged as the sickle was seized on 3'' October, 2003 but sent
                                                                               B
to the forensic lab on 16" October, 2003, without a whisper as to its
location during the intervening period. Further, the sickle was sent to the
lab by an unauthorised person who was not examined. Additionally, the
serologist who received the sickle was not examined to prove that the
sickle he received was the same one with the SHO's seal on it. After
the sickle was sent to PW2 I for further examination, PW2 l opened the         c
same when he was alone in the OPD and then resealed the same with
his personal seal. This personal seal was not identified by the witness
during evidence. Thus, the High Court could not have relied on tlie
 serology report because the prosecution failed to prove that the sickle
 identified by PWl 8 was the same sickle seized by the police. Thus, it
                                                                               D
could not be proved beyond reasonable doubt that the accused had used
the sickle or that the sickle was the instrument used to cause Shilpa's
 death.
      10. Ms. Suri also submits that the clothes of the deceased were
seized after the incident but not sealed in the hospital. The clothes were
brought to the police station by PW 19 and sealed by the inspector, PW25        E
along with pancha PW 14. However, evidence of PW I 4 reveals that he
did no( know the contents of the said panchnama.
       11. Ms. Suri submits thatthe High Court could not have interfered
with the judgment of the Sessions Court since the Sessions Court had
considered the entire evidence on record. Even if the High Court was of         F
the opinion that two reasonable views were possible from the evidence
on record, it has failed to record how the finding of the Sessions Court
was untenable.
       12. In summation, Ms. Suri submits that evidence of PW 18 should
be disregarded. In which case, there is no other direct evidence to             G
establish the involvement of the accused in the commission of the crime.
The circumstantial evidence available is weak and the prosecution has
failed to complete the chain of circumstantial evidence. The intent of the
accused to commit the death of his daughter has not been established
beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the accused cannot be convicted on the
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72               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        (2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    basis of either the ocular evidence or the circumstantial evidence ..
     Therefore, the High Court judgment must be set aside.
             13. In reply Mr. Kamat, submits that the crime in question is a .
     clear case of honour killing and that in Vikas Yadav v. State of UP,' this
     Court has held that strictest punishment must be given in case of honour
B    killings.
            14. Mr. Kamat fairly submits that the case rests on circumstantial
     evidence, He submits that motive of the accused would be crucial fo
     proving his guilt. There is sufficient material on record to establish that
     accused had intention to commit the crime. Mr. Kamat pointed out from
c    the evidence of PW 18 that after the marriage of PW 16 and Shilpa, the
     accused never came to meet the couple at the house of PWl 8 as they
     belonged to lower caste. Further, the accused repeatedly threatened
     PW! 6 and 17 that he would finish his daughter as she had ruined the
     family name. PW 18 would always accompany Sh ii pa when she went to
     the toilet as she feared that the accused would make good on his threats.
D    All this goes to show that there was a clear motive behind the accused's
     actions. The High Court has found that the accused was frustrated
     because his daughter abruptly left him to marry PW 16. Resultantly, the
     bottled up emotion and turmoil erupted on the day of the incident. If the
     accused had not committed the crime, he would not have absconded for
E    20 (twenty) days after the incident.
            15. Mr. Kamat further submits that the High Court was right in
     discarding the discrepancy/improvement "in the evidence of PW l S of
     having seen the accused assaulting his daughter. Even ifthe improvements
     in PWI S's evidence are discarded, the chain of circumstances clearly
     establish the link of the accused to the crime. In addition to PW! S's
     evidence, the High Court has relied upon the chain of circumstances
     including the strong motive of the accused to commit the crime. It is well
     establislled that a conviction can be secured on the basis of circumstantial
     evidence.

