Holding

The Supreme Court held that the respondent, having special knowledge of his caste, bore the burden to prove his Scheduled Caste status; his failure to produce his parents as witnesses attracted an adverse inference, rendering his election void and the nomination paper improperly accepted.

Summary

The petitioner challenged the election of Dinesh Chaudhary to a Bihar Assembly seat reserved for Scheduled Castes, alleging that Chaudhary was a Kurmi (OBC) and not a Pasi (SC). The Returning Officer, despite lodging an FIR and having grave doubts about Chaudhary's caste certificate, accepted his nomination paper. The High Court dismissed the petition, holding that the petitioner lacked special knowledge of Chaudhary's caste. The Supreme Court held that the burden of proving SC status lay on Chaudhary, who failed to produce his parents— the best evidence— and therefore an adverse inference was drawn under Section 114(g) of the Evidence Act. Consequently, the nomination was improperly accepted, Chaudhary's election was set aside, and a fresh election was ordered.

Issues considered

Whether the Returning Officer erred in accepting the nomination paper of a candidate whose caste certificate was suspected to be forged.
Whether the respondent belongs to a Scheduled Caste (Pasi) or to the Kurmi caste.
Whether the burden of proof to establish Scheduled Caste status rests on the candidate and whether adverse inference can be drawn for withholding best evidence.
Whether a state circular dated 3.3.1978 can be used to determine caste in the absence of statutory authority.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 341, s. Article 342
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 106, s. 114(g)
Representation of the People Act, 1950s. 103

Subjects

election lawreserved constituencycaste certificatescheduled casteburden of proofadverse inferenceEvidence ActRepresentation of the People ActArticle 341Article 342nomination paperelection petition

Judgment

PUNIT RAI A
v.
DINESH CHAUDHARY

AUGUST 19, 2003

[V.N. KHARE, CJ., BRIJESH KUMAR AND S.B. SINHA, JJ.] B

Election Laws:

State Assembly Election-Reserved Constituency-Returned candidate- C
Challenged on the ground that the returned candidate not belonging to
Scheduled Caste-Dismissed by the High Court-On appeal, Held: Returning
Officer entertaining grave doubt about the caste of the respondent and
initiated criminal proceedings against him but accepted the nomination
paper-Such acceptance was improper-Facts regarding second marriage of
his father with his mother, a Scheduled Caste woman, was within his special D
knowledge yet he failed to produce his parents as his witnesses-It is not
appropriate to act upon statement of other witnesses-Adverse inference
could be drawn against the respondent for withholding the best evidence
available to determine his caste-Election of the respondent set aside-
Election Commission to hold election afresh-Evidence Act, 1872-Section E
114(g)--Constitution of lndia-Artic/es 341 and 342.

Appellant, respondent and others contested Assembly Election from a
reserved constituency in the State of Bihar. Respondent was declared elected.
Appellant challenged the election of the respondent on the ground that he did
not belong to Scheduled Caste community. Earlier, the Returning Officer had F
entertained doubts as to the caste of the respondent and initiated a criminal
proceeding against him; he, however, accepted the nomination paper. High
Court dismissed the election petition holding that the petitioner was not having
any special knowledge as to the caste of the respondent as he was not from
the family of the respondent, and that he could not produce any member of the G
family of the respondent for examination before the Court to prove that the
respondent did not belong to Scheduled Caste community.

Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: Per Brijesh Kumar, J. (for himself and CJI): H
743
744 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A 1.1. There w~mld obviously be no occasion for the election petitioner to
examine the father of the respondent in support of his case while challenging

-
the election of his son. A person borne in a Kurmi family would normally be
taken to be Kurmi by caste. But it is only in special circumstances, as may
have been provided under a Circular of the Government of Bihar, that the caste
B of the mother would be taken as the caste of the children, if she happens to be
a Scheduled Caste, married to a non-Scheduled Caste. There is no denial of
the fact that the father of the respondent as well as his wife is Kurmi by caste.
The facts that he was borne from a woman, a scheduled caste, stated to be
second wife of his father, of which special knowledge was with the respondent,
he alone had to prove thoseJacts by adducing the best evidence on the point of
C his being a Pasi by caste, a Scheduled Caste. (750-F, G, H; 751-AI

1.2. It is clear that the respondent well understood the relevance arid
weight of the evidence of his parents who were cited as witnesses in the list
of witnesses but they have obviously been withheld and not produced before
D the Court. Respondent has not indicated any reason for their non-production.
At the same time the Court was led by the case of the respondent that his
father did not take care of his sons after their birth and had left them. The
High Court lost sight of the fact that despite such an averment made in the
written statement father of the respondent has been cited as witness. Further,
so far as mother is concerned, she was with the respondent and there is no
E reason of any kind of bad relations between the respondent and his mother.
The reason imagined by the Court for non-production of father of the
respondent would not apply for his mother. [751-F, G, H; 752-A]

