PAWAN KUMARversusSTATE OF HARYANA

A                                 PA WAN KUMAR
                                          V.

                               STATEOFHARYANA

                                   JULY 23, 2003

B                  [B.N. AGRA WAL AND B.N. SRIKRISHNA, JJ.]


          Indian Penal Code, 1860:

           S. 302 rlw s. 34-Conviction based on circumstantial evidence-
C   Propriety of-A taxi driver found dead in a hotel room-Two persons who
    had hired the taxi and were alleged to have stayed in the hotel room along
    with the driver were prosecuted for the offence-The prosecution relied upon
    circumstantial evidence that the accused hired the taxi and stayed in the
    hotel room with the driver for a night and left on the following day early in
D   the morning-Later, when the room was opened the driver was found dead
    in the room-Trial court convicted both the accused u/s 302 rlw s. 34 and
    sentenced them to imprisonment for life-High Court confirmed the conviction
    and the sentence-Appeal by one of the accused-Held, though it was proved
    that the accused hired the taxi, but it does not show complicity of the accused
    with the crime-There is no evidence to establish the circumstance that the
E   two accused along with the driver stayed in the Hotel room during the
    night-The solitary witness to prove this circumstance was not examined-
    The statement of owner of the hotel, who was examined as a prosecution
    witness, merely shows that he came to know of these facts from the waiter,
    and as such is a hearsay evidence-The presence of accused persons in the
F   hotel on the fatefal night could have been established by examination of the
    waiter who has been withheld for the reasons best known to the prosecution-
    As regards documentary evidence, the entry in the register of the hotel
    alleged to have been made by the accused themselves has been exhibited on
    the basis of statement of the hotel owner, but the entry was stated to have
    been made in presence of the waiter who was not examined-Thus the entry
G   having not been legally proved is not admissible-The letter alleged to have
    been written by the appellant to his mother confessing his guilt, does not
    indicate any admission much less a confession-Besides, it was stated to
    have been fabricated-In such an event it was incumbent upon the prosecution
    to prove the handwriting and the signature of the appellant by sending it

H                                        710
                  PAWANKUMAR v. STATEOFHARYANA                           711

to handwriting expert, but this was not done-Prosecution has failed to           A
prove the circumstances alleged against the· accused persons, except that
they hired a taxi, which alone cannot form the basis for conviction-Conviction
of the appellant as also the non appealing accused set aside-Circumstantial
evidence-Proving of-Documentary evidence-Admissibility of-Constitution
of India-Article 136.
                                                                                 B
Constitution of India, 1950:

        Articles 21, 136-Exercise of power under Article 136 suo motu in
favour of non-appealing accused-Two persons convicted by trial court for
committing offence punishable uls 302 r/w s. 34 !PC-High Court upholding
the verdict-Appeal by one of the accused-Held, apart from the salutary C
powers exercisable by the court under Article 142 of the Constitution for
 doing complete justice to the parties, the powers under Article 136 of the
 Constitution can be exercised by it in favour of party even suo motu when
 the Court is satisfied that compelling grounds for its exercise exist but it
should be used very sparingly with caution and circumspection inasmuch as D
 only in rarest of rare cases-One of such grounds may be as it exist, like the
present case, where this Court while considering appeal of one of the accused
comes to the conclusion that conviction of appealing as well as non-appealing
accused both was unwarranted-Upon such conclusion arrived at by the
apex court of the land, further detention of non-appealing accused by virtue
of the judgment rendered by the High Court upholding his conviction, being E
 without any authority of law, infringes upon right to personal liberty
guaranteed to the citizen as enshrined under Article 21 of the Constitulion-
ln cases, akin to the present one, where there is either a flagrant violation
of mandatory provision of any statute or any provision of the Constitutio11.
 it is not that this Court has a discretion to exercise its suo motu power but F
a duty is erijoined upon it to exercise the same by setting right the illegality
 in the judgment of the High Court as it is well settled that illegality should
not be allowed to be perpetuated and failure by this Court to interfere with
the same would amount to allowing the illegality to be perpetuated-On
facts, the prosecution failed to establish its case beyond reasonable doubt
against both the accused persons which means that conviction of none of the G
accused was possible-Therefore, the non-appealing accused is also entitled
 to be extended the same benefit which has been granted in favour of the
appellant-Conviction and sentence of both the accused are set aside and
they are acquitted of the charge.
                                                                                 H
    712                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A         Durga Shankar Mehta v. Raghuraj Singh and Ors., AIR (1954) SC 520;
    Harbans Singh v. St~te of VIiar Pradesh and Ors., (1982) 2 SCC 101; Akhil
    Ali Jahangir Ali Sayyed v. State of Maharashtra, JT (2002) 2 ·SC 158; Anil
    Raj v. State ofBihar, (2001) 7 SCC 318; Raja Ram and Ors. v. State of MP.,
    (1994) 2 SCC 568; Chel/appan Mohandas and Ors. v. State of Kera/a, AIR
B   (1995) SC 90; Dandu Lakshmi Reddy v. State ofA.P., (1999) 7 SCC 69; Bijoy
    Singh and Anr. v. State of Bihar, (2002) 9 SCC 147; Gurucharan Kumar and
    Anr. v. State ofRajasthan, JT (2003) I SC 60 and Suresh Chaudhary v. State
    of Bihar, (2003) 4 SCC 128, relied on.