G            16. Mr. Kamat further submits that the defence has not challenged
     PW 1S's evidence that she saw the accused coming out from the public
     toilet with a blood stained sickle in his hand and throwing it in the nearby
     dung pit on seeing PW 1S. PW 1S's evidence that she was just behind
     the public toilet, near Hanumanthappa's house when she heard Shilpa's
     1
         (2016) 9 sec 541
H
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                                 73
      OF KARNATAKA (A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

screams, has not been challenged. Hanumanthappa's house was behind             A
the public toilet and not at a distance of I furlong. Hence, the evidence
of PW 18, that she heard Shilpa screaming and saw the accused coming
out of the toilet with a blood stained sickle, is credible evidence.
       17. Mr. Kamat further submits that the defence has failed to
challenge PW18's statement that she saw the accused with a sickle in           B
his hand and that .he threw it into a nearby dung pit and ran away, which
fact is corroborated by retrieval of the blood stained sickle from the
dung pit. Even the trial court has accepted the prosecution case, of seizure
of blood stained sickle from the spot as proved.
       18. Mr. Kamat then refuted the plea of the accused that the nature      c
of wounds inflicted upon the deceased could not have been caused by a
sickle. Mr. Kamat took us through the doctor's evidence (PW21) and
pointed out the description of external injuries:
        "])Lacerated wound on the neck on left side.on anterior
        part measuring about 6 cm x 3 x 3cm., blood was lost, blood            D
        vessels and muscles are seen and veins were injured and the
        blood ·was lost from the wound.
        2) Lacerated wound over the left shoulder joint on superior
        part about 7x3x8cm., no bleeding from the wound.
        3)Lacerated wound on the right cheek, about 2 cm x 0. 5                E
        cm., no bleeding
        4) Lacerated wound on the right forearm on the lower 13 on
        lateral aspect about Scm x 3cm x 2cm., bones and tendon
        are exposed. Blood was lost from the wound"
                                                                                F
Mr. Kamat submits that in light of the aforesaid statement, it is clear that
the injury suffered by the deceased was not a lacerated wound as loosely
stated by the doctor but rather a deep and incised wound. Mr. Kamat
submits that a lacerated wound can be caused by forceful application of
blunt weapon to the body surface or due to fall from a height. In contrast,
an incisive wound is caused when soft tissue is struck or pressed by a         G
weapon or instrument having a sharp and pointed edge, resulting in
bleeding. In the present case, the evidence clearly shows that the wound
was deep and the underlying vei1is, tendons and bones of the deceased
could be seen. That itself is sufficient to prove that the wound inflicted
 upon the deceased was an incised wound and inflicted by the sickle in
                                                                               H
74             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    question. Further, the doctor has deposed that the injuries inflicted by the
     sickle in question could have caused death of the deceased.
            19. Mr. Kamat further submits that the evidence also shows that
     the blood found on the sickle matched with the blood group on the
     deceased's clothes. Even ifthere was no report to prove the blood type
B    of the deceased, the evidence that the blood on the sickle was the same
     as that found on Shilpa's clothes proves beyond reasonable doubt that
     the sickle found in the pit was used in the commission of crime. He
     submits that the appeal filed by the accused be dismissed and the notice
     for enhancement of sentence be made absolute.

c            20. We would first deal with the request of the appellant to permit
     him to withdraw this appeal. We have no hesitation in saying that this
     Court after hearing the parties and having been prima facie convinced,
     issued show cause notice to the appellant for enhancement of sentence.
     In this backdrop, we cannot permit the appellant to withdraw the appeal.
     We say so because the show cause notice issued to the appellant
D    (accused) in terms of the order dated 8'" September~ 2016, will have to
     be taken to its.logical end being substantive proceedings ascribable to
     the jurisdiction of the Appellate Court under Section 386 or read with
     Sections 397 and 401 of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (CrPC)
     and, in this case, plenary jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The show
E    cause notice for enhancement of se.ntence must proceed on the principle
     underlying the exposition of law in Klietlu Molito11 am/ Ors Vs. Stllle of
     Bi/111r1. In that case, the complainant died during the pendency of appeal
     against acquittal before the High Court and therefore, it was urged by
     the accused that the said appeal had abated. This Court rejected that
     plea of the accused, having found that the appeal abates only on the
F    death of the accused. The Court then observed that once an appeal
     against acquittal is entertained by the High Court, it becomes the duty of
     the High Court to decide the same irrespective of the fact the appellant
     does not choose to prosecute it or is unable to prosecute it for one reason
      or the other. Applying the same analogy to a suo motu show cause notice
G     for enhancement of sentence issued by this Court after hearing both
      sides, it will be the duty of this Court to decide the same irrespective of
      the fact the accused does not want to prosecute his appeal against
      conviction. It may be apposite to also refer to the decision of this Court
      in Deo Narain Mrmtlal v. State of U.P.·' In paragraph 5 of the reported
     ' 1970 (2) sec 450
H    '2004 (7) sec 257 (Para 5)
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                                  75
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.)

