MR. "X"versusHOSPITAL "Z"

                                  MR. "X"                                         A
                                      v.
                              HOSPITAL "Z"

                          DECEMBER I 0, 2002

       [S. RAJENDRA BABU, P. VENKATARAMA REDD! AND                                B
                     ARUN KUMAR, JJ.]


     Medical Ethics-Right to privacy:

       P.erson suffering from AIDS/HIV(+)-Disclosure of the factum ofdisease      C
to the relatives offiancee by the hospital authority-Complaint against Hospital
dismissed by National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission-S.L.P.
disposed of by Supreme Court without hearing any party upholding the order
of Commission-The Court made certain observationi; touching other aspects-
Writ petition filed for setting aside the judgment-Converting into I.A. the       D
Court held, such observations unrelated to the issue that arose except to the
extent of holding that appellant's right was not affected in any manner in
revealing his HIV(+) status to the relative of his fiancee-Hence unnecessary-
Constitution of India, Articles 21, 32.

      Appellant in main appeal who was a medical practitioner was                 E
engaged to be married. In connection with donation of blood to his relative
his blood sample was tested in the respondent-hospital. He was found
suffering from HIV (+), and the hospital authorities disclosed the fact
about his suffering from AIDS to the relative of his fiancee, whereby the
appellant was socially ostracised and the proposed marriage was called
off. Aggrieved, appellant filed petition before Consumer Disputes                 F
Redressal Commission for relief which was dismissed with an observation
that the appellant has to seek remedy in a Civil Court. Appellant filed an
S.L.P. which was disposed of by the Court without issuance of notice to
any party and without hearing any person or organisation, but several
findings were given by this Court with particular reference to "suspended         O
right to marry" and also on the question whether the patient who marries
commits an offence under Sections 269 and 270 !PC [19981 8 sec 296.
Appellant again approached this Court by filing a Writ Petition for setting
aside the judgment; the petition was ordered to be treated as an I.A. for
clarification of earlier order. In substance the petitioner wanted the Court
                                                                                  H
                                     661
    662                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A to clarify that there is no bar for the marriage if the healthy spouse
    consents to marry in spite of being made aware of the fact that the other
    spouse is suffering from the said disease.

           Disposing of the I.A., the Court

B          HELD: It is unnecessary to examine these matters in any detail
    inasmuch as this Court had rested its earlier decision on the facts of the
    case that it was open to the hospital or the Doctor concerned to reveal
    such information to persons related to the girl whom he intended to marry
    and she had a right to know about the HIV positive status of the appellant.
    If that was so, there was no nee.d for this Court to go further and declare
C   in general as to what rights and obligations arise in such context as to right
    to privacy or confidentiality or whether such persons are entitled to be
    married or not or in the event such persons marry they would commit an
    offence under law or whether such right is suspended during the period
    of illness. Therefore, all those observations made by this Court in the
D   matter were unnecessary, particularly when there was no consideration
    of the matter after notice to all the parties concerned. The observations
    made earlier by this Court, except to the extent of holding that the                 '.
    appellant's right was not affected in any manner in revealing his HIV
    positive status to the relatives of his fiancee, are uncalled for. (665-D-G]

E         CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appe_al LA. Nos. 2, 3,
    5, 6, 7, and 9 of 2000.

                                         IN

           Civil Appeal No. 4641 of 1998.
F
         From the Judgment and Order dated 3.7.1998 of the National Consumer
    Disputes Redressal Commission, New Delhi in D.P. No. 88 of 1998.

          Kirit Raval, Solicitor General, Jayant Das, Ms. Meenakshi Arora, Anand
    Grover, S. Ravindra Bhat, Naveen R. Nath, Ms. Lalit Mohini Bhat, Mr. Hetu
G   Arora, Shiv Kr. Suri, Sanjay Parikh, Ms. Sumita Das, S. Santhanan
    Swaminandhan, Maninder Singh, A. Mariarputham, Ankur Talwar, Ms.
    Pratibha, M. Singh, Ms. Rekha Pandey, Ajit Pudussery, K.C. Ranjeet, E.C.
    Vidya Sagar, S. Murlidhar, Ms. Flavia Agies, Ms. V. Mohana, Ms. Veena
    Gowda, Dayan Krishnan, Trideep Pais and Shreyas Jayasinha for the appearing
H   parties ..
                                                                                     '
           MR. "'X"' "·HOSPITAL ··z·· [S. RAJENDRA BABU. J.]                663
      Tnc Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                  A

      RAJENDRA BABU, J, Civil Appeal No. 4641 of 1998 arose out of an
order made by the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (for
short 'the Commission') dismissing a petition and also an application for
interim relief summarily by an order made on 3.7.1998 on the ground that the
appellant should seek his remedy in a civil court.                                B
      The case that arose f~r consideration before this Court, in brief, is as
follows.

