NET RAJ SINGHversusSTATE OF M.P.

                           NET RAJ SINGH                                   A
                                   v.
                            STATE OF M.P.

                         DECEMBER 19, 1996

             (DR. AS. ANAND AND KT. THOMAS, JJ.)                            B

     Evidence Act, 1872 : Sections 101 to 111, 114-Burden of proof-
Presumptions-Rule and effect of

       Section 114 Illustration (a)-f'resumption--Drawing of-Possession of C
silver todal within two days of dacoity-No evidence to show accused con-
cealed it nor was he in possession of any other stolen property involved in
dacoity-Held : Possessor of stolen article could be a thief himself or only a
receiver of stolen property-When robbery (or dacoity) and murder fanned
part of same transaction, court could draw a presumption that the possessor
was the murderer also-In the circumstances of the case it would not be sound D
to draw a presumption beyond accused being receiver of stolen proper-
ty-Penal Code, 1860, Ss. 396 and 411.

      The appellant was convicted of dacoity with murder under Section
396 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 and was sentenced to death by the        E
Sessions Court. The High Court confirmed the conviction but reduced the
sentence to imprisonment for life. Hence this appeal.

    . According to the prosecution, the deceased and her brother accom-
panied their father on a journey to a village. As they reached the jungle
area five persons stopped them. One of them, who was armed with a gun, F
shot at the father and snatched a bag containing jewellery from him.
Another in the gang, who too had a gun, demanded the deceased to
surrender her ornaments. When the deceased refused to do so, the armed
men shot her dead and grabed her ornaments. A First Information State·
ment was lodged and two days after the occurrence of the incident a silver G
todal (ornament) belonging to the father was recovered from the appellant.
The appellant was immediately arrested.

      The question before this Court, in the light of concurrent findings
of the courts below, was whether a presumption under illustration (a) to
Section 114 of the Evidence Act, 1872 could legally have been drawn against H
                                    375
    376                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1996] SUPP. 10 S.C.R.

A that appellant for dacoity and murder on the strength of his possessing
    one of the stolen articles two days after the occurrence.

          Allowing the appeal, this Court

          HELD : 1.1. No doubt the illustration is only an example or at the
B utmost is a guideline. Nonetheless the illustration has a logical basis.
    Section 114 of the Evidence Act, 1872 helps the court in deciding on whom
    is the burden of proof in certain situations. A presumption on facts is to
    be raised to assist the court for determining as to the burden of proof in
    a set of circumstances. As the court can draw certain inferences either on
C · the basis of cumulative conclusion of circumstances or on a single cir-
    cumstance the court would be in a position to fix up the responsibility on
    one or the other party in the case with the burden to reverse such inferred
    presumptions. [379-H; 380-B]

          1.2. Illustration (a) to Section 114 of the Evidence Act, 1872 indicates
D two stages for a presumption. First is that the possessor could be the thief
  himself and the second is that the possessor could have been only a
  receiver of the stolen property with the requisite knowledge. Apparently,
  the former is of aggravated degree and the latter is of a lesser degree. If
  possession of the stolen article with the accused alone is established in
E evidence, it is a difficult task for the court to choose between the two stages
  of presumption envisaged in the illustration. The nature of possession of
  the articles, the place or mode of concealment, the manner in which they
  were dealt with by the accused, the length of the intervening period, the
  number of stolen articles possessed by him are all factors which would
  assist the court in drawing a presumption that the possessor was the thief
F himself: Similarly, if the possession is associated with any other indication
  or incriminating circumstance there may be justification for drawing the
  more aggravated presumption. In a case where robbery (or dacoity) and
  murder are so interconnected with each other as to become integral parts
  of the transaction, the court can go to the extent of drawing the presump-
G tion that the possessor was the murderer also. [380-B-F]
                  l
         1.3. In the present case the appellant was found in possession of
  silver todal, not immediately after the murder, but within two days of the
  dacoity. He was found openly moving about with the ornament keeping it
  on his person. There is quite a variation in the evidence as to whether the
H silver todals were on the person of the deceased, as deposed to by her
                  NET RAJ SINGH v. STATE [THOMAS, J.]                377

mother, when she left with her father or whether the father had the same A
throughout, as evidenced by the story put up by the prosecution. Whatever
that be, there is no evidence to· show that he concealed it, nor was in
possession of any other stolen property involved in the dacoity. On the
facts and circumstances of this case, it would not be sound to draw a
presumption beyond the appellant being a receiver of the stolen property B
with the requisite knowledge. [381-E-H]

      Ayodhya Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1972) SC 250; Kali Ram v.
State of H.P., AIR (1973) SC 2173; Baiju v. State of M.P., AIR (1983) SC
522 and Earabhadrappa v. State of Kamataka, AIR (1983) SC 446, relied
on.                                                                         c
      CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
617 of 1992.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 18.1.91 of the Madhya Pradesh
High Court in Crl.A. No. 1048 of 1990.                               D
      Shashank Shekhar (AC.) for the Appellant.