decision, this Court opined that since notice of enhancement of sentence        A
was issued it is but proper in law that the court should hear the accused
on merits of the case also even though the accused had not pressed his
appeal on merits before the High Court. In that case, the accused had
preferred appeal against reduced conviction before this Court. It is well
establi°shed position in law that during the hearing of notice for
                                                                                B
enhancement of sentence, as held by this Court in Pilot U.J.S. Chopra
Vs. Tile State ofBombay', the accused will have the right also to show
cause against his conviction when showing cause why his sentence should
not be enhanced. Realising this position, the counsel for the appellant
vehemently argued for acquittal of the appellant.
       21. That takes us to the merits of the finding of guilt recorded by      c
the High Court against the appellant. The High Coui:t opined that the
conclusion reached by the trial court regarding the sufficiency of evidence
against the appellant is founded on flimsy grounds. The High Court,
however, analysed the entire evidence afresh and found that even though
the prosecution's case would rest solely on the evidence of the sole            D
witness (PW 18), yet considering the other circumstances which
corroborate her evidence a finding of guilt against the appellant can be
safely recorded. In that, the prosecution has established the circumstance
of PW 18 having seen the accused (appellant) coming out of the public
toilet with a blood stained sickle and throwing the said sickle in the nearby
dung pit after seeing PWJ 8. The High Court held that the evidence of           E
PW 18 was otherwise truthful and credible.Additionally, the High Court
has taken into account the evidence about the conduct of the accused
and his strong motive to commit the crime, as revealed by the other
prosecution witnesses. The High Court also noted that the evidence of
blood stains found on the sickle matches with the blood group B found            F
on the clothes worn by the deceased Shilpa, as is substantiated from the
 serology report. The High Court also took notice of the inquest
panchnama (Exh. P-6) proved by PW 25; seizure of articles (Mos. 4 to
6) proved by PW 25; seizure panchnama of sickle (Exh. PS) proved by
 PWs 18 and 25; seizure of blood stained clothes and pair ofChappals of
 deceased Shilpa (Ex. P-9) proved by PWs 25, 14 and 19; and the evidence        G
 of PW 21 and also PW 25 who proved the panchnama(Exh.21) regarding
 showing of sickle to PW2 l Dr. Ramasetty.
       22. The High Court held that the chain of events and the

'1955 (2) SCR 94 (3 Judges)                                                     H
76             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2017] 2 S.C.R.