          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 62 of
c 2003.
         From the Judgment and Order dated 5.2.2001ofHigh Court of the Punjab
    and Haryana in Crl. A. No. 188-DB/97.

          Mrs. K. Sarada Devi for the Appellant.
D         D.P. Singh and V.K. Garg, for the Respondent.

          The following Order of the Court was delivered :

          Heard learned counsel for the parties.

E         The sole appellant along with accused Balwinder Singh @ Binder was
    convicted by the trial court under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the
    Indian Penal Code and sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life. On appeal
    being preferred by the convicted persons, the High Court of Punjab and
    Haryana has confirmed their conviction and sentence.
F          The prosecution case, in short, is that on 9th July, 1994, the accused
    persons approached one Satish Kumar (PW I 0), incharge of the Golden Taxi
    Stand, Amritsar for hiring a taxi from that place for going to Bhatinda and they
    boarded the taxi which was driven by one Shamsher Singh alias Shera and
    they were having with them an unknown girl. On the next day, i.e., on I0th
G   July, 1994, around 8.00/8.30 a.m., when Mahavir Singh (PW 6), owner of
    Saharan Hotel situated at Dabwali, came to his hotel, the waiter-Vijay Kumar
    is said to have told him that on that day at about 1.15 a.m., three customers
    came to the hotel in a Maruti car and they were allotted room no. 5 and at
    about 4.30 a.m., two of them went away saying to Vijay that their uncle, i.e.,
    the driver was sleeping inside the room and in case he required anything, the
H   hotel staff should supply him the same and they will be returning after some
                   PAWANKUMAR v. STATEOFHARYANA                               713
time but never returned. At about 11.00 or 11.30 a.m., due to failure of power        A
supply, Mahavir Singh (PW 6) asked Vijay Kumar to get the door of room No.
5 opened as it was hot. Vijay Kumar knocked at the door of room No. 5 but
nobody responded from inside. Then he again knocked but still there was no
answer whereafter Vijay Kumar saw through a hole of the cooler that one
person was lying on the double bed. He brought a duplicate key, original of
which was taken away by two of the occupants referred to above, opened the            B
door and found the person, lying on the bed in injured condition, dead. On
the same day, i.e., on 10th July, 1994 at about 2.55 p.1~ .. , ~1i11havir Singh (PW
6) lodged the first information report against unknown persons.

      Police after registering the case took up investigation during the course       C
of which certain incriminating materials were recovered from the place of
occurrence on the basis of which two accused persons including the appellant
were made accused in the case. Upon completion of investigation, the police
submitted charge sheet against both the accused persons on receipt whereof
the learned magistrate took cognizance and committed the accused persons
to the court of Sessions to face trial. During trial, the prosecution examined        D
several witnesses and got exhibited various documents to prove the
circumstances against the accused persons as it was not a case of direct
evidence and upon conclusion of trial, both the accused persons were
convicted by the trial court and their appeal having been dismissed by the
High Court as stated above, the present appeal by special leave by one of             E
them.

      The first circumstance alleged against the accused persons is that they
hired a taxi, driven by Shamsher Singh, at the Taxi Stand and boarded the
same. The evidence of PW. I0, whose testimony has been found to be credible
by the courts below, has proved this circumstance and no infirmity could be           p
pointed out therein. But the same alone does not take us anywhere to show
complicity of the accused persons with the crime.