     U.N. Bachawat. Prashant Kumar and Uma Nath Singh for the
Respondent.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

       THOMAS, J. The appellant was convicted of dacoity with murder
and was sentenced to death by the Sessions Court. On appeal before the
High Court of Madhya Pradesh, the conviction was upheld but the sen-
tence was reduced to imprisonment for life. He has filed this appeal by F
special leave. The question which has narrowed down in this appeal, in
the light of concurrent findings ·on facts by the two courts, is whether a
presumption could legally have been drawn against the appellant for
dacoity and murder on the strength of his possessing one of the stolen
article two days after the occurrence.                                     'G

      For considering the aforesaid crucial point, we may set but, briefly,
the facts : On 11.10.1988, one Sunder Lal (PW-8) was proceeding from
his village (Nagar Deori) on horse back to Kercani Village (Madhya
Pradesh) with a herd of pigs, his twelve year old son Lathi Ram (PW-10)
and twenty year old daughter (Laxshmibai) were also accompanying him H
    378                   SUPREME COURTREPORTS(1996] SUPP.10 S.C.R.

A -on foot. As they reached the jungle area (Godarvada Dehat) five persons
    emerged from the interior and stopped the passengers. One of the five,
    who was armed with a gun, pointed the weapon on the chest of Sunder
    Lal (PW-8) and demanded him to surrender all his money and jewellery.
    Sunder Lal dismounted from tho: horseback, but suddenly the gunman fired
B   a shot at him which struck him on his loins resulting in the pellets perforat-'
    ing into his panis and perineum region and then the assailants snatched a
    bag containing jewellery from the victim, besides grabbing his wrist watch
    and the cash from him. Another person in the gang, who too had a gun,
    demanded Laxmi Bai to surrender her Karghona (an ornament). When she
    began to cry, the armed man shot her dead and grabbed her ornaments.
C   Sunder Lal (PW-8) managed to stand up and genuflucted before the
    marauders. One of them revealed their identity as disciples of Gobind
    Das-so saying he threatened him with the butt end of the gun on his chest,
    Sunder Lal (PW-8) slumed down again. In the meanwhile the little boy
    (Lakhi Ram) managed to escape from the ken of the dacoits. After they
D   left the scene with the booty Sunder Lal tottered up and with the help of
    his little son Lakhi Ram, mounted on his horse returned to his yillage
    leaving the corpse of his daughter Laxmi Bai lying inside the jungle.

          Sunder Lal (PW-8) accompanied by some others when to Dhooma
    Police Station and lodged a first information statement on the same evening
E   (5.25 p.m.). But the police, it appears, remained lethargic though they were
    kind enough to ambulance Sunder Lal to Jabalpur Medical College Hospi-
    tal.

          According to the police version they got some information on
F 13.10.1988 about the clanestine movements of a person with a country gun
    hovering around Bhilai Market. PW-15 (Assistant Sub-Inspector of Dhan-
    gaur Police Station) rushed to the places with a posse of police and found
    the appellant (Netraj) and one Ganpat being trussed up by the local
    people. Assistant Sub-Inspector made a search of the person of Ganpat
    first and recovered a country gun, five cartridges and some other articles
G   including ornaments. When appellant was searched a silver todal (an
    ornament) was recovered. Both of them were arrested at the spot. Later
    police could trace out four other persons and they too were nabbed.

        After completion of investigation police chargesheeted six persons
H including the appellant and Ganpat for offences under Section 396 Indian



                                                                                      :,•.
                    NET RAJ SINGH v. 5TATE [IHOMAS, J.)                   379

 Penal Code and Section 27 of Arms Act. But one of the six accused               A
 remained absconding and hence the trial was held against the other five
 persons including the appellant. Sessions Court convicted Ganpat and this
 appellant or Sector 396 I.P.C. and Section 27 of the Arms Act and
 sentenced them to death while the other three were acquitted. High Court
 of Madhya Pradesh acquitted appellant of the offences under Section 27          B
 of the Arms Act and confirmed the conviction under Section 396 I.P.C.
 High Court, however, reduced the sentence to life imprisonment as for
 both the convicted persons.

       This appeal is only by Netraj and hence was need not refer to the
 evidence pertaining to Ganpat.                                                  C
       The only evidence against Netraj is that police recovered the silver
 todal from him or 13.10.1988. Both the courts found that the silver todal
 recovered from him belonged to Sunder Lal and was in his possession
 during ill-fated journey destinated to Kerpani. In this appeal, we would D
 proceed on the basis of the fact concluded by both courts that the silver
 todal was a stolen article and the same was found in the possession of
 appellant Netraj on 13.10.1988.

        Learned Senior Counsel Shri Bachawat, who argued for the State of
 Madhya Pradesh submitted that conviction of appellant of the offence E
 under Section 396 IPC is liable to be confirmed on the aforesaid solitary
 incriminating circumstance against him. Learned senior counsel contended
 that illustration (a) to Section 114 of the evidence Act can well be pressed
 into service for drawing a presumption against the appellant. The said
 illustration reads thus :                                                    F

         "That court may presume that a man who is in the possession of
         stolen goods soon after the theft as either the thief or has received
         the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for
         his possession."
                                                                                 G
         No doubt the illustration is only an example or at the utmost it is a
   guideline. Nonetheless the illustration has a logical basis. Section 114 of
   the Evidence Act helps the court in deciding on whom is the burden of. /
.'·proof in certain situations. A presumption on facts is drawn to assist the
   court for determining as to the burden of proof in a set of circumstances. H
    380                  SUPREME COURT RE{'ORTS[1996) SUPP. 10 S.C.R.