A ·circumstances clearly established the involvement of accused in the
    commission of crime. The High Court found the evidence of PWl8 was
    truthful and crec\ible to record finding of guilt against the appellant,
    applying the principle expounded by the Supreme Court in Vadive/u
    Tflevar Vs. State of Madras-'. The High Court also considered the
    evidence of PW 21 and the postmortem report to conclude that the
B
    sickle recovered was used to commit the<Crime and the injury caused to
    Shilpa was possible by use of such weapon and resulting in her death.
  · Accordingly, the High Court did not agree with the conclusion of the trial
    court to acquit the appellant by giving him benefit of doubt. Instead, the
  . High Court recorded finding of guilt against the appellant for the murder
c of his daughter Shilpa (who at the relevant time was in the advanced
    stage of pregnancy) out of vengeance and frustration. The High Court,
    however, proceeded to convict the appellant under Section 304 part I of
    the l.P.C. on the finding that the crime was committed by the appellant
    who was a frustrated father as his daughter married a boy from the
    lower caste, which frustration he could not contain and had erupted on
D
    the day of incident when he assaulted his own daughter. The correctness
    of this view will be considered a little later.
            23. We shall first examine the correctness of the finding of guilt
     recorded by the High Court. Before that, we must advert to the approach
     of the trial court in giving benefit of doubt to the appellant. The trial
E    court found thatthe inquest panchanama (Exh.P-6) was proved by PW 25.
     E~en tfie seizure panchanama (Exh.P-7) regarding articles (Mos. 4 to
     6), namely, blood stained earth, plain earth and 6 bangle pieces
     respectively, is proved by i>W25. The seizure panchanama (Exh. P-8)
     regarding blood stained sickle from the manure pit near the public toilet
F    where the dead body of Shit pa was lying, has been proved by PW25 and
     PW! 8. The trial court also found that the prosecution has proved the
     seizure of articles (Mos. I to 3) under panchanama (Exh. P-9) ofnighty,
     petty coat and pair of Hawai Chappals respectively found on the dead
     body ofShilpa. The trial court also found that the sealing of blood stained
     sickle under (Exh. P-21) and identification thereof by PW 21 has been
G    proved by the evidence of PW s 21 and 25. The trial court did not find
     any infirmity in the prosecution evidence, in particular of PWs 18, 16
     and 17, that the appellant was belligerent with his daughter Shilpa for
     having married to PW 16 and wanted to finish her. The trial court,
     however, opined that even though all these circumstances were to be
H    'AIR !957SC6!4
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE 77
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]      r


acc~pted as proved, even then the same were not sufficient to record ~          A
finding of guilt against the appellant. For, the evidence of PW! 8 was not
trustworthy. The trial court noted that PW 18 was the sole witness who
claimed to have seen the accused coming out of the public toilet with the
blood stained sickle in his hand and throwing the same in the nearby
dung pit. That evidence, however, was not corroborated by any
                                                                                B
independent witness. More so, PW 18 ill)proved or exaggerated her
version by deposing to have actually seen the accused (appellant)
assaulting his daughter Shilpa (Daughter-in-law of PW! 8). On this
reasoning, the evidence of PW18 was not accepted by the trial court in
its entirety. This approach of the trial court has been found to be flimsy
by the High Court. The High Court, however, found, that on proper               c
scrutiny of the evidence of PW 18 she proved the clinching circumstance
against the appellant of having seen him coming out of the public toilet
where his daughter Shilpa was found dead, with a blood stained sickle in
his hand and throwing that sickle in the nearby dung pit after seeing
PW 18 and running away from the spot.
                                                                                D
        24. The moot question, therefore, is whether the approach of the
trial court or that of the High Court with reference to evaluation of
evidence of PW 18 is correct. After having gone through the evidence of
PW! 8, we have no hesitation in accepting the finding of the High Court
that the entire version of PW! 8 cannot be treated as untruthful. Her
evidence that she had heard the cries of her daughter in law Shilpa frQm        E
the public toilet "Appa Beda Appa" and thereafter she saw the accused
coming out of the public toilet with a blood stained sickle in his hand and
throwing that, sickle in the nearby dung pit after seeing PW 18 when she
asked 1Jim to stop and then running away from the spot, is reliable and
truthful. There is no tangible reason to doubt this version of PW18. On         F
accepting the same, it would necessarily follow that the accused alone
was responsible for the killing of Shilpa, which fact is reinforced by his
strong motive to do so. Further, this version of PW 18 stands corroborated
from the other prosecution evidence including the seizure of blood ~tained
sickle from the spot and the matching of blood group "B" on the sickle
and on the clothes of deceas_ed Shilpa. The conclusion reached by the           G
High Court and in particular the finding of guilt against the appellant
 (accused) is the correct view. We agree with the High Court that the
 trial court assigned flimsy reason to discard the evidence of PW 18 in its
 entirety. The High Court was also right in applying tlie principle expounded
 in the decision of this Court in the case of Vadivelu Tlievar (Supra)          H
78             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2017] 2 S.C.R.