       The other circumstance is that after boarding the taxi, the accused
persons had gone to the hotel in question, stayed there during night in a
room along with driver of the vehicle, in the early morning both the accused          G
left the hotel asking the waiter Vijay Kumar to take care of their uncle, i.e.,
the driver who was in the room and they would be returning soon, but never
returned and thereafter on opening of the room, the driver was found dead.
According to the statement of Mahavir Singh (PW 6), owner of the hotel, the
aiter-Vijay Kumar told him that "the three persons, namdy, two accused                H
    714                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A persons and the deceased went to the hotel, stayed there during night and
    the accused persons left the hotel leaving the driver in the room." Vijay
    Kumar, who was the solitary witness to prove this circumstance, has not been
    examined for reasons best known to the prosecution as even according to the
    prosecution case and evidence there was no other witness on this point.
    Owner of the hotel has simply stated that he learnt all these facts from Vijay
B   Kumar. The presence of accused persons in the hotel on the fateful night
    could have been established by examination of Vijay Kumar, who could have
    been the only competent witness to prove the same, but he has been withheld
    for which no explanation is forthcoming. So far as evidence of the owner of
    the hotel, Mahavir Singh (PW 6), is concerned, that is a hearsay evidence as
C   he learnt everything from the waiter and had otherwise no personal knowledge
    of the same. Evidence of this witness could have been used to corroborate
    substantive evidence. In the absence of examination of Vijay Kumar in court,
    to prove this circumstance, there is no substantive evidence which could
    have been corroborated by the evidence of PW 6. Thus evidence of PW 6
    cannot be of any avail to the prosecution to prove this circumstance.
D
           Now, the question is as to whether there is any documentary evidence
    to prove this circumstance. The accused persons are said to have made an
    entry in the register, duly maintained by the hotel, in their own pen and signed
    the same showing their stay on the fateful night in the hotel in question. So
E   far as this entry is concerned, the same has been exhibited on the basis of
    statement of PW6, though, he has nowhere stated that he knew either the
    writings or signatures of any of the accused persons. Indisputably, the
    accused never made the entry in presence of PW 6, but the same is claimed
    to have been made in presence of Vijay Kumar alone. Thus entry in the
    register having not been legally proved is not admissible in evidence. There
F   is no other evidence in relation to stay of the accused persons in the hotel
    on the night of occurrence and there being no substantive evidence in
    relation to this very circumstance, we are of the view that the same cannot
    be proved by the statement of PW6, owner of the hotel, which could have
    been used only by way of corroborative evidence and thus the prosecution
G   has failed to prove this circumstance which was the most important one to
    hold the accused persons guilty.

           The next circumstance which has been alleged against the accused is
    letter written by the appellant to his mother, reliance whereupon has been
    placed in the impugned judgments. So far as this letter is concerned, it has
H   been admitted into evidence to show that the appellant had confessed his
                       PAW AN KUMAR v. STATEOFHARYANA                             715
    guilt. We have been taken through the letter said to have been written by the         A
    appellant, but we do not find any admission whatsoever, much less confession,
    in relation to the complicity of the appellant with the crime. That apart, PW
     I 0, who has proved this letter, was suggested that the same was forged and
    fabricated in which eventuality it was incumbent upon the prosecution to
    prove the handwriting and signature of the appellant thereon by sending it            B
    to the handwriting expert, but no such step was taken for reasons best known
    to the prosecution. Thus, we are of the view that this circumstance also could
    not be proved.

           The other circumstance, relied upon, is the recovery of gold chain and
    ring belonging to the deceased from the accused persons upon the disclosure           C
    statements made by them before the police. It may be stated that these are
    articles of common use and can be found out in any house. That apart, no
    family member of the deceased has identified these articles or claimed that the
    same belonged to the deceased and/or he was wearing the same at the time
    of the occurrence. The only person who has identified the same is Baldev Raj
    (PW ll )-owner of a shop but it is not possible to place reliance upon his            D
    evidence, firstly because identification by him cannot be of any avail to the
    prosecution as he had no special reason to know about the identity of these


-   articles more so when he admits in evidence that his house is at a distance
    of 516 kilometers from that of the deceased and nowhere it has been stated
    that he ever met the deceased and secondly, because no test identification
    parade was held for its identification.
                                                                                          E

          In this view of the matter, we are of the opinion that the prosecution
    has failed to prove circumstances alleged against the accused persons,
    excepting that they hired a taxi, which alone c<.nnot form the basis of conviction,
    and the High Court has committed an error in upholding conviction of both             p
    the accused persons.