       The appellant completed his studies leading to Degree of MBBS from C
Jawaharlal Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research,
Chandigarh in the year 1988. In June 1990 he joined the Nagaland State
Medical and Health Service as Assistant Surgeon Grade-I and thereafter he
was selected for admission to MD Pharmacology. However, he was continued
in service on the condition that he wouldjoin his duties after completing his
studies. Later on, he was given admission in Diploma in Opthamalogy in D
September 1991 and he completed that course in April 1993 and rejoined his
service in the Nagaland State as Assistant Surgeon Grade-I as Junior Specialist.
He was deputed to accompany his uncle who was a Minister of Transport and
Communication to the respondent hospital at Chennai and who was diagnosed
as suffering from Aortic Anuerism. As the patient was anaemic, the.surgery E
was postponed. The appellant and his driver offered to donate blood and
blood samples of the appellant were sent for testing. In the meanwhile, the
patient was operated upon for Aortic Anuerism and was discharged from the
hospital on 10.6.1995 and the appellant and his driver took him to Dimapur.
The appellant was engaged to be married which was scheduled to be held on
12.12.1995. The appellant, his fiancee and his mother-in-law left for Darjeeling F
and Kolkatta to do some shopping and thereafter on 18. I 0.1995 they returned
to Kohima. On 12.1 \.1995 the Minister of Transport and Communication
called the appellant's brother-in-law and sister to his residence and informed
that the appellant's marriage was being called off; that the appellant's blood
was tested at hospital; that it was found to be HIV positive; that this information G
had been furnished to him by a Doctor [who was imp leaded as respondent
No. 2]; that he had of his own accord re-confirmed the appellant's HIV status
by personally calling the respondent No. 2 and was informed by him of the
same. Therefore, the marriage of the appellant was called off on account of
his HIV positive status by his brother-in-law. Next day the appellant went to
the hospital for further confirmation and it was confirmed that he was HIV H
    664                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A positive. The appellant tried to contact the Director of the Hospital to enquire
    about the unauthorised disclosure by the hospital about his HIV status as he·
    was unable to obtain any information from the management regarding the
    said disclosure. As a result thereof, he was forced to leave Kohima as several
    people including the appellant's own family members and certain other
B   members of the community were now aware of the appellant's HIV positive
    status and he was socially ostracised. Aggrieved by the unauthorised disclosure
    and on the basis that the hospital had a duty to maintain the confidentiality
    of personal medical information of the appellant, he filed a petition before
    the Commission seeking compensation from the respondents for breach of
    their duty to maintain confidentiality and consequential discrimination, loss
C   in earnings and social ostracism. For interim relief an interlocutory application
    was also filed. In those circumstances, the Commission dismissed the petition
    summarily and directed him to initiate civil proceeding for an appropriate
    relief.

          A Special Leave Petition was filed before this Court. This Court made
D an order on 21.9.1998 dismissing the said petition. However, in the course
    of the order several findings have been given, particularly those relating to
    "suspended right to marry". In that proceeding, this court heard only the
    appellant and there was no issue of notice to any other person nor this Court
    had occasion to hear any of the persons representing the HIV or AIDS infected
E   persons or their rights, much less any of the Non Government Organisations
    which are doing work in the field were heard. In those circumstances, a writ
    petition was filed under Article 32 of the Constitution before this Court for
    setting aside the said judgment. However, in the proceedings dated 7.2.2000
    it was noted that prayer was deleted and the other prayer which indirectly
    concerned the correctness of the judgment already passed was also deleted.
F   However, the petition was ordered to be treated as an application for
    clarification or directions in the case already decided by this Court. In the
    course of the order it was observed that :

            "We direct the office shall not treat this as a writ petition filed under
            Article 32, but shall register it separately as an IA for clarification/
G           directions in C.A. No. 4641/1998.

                Notice of this IA returnable within two weeks shall be issued to
            National Aids Control Organisation, Union of India and Indian Medical
            Association which is already represented in IA Nos. 2-3. Notice shall
            also go to Medical Council of India. Dasti service is permitted in
H           addition."
                     MR. ··x·· \'.HOSPITAL ··r (S. RAJENDRA BABU. J.J                665

.. '          By an order dated 2.9.2001, it has been further directed that the I.As.        A
        should be listed before a three Judge Bench.

              In I.A. 2/1999 filed by the impleaded petitioner. the petitioner has
        raised the question \Vhether a person suffering from HIV (+) contracting
        111arriage with a vvilling partner after disclosing the factum of disease to that
        partner will be committing an offence within the meaning of Section 269 and          B
        270 !PC. In substance, the petitioner wants the Court to clarify that there is
        no bar for the marriage, if the healthy spouse consents to marry in spite of
        being made aware of the fact that the other spouse is suffering from the said
        disease.

              The various organisations to which the notice was issued have also             C
        entered their appearance before this Court and filed plethora of material
        giving their respective stands. The practical difficulties in ensuring disclosure
         to the person proposed to be married or in monitoring such cases are pointed
         out. It is unnecessary to examine these matters in any detail inasmuch as in
         our view this Court had rested its decision on the facts of the case that it was    D

-        open to the hospital or the Doctor concerned to reveal such information to
       . persons related to the girl whom he intended to marry and she had a .right to
         know about the HIV positive status of the appellant. If that was so, there was
         no need for this Court to go further and declare in general as to what rights
        and obligations arise in such context as to right to privacy or confidentiality
        or whether such persons are entitled to be married or not or in the event such       E
        persons marry they \VOuld co1nmit an offence under law or \Vhether such
        right is suspended during the period of illness. Therefore, all those observations
        made by this Court in the aforesaid matter were unnecessary, particularly
        when there was no consideration of the matter after notice to all the parties
        concerned.                                                                           F
              In that view of the matter, we hold that the observations made by this
        Court, except to the extent of holding as stated earlier that the appellant's
        right was not affected in any manner in revealing his HIV positive status to
        the relatives of his fiancee, are uncalled for. We dispose of these applications
        with these observations.                                                             G
        S.K.S.                                                        I.As. disposed of.