A    ·which has held that the prosecution can rest its case on the basis of sole
      ·witness in certain situations. The High Court relied on the following
      observations from the said decision:
              .. (11) In view of these considerations, we have no hesitation
             in holding that the contention that in a murder case, the
B            Court should insist upon plurality of witnesses, is much too
             broadly stated. Section 134 of the Indian Evidence Act, has
             categorically laid it down that "no particular number of
             witnesses shall, in any case, be required for the proof of any
             fact." The legislature determined, as long ago as 1872,
             presumably after due consideration of the pros and cons,
c            that it shall not be necessary for proof or disproof of a fact,
             to call any particular number of witnesses. In England, both
             before and after the passing of the Indian Evidence Act 1872,
             there have been a number of statutes as set out in Sarkar s
              'Law of Evidence' - 9•• Edition, at pages 1100 and 1101,
D            forbidding convictions on the testimony of a single witness.
             The Indian Legislature has not insisted on laying down any
             such exceptions to the general rule recognized in s.134
             quoted above. The section enshrines the well recognized
             maxim that 'Evidence has to be weighed and not counted'.
             Our Legislature has given statuto1y recognition to the fact
E            that administration ofjustice may be hampered if a particular
             number of witnesses were to be insisted upon. It is not seldom
             that a crime has been committed in the presence of only one
             witness, leaving aside those cases which are not of uncommon
             occurrence where deter111ination of guilt depends entirely on
F            circumstantial evidence. If the Legislature were to insist upon
             plurality of witnesses, cases where the testimony of a single
             witness only could be available in proof of the cri111e, would
             go unpunished. It is here that the discretion of the presiding
             iudge comes into play. The matter thus must depend upon
             the circu111stances of each case and the quality of the evidence
G            of the single witness whose testimony has to be either
             accepted or rejected. If such a testimony is found by the
             Court to be entirely reliable, there is no legal i111pediment to
              the conviction of the accused person on such proof Even
             as the guilt of an accused person may be proved by the
H             testimony of a single witness, the innocence of an accused
GAND! DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                       79
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

    person may be established on the testimony of a single           A
    witness, even though a considerable number of witnesses
    may be forthcoming to testi/Y to the truth of the case for the
    prosecution.    Hence, in our opinion, it is a sound and well
    established rule of law that the court is. concerned with the
    quality and not with the quantity of the evidence necessary
                                                                     B
    for proving or disproving a fact . Generally speaking, oral
    testimony in this context may be classified into three
    categories, namely:
    (1) wholly reliable
    (2) wholly unreliable                                            c
    (3) neither wholly reliable nor wholly unreliable.
      (12)     Jn the first category of proof, the court should have
      no difficulty in coming to its conc/uhon either way - it may
      convict or may acquit on the testimony of a single witness, it
      is found to be above reproach or suspicion of interestedness, -D
      in competence or subornation. In the second category, the
      court equally has no difficulty in coming io its conclusion. It
      is in the third category of cases, that the court has to be
      circumspect and has to look for corroboration in material
      particulars by reliable testimony, direct or circumstantial. E
      There is another danger in insisting on plurality of witnesses.
      Irrespective of the quality of the oral evid(nce of a single
      witness, if courts were to· insist 0;1 plurality of witnesses in
      proof of any fact, they will be indirectly encouraging
      subornation of witnesses. Situations may arise and do arise
     .where only a single pe,rsbn is available to give evidence in F
      support of a disputed fact. The court naturally has to weigh·
      carefully such a testimony and if it is satisfied that the
      evidence is reliable and free from all taints which tend to
      render oral testimony open to susp(Cion, it becomes its duty
      to act upon such testimony. The law reports contain many G
      precedents where the court had to depend and act upon the
      testimony of a single witness in support of the prosecution.
       There are exceptions to this rule, for example, in cpses of
       sexual offences or of the testimony of an approver; both
       these are cases in which the oral testimony is, by its very
    · nature, suspect, being that of a participator in crime. But, H
80            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 2 S.C.R.