1.3. In the instant case, the onus of proof that the respondent was Pasi
by caste due to alleged second marriage of his father with his mother in some
F other place was wholly within the special knowledge of the respondent. The
respondent was supposed to prove the facts within his special knowledge by
adducing best evidence, which he failed to do. In these circumstances, the High
Court erred in observing that the appellant should have examined t1'.e father
of the.respondent. The best evidence, as also according to the High Court, to
G prove the case of the respondent was, to produce his parents but they have
been withheld after being cited as witnesses for the respondent. These facts
clearly make out a case for drawing an adverse inference that in case they
had been produced they would not have supported the case of the respondent.
[753-G; 754-C, GI

H Gopal Krishanji Ketkar v. Mohamed Haji Latif and Ors., AIR'c1968)
SC 1413; Virendra Kumar Sak!echa v. Jagjiwan and Ors., AIR (1974) SC
PUNIT RAI v. DINESH CHAUDHARY 745
1957 and Lachman Utamchand Kirpalani v. Meena alias Mota, AIR (1964) A
SC 40, relied on.

Kundan Lal Rallaram v. Custodian, Evacuee Property, Bombay, AIR
(1961) SC 1316; T.S. Murugesam Pillai v. MD. Gnana Sambandha Pandara
Sannadhi and Ors., AIR (1917) PC 6; and Thiru John and Anr. v. The
Returning Officer ar.d Ors., I1977) 3 sec page 540, referred to. B
Jeet Mohinder Singh v. Harminder'Singh Jassi, (1999) 9 SCC page 386,
distinguished.

1.4. The appellant had discharged his burden by proving the fact that
the father of respondent No.1 is a Kurmi by caste married to a woman, also C
Kurmi by caste. The natural inference in such circumstances would be that
the respondent would, in normal course of events, be a Kurmi by caste. If there
is anything contrary to the normal course of events, viz. another marriage of
father of respondent No. I in some other village with a woman who never came
to live with him in his village nor he ever lived there. Such facts in the special D
knowledge of the respondent have to be proved by him alone. (755-D, E)

Dolgobinda Paricha v. Nimai Charan Misra and Ors., AIR (1959) SC
914, referred to.

1.5. Undoubtedly, the evidence of brother of the respondent's mother E
would be relevant for proving her relationship with the father of the respondent
but his evidence would not be of any help, in view of the adverse inference
drawn under Section 114 (g) of the Evidence Act due to withholding of the
best evidence available on the point. When the persons concerned are not
coming forward to the Court to depose about the alleged relationship and an
adverse inference has been drawn that if they had come to the Court to depose, F
their evidence would have gone against the respondent, in such circumstances,
there is no occasion to act upon statement of such witness. (756-A, B, CJ

Ba/wan Singh v. lakshmi Narain and Ors., AIR (1960) SC 770, referred
to.
G
Samant N. Balakrishna etc. v. George Fernandez and Ors., AIR (1969)
SC 1201 and Santosh Yadav v. Narender Singh, [2002) 1 SCC 160,
distinguished.

2.1. No prudent person would accept such a nomination paper in respect
of which there is an information that caste certificate entitling him to be a H
746 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A candidate from a. reserved constituency, is suspected to be forged and
fabricated supported by a report subsequently by none else but a responsible
officer, the District Welfare Officer. After taking a decision to prosecute a
person on criminal charge of filing fabricated caste certificate it goes against
the normal human ·conduct of a prudent person who still accept such a
nomination paper. The nomination if rejected, the respondent could further
B agitate the matter by filing an election petition. This question would not depend
upon the fact as to ultimately the case of which of the party would he found to
be correct or false. Thus, the nomination paper of the returned candidate
(Respondent) was improperly accepted by the Returning Officer. It ought to
have been rejected by the Returning Officer in the background of the facts
C and circumstances. Hence, judgment of the High Court is not sustainable.
The election of the Respondent is set aside. The Election Commission is
directed to hold election afresh. (758-8-F)

Per Sinha, J. (Supplementing):

D 1.1. There is nothing on record to show that the Respondent has ever
been treated to be a member of Scheduled Caste. In fact evidence suggests
that he has not been so treated. He as well as his brothers and ot~er members
of his family are married to persons belonging to his own caste, i.e., 'Kurmi'.
There was no attempt on the part of the respondent to bring on record any
material to the effect that he was treated as a member of "Pasi" community,
E a Scheduled Caste. Furthermore, no evidence has been brought on record to
show that the family of the respondent had adopted and had been practicing
the customary traits and tenets of'Pasi" community. (761-G-H; 762-A, Bl

B. Basavalingappa v. D. Munichinnappa, (1965( 1SCR316, followed.
F Principal, Guntur Medic(ll College v. V. Y. Mohan Rao, (1976) 3 SCR
1046 and Kai/ash Sankar v. Smt. Maya Devi, AIR (1984) SC 600, relied on.