          It may be stated that accused Balwinder Singh alias Binder whose
    conviction was also upheld by the High Court did not prefer any appeal to
    this Court as such the same attained finality. We find that cases of both the
    accused stand on the same footing. Question arises whether powers conferred G
    upon this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution can be exercised suo
    motu to meet the ends of justice in favour of the non-appealing accused as
    he is entitled to be granted relief in this appeal. This question is no longer
    res integra as the same has been answered by this Court in a catena of
    decisions. A Constitution Bench in the case of Durga Shankar Mehta v. H
    716                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. I S.C.R.

A Raghuraj Singh and Ors., AIR (1954) SC 520 laid down the scope of powers
    of this Court under Article 136 of the Constitution wherein Bijan Kumar
    Mukherjea, J., speaking for the Court, with whom Mahajan, C.J., Bose, Bhagwati
    and Venkatarama Ayyar, JJ. concurred, observed that "The powers given by
    Article 136 of the Constitution, however, life in the nature of special or
B   residuary powers which are exercisable outside the purview of ordinary law,
    in cases where the needs of justice demand interference by the Supreme Court
    of the land. The Article itself is worded in the widest terms
    possible................. The Constitution for the best of reasons did not choose to
    fetter or circumscribe the powers exercisable under this Article in any
    way ...............This overriding power, which has been vested in the Supreme
C   Court under Article 136 of the Constitution, is in a sense wider than the
    prerogative right of entertaining an appeal exercised by the Judicial Committee
    of the Privy Council jn England. "

         The course which we propose to adopt is supported by a three Judge
  Bench presided over by the then Chief Justice of!ndia Shri Y.V. Chandrachud
D in the case of Harbans Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh and Ors., [ 1982] 2 SCC
  I 0 I wherein death penalty of one of the accused was confirmed by the High
  Court as well as this Court by di5missal of the special leave petition as also
  the review petition and his petition for clemency was also rejected by the
  President. When other accused whose sentence of death was also confirmed
E by the High Court moved this Court, his sentence of death was commuted
  to life imprisonment. Question had arisen before this Court as to whether in
  these circumstances the same benefit could be extended to the accused
  whose death sentence was confirmed by this Court by dismissal of the special
  leave petition as also review petition and this Court answered the same in fie
  affirmative but it was of the view that in the interest of comity between the
F powers of this Court and the powers of President of India, it will be more in
  the fitness of things if the Court were to recommend that the President may
  be so good as to exercise his power under Article 72 of the Constitution to
  commute the death sentence imposed upon the accused into life imprisonment
  as he had already considered the mercy petition of that particular accused
G once and rejected the same. This Court, accordingly, made the recommendations.
   But, while doing so, in relation to powers of this Court it was observed thus
   in paragraphs 19 and 20 of the Judgment:

             "19. In the circumstances hereinabove stated, I am of the opinion that
             it will be manifestly unjust to allow the death sentence imposed on
H            the petitioner to be executed. The question that, however, troubles me
                  PAW AN KUMAR v. STATEOFHARYANA                          717
        is whether this Court retains any power and jurisdiction to entertain     A
        and pass any appropriate orders on the question of sentence imposed
        on the petitioner in view of the fact that not only his special leave
        petition and review petition have been dismissed by this Court but
        also the further fact that his petition for clemency has also been
        rejected by the President.
                                                                                  B
       20. Very wide powers have been conferred on this Court for due and
       proper administration of justice. Apart from the jurisdiction and powers
       conferred on this Court under Articles 32 and 136 of the Constitution,
       I am of the opinion that this Court retains and must retain, an inherent
       power and jurisdiction for dealing with any extraordinary situation in     C
       the larger interests of administration of justice and for preventing
       manifest injustice being done. This power must necessarily be sparingly
       used only in exceptional circumstances for furthering the ends of
       justice. Having regard to the facts and circumstances of this case, I
       am of the opinion that this is a fit case where this Court should
       entertain the present petition of Harbans Singh and this Court should      D
        interfere."

      In the case of Akhil Ali Jehangir Ali Sayyed v. State of Maharashtra,
JT (2002) (2) SC 158, a special leave petition filed by an accused, challenging
his conviction upheld by the High Court, was dismissed by this Court and
prayer for review refused, but when appeal was preferred by another accused, E
the Court altered his conviction from Section 302 of the Penal Code to Section
304 part I of the Penal Code. The question had arisen whether the same
benefit could be extended to the accused whose special leave petition as well
as review petition had already been dismissed. Speaking for the Court, Thomas,
J., while observing that "Article 21 of the Constitution would not permit us F
to deny the same benefit to the second accused, notwithstanding the fact that
the SLP and the review application filed by him have been dismissed by this
Court" extended the same benefit to the other accused.