A   As the court can draw certain inferences either on the basis of cumulative
    conclusion of circumstance or on single circumstances the court would be
    in a position to fix up the responsibility on one of the other party in the
    case with the burden to reverse such inferred presumption.

B        Illustration (a) indicates two stages for a presumption. First is that
  the possessor could be the thief himself and the second is that the
  possessor would have been only a receiver of the stolen property with the
  requisite knowledge. Accordingly, the former is of aggravated degree and
  the latter is of a lesser degree. If possession of stolen article with the
  accused alone is established in evidence it is a difficult task for the court
C to choose betwee11 the two stages of presumption envisaged in the illustra-
  tion. The nature of possession of the articles, the place of mode of
  concealment, the manner in which they were dealt with by the accused,
  the length of the intervening period, the number of stolen articles pos-
  sessed by him are all factors which would assist the court in drawing a
D presumption that the possessor was the thief himself. Similarly, if the
  possession is associated with any other indication or incriminating cir-
  cumstance ·there may. as justification for drawing the more aggravated
  presumption. In a case where robbery (or) dacoity and murder are so inter
  connected with each other as to become integral parts of same transac-
E tion, the court can go to the extent of drawing the presumption that the
  possessor was the murderer also.

        lnAyodhya Singh v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1972) SC 2501 speaking
  for a Bench of three Judges, Justice Khanna, J. pointed out that the extent
F of presumption, in a case where it is established that the accused was in
  possession of stolen goods, would depend upon the facts and circumstan-
  ces of the particular case and no hard and fast rule can be laid down in
  that regard. Their lordships were dealing with a c;as~ in which a good
  number of stolen articles were recovered from the house of the prisoner
  as well as- from his person and also from a graveyard few days later
G pursuant to disclosure statements elcited from the prisoner. On the facts
  even at interval of 17 days between the theft and recovery of the articles
  was not considered sufficient to desist from concurring with the presump-
  tion dr(wn by the courts below that the prisoner was guilty of the offence
  or theft. Another bench of three Judges considered this position in Kali
H Ram v: State of Himchal Pradesh, AIR (1973) SC 2773 where two persons
                  NEf RAJ SINGH v. STAIB [THOMAS, J.)                    381
were murdered and their ornaments were pawned by the accused with a A
banker. It was obs'<rved that no hard and fast rule can be laid down.
 Human behaviour is so complex that room must be left for play in the
 Courts. It is not possible to formulate a series of exact propositions and
 confine human behaviour within straitjackers. The raw material here is far
 too complex to be susceptible of precise and exact and exact propositions B
 for exactness here is a fake in Bairy v. State of Madhya Pradesh, AIR (1978)
 SC 522 this Court considered a case or murder of two inmates of a house
 coupled with burglary in which a transistor, a wrist watch, two gold
 ornaments, a torch light, several sarees and shirts were stolen - when
.accused was arrested police recovered those articles from his house on C
 the strength of a statement made by him. This Court found certain other
 circumstances and concluded that the possession of all those articles with
 the accused when counted along with the other circumstances would
 justify the presumption that accused is not only the burglar but also the
                                                                               •
 murderer of the inmates of the house. In Earaphaprappa v. State of D
 Kamataka, AIR (1983) S.C. 446 this Court observed that "the question as
 to what amounts to recent possession of stolen property sufficient to
 justify the presumption of guilt varies according as the stolen article is or
  is not calculated to pass readily from hand to hand."

      Here the appellant Net Raj was found in possession of silver todal,       E
not immediately after the murder, but within and two days of the dacoity.
He was found openly moving about with the ornament keeping it on his
person. There is quite a variation in the evidence as to whether the silver
todals were on the person of the deceased, as deposed to by her mother,
when she left with her father or whether father had the same throughout,        F
as evidenced by the story put up by the prosecution. Whatever that be,
there is no evidence to show that he. concealed it, nor was he in possession
of any other stolen property involved in the dacoity. Could he have come
in possession of it from one of the dacoits? Is it not possible that he would
have received it from someone else? We are of the opinion that, on the          G
facts and circumstances of this case, it would not be sound to draw a
presumption beyond his being a receiver of the stolen property with the
requisite knowledge.

      We, therefore,.allow this appeal and set aside the conviction and H
sentence passed on the appellant Net Raj under Section 396 of the Indian
        382                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS(1996] SUPP.10 S.C.R.

    A   Penal Code. We alter his conviction to Section 411 of the I.P.C. and
        sentence him to rigorous imprisonment for three years. Needless it is to
        say that if he had already completed the aforesaid period of imprisonment
        he shall be released forthwith if he is not required in any other case.

        v.s.s.                                                  Appeal allowed.
    B




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