1.2. Determination of caste of a person is governed by the customary
laws. A person under the customary Hindu law would be inheriting his caste
G from his father. It is not denied or disputed that the respondent's father
belonged to a 'Kurmi' caste. He was, therefore, not a member of Scheduled
Caste. The caste of the father, therefore, will be the determinative factor in
absence of any law. [763-H; 764-A)

Kumari Madhuri Patil v. Addi. Commissioner, Tribal Development and
H Ors., (1994( 6 SCC 241 and Director a/Tribal Welfare v. Laveti Giri, [1995)
PUNIT RAI v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 747

4 sec 32, relied on. A
1.3. A person can take the benefit of reservation as a reserved category
candidate if he satisfies the test laid down by the Constitution of India, the
Representation of the People Act, 1950 and the guidelines issued by the
Election Commission, if any. The State has no jurisdiction to reserve a
constituency for a person who does not belong to the reserved category for B
whose benefit it was constituted except by way of legislation. If a customary
law is to be given a go-bye for any purpose whatsoever and particularly for
the purpose of enlarging the scope of a notification issued by the President of
India under Clause (1) of Article 341 of the Constitution of India, the same
must be done in terms ofa statute and not otherwise.1764-F, G, H; 765-A) C
Dwarka Nath Tewari and Ors. v. State of Bihar and Ors., AIR (1959)
SC 249, referred to.

1.4. The High Court erred in so far as it failed to consider that for the
purpose of determination of caste, the Respondent could not have relied upon D
the Circular dated 3.3.1978 issued by the State in the absence of any law. In
any event, it has not been shown by the Respondent as to what enquiry was
made for determination of his caste. [765-C, DJ

CIVIL AP PELLA TE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 659 of 2003.
E
From the Judgment and Order dated 26.11.2002 of the Patna High Court
in E.P.No. 2 of2000.

Prabha Shanker Mishra, Tathagat H. Vardhan, Vishnu Sharma, Amitesh
C. Mishra and S. Chandra Shekhar for the Appellant.
F
L. Nageshwar Rao, S.B. Sanyal, Deba Prasad Mukherjee, Arup Banerjee,
Arup Kumar Chongar and K.C. Sudarsan for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

BRIJESH KUMAR, J. The instant appeal arises out of a judgment and G
order passed by the Patna High Court, dismissing the Election Petition No.
2 of2000 preferred by the appellant, challenging the election of the respondent
herein - Dinesh Chaudhary, the returned candidate to the Legislative Assembly.

The dispute relates to the election held in 204 Fatua Reserved Assembly
Constituency (S.C.) in the State of Bihar, in the year 2000. The appellant, H
748 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A amongst others in the fray, was a candidate for the election as a nominee of
Janata Dal (U). He belongs to Scheduled Caste. The respondent, Dinesh
Chaudhary was a nominee of Janata Dal (R) claiming to be belonging to Pasi
community which is one of the Scheduled Caste communities. It appears that
some objections were raised regarding the nomination of the respondent
Dinesh Chaudhary on the ground that he does not belong to Scheduled Caste
B community; rather he is Kurmi by caste which falls in the category of Other
Backward Cla5ses. The caste certificate furnished by the respondent before
the Returning Officer was also under cloud, in respect whereof, the Returning
Officer entertained grave suspicion as a result of which she lodged an FIR
on the basis of which a Criminal Case has also been registered against the
C respondent. He was also arrested in connection with that case. However, the
Returning Officer accepted the nomination paper of the respondent for
contesting the aforesaid election. The election was held on 17.2.2000 and the
result was ultimately declared on. 26.2.2000 declaring respondent Dinesh
Chaudhary as elected, having polled 46850 votes whereas the petitioner
appellant had secured 39897 votes which was next to the highest polled in
D favour of the respondent.