A           where there are no such exceptional reasons operating, it
            becomes the duty of the court to convict, if it is satisfied that
            the testimony of a single witness is entirely reliable. We have
            therefore, no reasons to refuse to act upon the testimony of
            the first witness, which is the only reliable evidence in support
            of the prosecution. "
B
     In the present case, the evidence of PW 18 has been corroborated by
     other circumstances and prosecution evidence. That leaves no manner
     of doubt that the accused not only had strong motive to kill his daughter
     but was responsible for doing so and excludes the probability of someone
     else being responsible for the death of Shilpa. The counsel for the
c    appellant no doubt attempted to persuade us to discard the eviden.ce of
     PW 18 in its entirety, as has been done by the trial court. However, we
     are not inclined to accept that argument. We find that the view taken by
     the High Court about the efficacy of evidence of PW! 8, keeping in mind
     other proved circumstances and evidence of other prosecution witnesses,
D    appears to be the only possible view and is the correct approach in the
     matter. We have no hesitation in rejecting the argument of the appellant
     to disbelieve the seizure panchnama and recovery of the articles. For,
     even the trial court has opined that the same have been proved by the
     prosecution witnesses.

E            25. In view of the external injuries on the body ofShilpa, the trial
     court opined that it was a case of homicidal death, but gave benefit of
     doubt to the appellant on the finding that there was no substantive
     evidence to indicate his complicity in the commission of offence. In that
     sense, there is no challenge to the finding reached by the trial court that
     the death of Shilpa was homicidal. Considering the finding of guilt
F    recorded by the High Court and upheld by us, it must necessarily follow        (
     that it is a case of culpable homicide amounting to murder. An attempt
     was made to challenge the opinion of PW 21, that the injuries cannot be
     attributed to the sickle recovered from the scene of offence and in any
     case, the injuries were not inflicted with the intention to cause death of
G    Sh ii pa. The High Court has dealt with similar argument advanced before
     it, but has negatived the same and in our opinion rightly.
            26. The High Court has found that the fatal injuries suffered by
     deceased Shilpa were established from the contents of the postmortem
     report proved by the doctor (PW 21 ). Further, PW 21 opined that the
     injury found on the bodyofShilpa can be attributed to the sickle recovered
H
  GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                              8L_
        OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

  from the scene of offence. He has furtheropined that the injuries were-- - A
  sufficient to cause her death. Although the counsel for the appellant was
  at pains to persuade us that the description of the injuries by PW 21
  were merely lacerated wounds, but on close scrutiny of the inquest
  panchnama, the postmortem report and the evidence of PW 2 J, it is
  evident that the injuries were incised injuries and which resulted in loss
                                                                             B
  of blood due to cutting of veins. Further, the description of the injuries
  itself shows that bones were exposed because of the injury. That means
_ it was a case of incised wound and not lacerations or superficial injury.
  The court cannot blindly accept the expression "lacerated", when pitted
  against the nature and depth of the cut injury as described in the report.
  The use of sickle during the assault, fortifies the conclusion reached by c
  the Courts below about homicidal death and including that the injuries
  resulted in instant death ofShilpa.
        27. Taking overall view of the matter, we are of the considered
 opinion that the finding of guilt recorded against ihe accused (appellant)
 by the High Court is unexceptionable and does not warrant any                D
 interference.
        28. The next question is: whether the conviction recorded by the
 High Court under Section 304 Part I of the !PC can be sustained. The
 High Court considered that issue in paragraphs 20, 21 and 22 which
 reads thus:                                                                  E
          "20. If the Court is convinced about the truth of the
         prosecution story, conviction has to follow. The question of
         sentence has to be determined, not with reference to the
         volume or character of the evidence adduced by the
         prosecution in support of the prosecution case but with               F
         reference to the fact whether there are any extenuating
         circumstances which can be said to mitigate the enormity of
         the crime. If the Court is satisfied that there are such
         mitigating circumstances, only then, it would be justified in
         imposing the lesser of two sentences pro,vided by law. In other
         words, nature of the proof has nothing to do with the                G
         character of the punishment. The nature of the proof can
         only bear upon the question of conviction - whether or not
         the aecused has been proved to be guilty. If Court comes to
         the conclusion that the guilt has been brought home to the
         accused & conviction follows.                                        H
82             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2017) 2 S.C.R.