      Likewise in the case of Anil Rai v. State of Bihar, [2001] 7 SCC 318,
while considering appeal of another accused, having altered his conviction G
and sentence, the Court extended same benefit to the non-appealing accused
whose case was identical in spite of the fact that his application for grant of
special leave to appeal was dismissed, though, not on merits but on account
of his failure to produce the proof of surrender. In the case of Raja Ram and
Ors v. State a/MP., [1994] 2 SCC 568, while altering conviction of an accused
in appeal preferred by him, this Court extended the same benefit to non H
    718                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. I S.C.R.

A appealing accused whose conviction was upheld by the High Court and the
    same attained finality no appeal having been preferred against the same.

           In the instant appeal, the case of non-appealing accused Balwinder
    Singh, who never moved this Court, stands on a much better footing than the
    cases of accused persons in the decisions referred to above whose applications
B   for grant of special leave to appeal had been dismissed by this Court. In the
    case on hand, we have come to the conclusion that prosecution failed to
    establish its case beyond reasonable doubt against both the accused persons
    which means that conviction of none of the accused was possible. This Court
    has repeatedly observed that while hearing appeal of other accused, in case
C   Court comes to the conclusion that no conviction of any accused is possible
    meaning thereby non-appealing accused as well whose conviction had attained
    finality, no appeal having been preferred against the High Court judgment, the
    benefit of that decision must be extended to non-appealing accused in spite
    of the fact that he has not challenged judgment of the High Court upholding
    his conviction as this Court has set up a judicious precedent for the purpose
D   of averting miscarriage of justice in similar situations. Reference in this
    connection may be made to the cases of Chellappan Mohandas and Ors. v.
    State ofKera/a, AIR 1995 SC 90, Dandu Lakshmi Reddy v. State ofA.P., (1999]
    7 SCC 69, BijoySingh and Anr v. State ofBihar, (2002] 9 SCC 147, Gurucharan
    Kumar and Anr. v. State ofRajasthan, JT (2003] I SC 60 and Suresh Chaudhary
E   v. State of Bihar, (2003] 4 sec 128 wherein while hearing appeal of another
    accused against the judgment of High Court confirming the conviction, this
    Court set aside the same as it was found that the prosecution failed to prove
    its case against all the accused persons, including non-appealing one, and
    directed that the same benefit shall be extended to the non-appealing accused
    also though he did not prefer any appeal before this Court against his
F   conviction.

          Apart from thy salutary powers exercisable by this Court under Article
    142 of the Constitution for doing complete justice to the parties, the powers
    under Article 136 of the Constitution can be exercised by it in favour of a
    party even suo motu when the Court is satisfied that compelling grounds for
G   its exercise exist but it should be used very sparingly with caution and
    circumspection ina~much as only in rarest of rare cases. One of such grounds
    may be, as it exists like the present case, where this Court while considering
    appeal of one of the accused comes to the conclusion that conviction of
    appealing as well as non-appealing accused both was unwarranted. Upon the
H   aforesaid conclusion arrived at by the apex Court of the land, further detention
                        PAW AN KUMAR v. STATEOFHARYANA                           719
     of non-appealing accused, by virtue of judgment rendered by the High Court         A
      upholding his conviction, being without any authority of law, infringes upon
     right to personal liberty guaranteed to the citizen as enshrined under Article
      21 of the Constitution. In our view, in cases, akin to the present one, where
     there is either a flagrant violation of mandatory provision of any statute or
     any provision of the Constitution, it is not that this Court has a discretion
     to exercise its suo motu power but a duty is enjoined upon it to exercise the      B
     same by setting right the illegality in the judgment of the High Court as it is
     well settled that illegality should not be allowed to be perpetuated and failure
     by this Court to interfere with the same would amount to allowing the illegality
     to be perpetuated. In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the opinion
     that accused Balwinder Singh alias Binder is also entitled to be extended the      C
     same benefit which we are granting in favour of the appellant.

            Accordingly, the appeal is allowed and the conviction and sentence of
     the appellant Pawan Kumar and accused Balwinder Singh @ Binder are set
     aside and they are acquitted of the charge. The appellant who is in custody
     is directed to be released forthwith, if not required in any other case. Accused   D
     Balwinder Singh @ Binder, if in custody, is also directed to be released
     forthwith, if not required in any other case.

r·   R.P.                                                          Appeal allowed.

                                                                                        E