A            21. In the case on hand, we notice that the accused is a
             frustrated father. The deceased is none other than his
             daughter. The father brings up his daughter with all love
             and affection. But however, one fine morning she leaves him
             to marry another person. It is no doubt true that every grown
             up daughter is required to go out of the house after marriage.
B
             But however, the way, how it is down or performed is one
             factor, which is required to be taken into consideration.
              22. Jn the case on hand both the deceased as well as PW16
              were in love since their school days. She' elopes and gets_
              married before a Sub-Registrar. Indeed, any father would
c             certainly be frustrated with such a situation and the emotions
              and the turmoil, which he undergoes, are bottled up. Thus,
              we are of the view that all those bottled up emotions have .
              erupted on the day of the incident and he took the extreme
              step of killing his daughter. We are of the view that the case
D             of the prosecution can be brought under Section 304 Part I
              of Indian Penal Code. "
     From the extracted portion of the impugned judgment, it is evident that
     the High Court has made no attempt to explain as to how the case on
     hand would be covered by one of the five exceptions given in Section
E    300 of IPC. Unless the case falls under one of the specified exception,
     it cannot be brought under first part or second part of Section 304 of
     IPC (see Harendra Nat/I Manda/ Vs. State of Bil1ar'). The first
     exception will be attracted only if it is possible to hold that the accused
     whilst deprived of the power of self-control by grave and sudden
     provocation, caused death. From the established facts on record, it is
F    seen that the appellant followed his daughter Shilpa into the women's
     public toilet of the village and assaulted her. The fatal injuries resulted in
     her instant death. The first excepfion, therefore, will have no application.
     The second exception will be attracted in cases where the accused, in
     the exercise in good faith of the right of private defence, exceeds the
G     power given to him by law and' caused injuries resulting in death of the
     victim without premeditation and without any intention of doing more
     harm than is necessary for the purpose of such defence. Even this
      exception will have no application to the fact situation of the present
      case. The third exception will be attracted in case of a public servant or
     6
         (1993)2SCC435
H
GANDI DODDABASAPPA @ GANDHI BASAVARAJ v. STATE                                 83
      OF KARNATAKA [A.M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

person aiding a public servant acting for the advancement of public            A
justice. This exception has no application to the present case. The fourth
exception is attracted when the crime is committed without premeditation
in a sudden fight in the heat of passion upon a sudden quarrel and without
the offender having·taken undue advantage or _acted in a cruel or unusual
manner. Even this exception has no application to the fact situation of
                                                                               B
the present case. The fifth exception is .attracted when the person whose
death is caused, being above the age of 18 years, suffers death or takes
the.risk of death with his own consent. Significantly, the defence of the
appellant as evinced from his statement under Section 313 ofCr.P.C. is
of complete denial and being falsely implicated.
       29. Suffice it to observe that none of the exceptions in Section        c
300 of!PC is attracted in the present case. It would necessarily foilow
that the accused (appellant) committed murder of his daughter Shilpa
who was in the advanced stage of pregnancy and for which he was
liable to lie punished with either imprisonment for 1ife or death under
Section 302 ofIPCalone. In the pe9uliar factual background of this             D
case, we do not find it a fit case to impose death penalty.
      30. A fortiori, the appeal preferred by the appellant deserves to
be dismissed; and the show cause notice issued by this Court. for
enhancement of sentence is made absolute - thereby convicting the
appellant (accused) for offence punishable under Section 302 of !PC            E
and sentencing him to undergo imprisonment for life.
      3 I. Accordingly, appeal filed by the accused is dismissed and the
show cause notice for enhancement of sentence is made absolute by
recording convicfion of the appellant under Section 302 of !PC and
imposing sentence of imprisonment for life.                                    F


Kalpana K: Tripathy                                        Appeal dismissed.