As indicated above, the petitioner filed an election petition challenging
the election of the respondent, amongst other, on the ground that he was not
entitled to contest from a reserved constituency as a Scheduled Caste candidate
E since he is Kurmi by caste. In this light, the case of the petitioner was that
the nomination. paper of the respondent was wrongly accepted by the
Returning Officer. More particularly, since the Returning Officer herself had
initiated criminal proceedings by filing an FIR relating to the certificate
furnished by the respondent, being a fabricated document. The definite case
of the appellant is that the respondent is a resident of Surangpur of Jehanabad
F Assembly Constituency and he is the son of Bhagwan Singh who married to
Jago Devi and both are Kurmi by Caste. Evidence has been led to indicate
that Dinesh Chaudhary and his brother are also married in Kurmi families. The
voters list of Jehanabad Assembly Constituency was also summoned indicating
the respondent as son of Bhagwan Singh and Jago Devi is shown to be
G Bhagwan Singh 's wife. Dinesh Chaudhary and his brother have been shown
to be two sons of Bhagwan Singh.

The case of the respondent as pleaded in the written statement is that
his father Bhagwan Singh, a Kurmi by caste, had married one Deo Kumari
Devi at village Adai, who is Pasi by caste. The respondent and his brother
H are borne to the said Smt. Deo Kumari Devi. The two brothers remained ·in
PUNIT RAI v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 749

village Adai with their mother at the house of their maternal uncle until they A
attained majority, whereafter they, along with their mother, shifted to Patna.
Bhagwan Singh had been visiting their mother occasionally at village Adai.
According to the respondent, in view of certain circulars issued by the State
Government, in case of an inter-caste marriage where the wife is a Scheduled
Caste, the children borne out of the wedlock would be treated as Scheduled
Caste. The voters list of village Adai also seems to have been filed indicating B
the respondent as son of Bhagwan Singh and Deo Kumari Devi. So far the
question of submission of caste certificate before the Returning Officer is
concerned, the respondent's case is that the same was brought to him by
someone who happened to be a man of the petitioner appellant. As such he
has been implicated in the case of furnishing a false certificate. The original C
certificate issued by the Collector, Gaya has not been challenged.

Out of the four issues framed, the relevant issues with which we are
concerned in the present appeal are, issues No.3 and 4 as quoted below :

"(iii) Whether the nomination paper of the sole Respondent has been D
improperly and illegally accepted as per the allegations made in the
election petition?

(iv) What relief, if any, the petitioner is entitled to?"

The main controversy under issue no.3 is undoubtedly on the question E
as to whether the respondent Dinesh Chaudhary is Kurmi by caste or is a Pasi
having allegedly borne of Deo Kumari Devi belonging to S.C. community.
Both parties understood the issue no.3 in the same manner and have led oral
and documentary evidence on the point. The oral evidence led on behalf of
the petitioner is to the effect that Bhagwan Singh, the father of Dinesh
Chaudhary is Kurmi by caste and his wife Jago Devi is also a Kurmi. Some F
residents of village Adai have also been examined by the petitiorier to state
that there was no person by the name of Dinesh Chaudhary in that village
and they denied the fact that the respondent was borne of Deo Kumari Devi
in village Adai. The respondent also examined several witnesses to support
his case. One Ram Eqbal Singh has been examined as DWI, aged about 70 G
years, belonging to village Adai, saying that Bhagwan Singh of village
Bhavanichak had some sort of affinity with Deo Kumari Devi and about 50
years ago they married, out of their marriage Dinesh Chaudhary and Naresh
Chaudhary were borne, and after the birth of the second son Bhagwan Singh
had severed all relationship with Deo Kumari Devi and thereafter never visited
the village Adai. Amongst other witnesses, some relations of Deo Kumari H
750 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A ' Devi have been examined including her brother who supported the case of
the respondent.

The High Court, while dealing with the evidence, observes that the
evidence which has been led by the petitioner is more of a circumstantial
nature. For example, the fact that undisputedly father of Dinesh Chaudhary
B is Kurmi by caste married to Jago Devi who is also Kurmi. Dinesh Chaudhary
and his brother are also married in Kurmi families. It is also noted in the
judgment that the whole story of marriage of Bhagwan Singh with Deo Kumari
Devi, a Pasi lady, had not_~en disclosed at the time of the scrutiny of the
nomination paper to explain as to on what basis Dinesh Chaudhary claimed
C to be a Pasi. The caste certificate was issued even though his father is a
Kunni married to a Kurmi lady namely, Jago Devi. At this stage it would be
appropriate to quote some of the findings recorded by the High Court. After ·
observing that the petitioner appellant could not produce any direct evidence
about the caste of the respondent Dinesh Chaudhary, it is found:

D "As the el~ction petitioner is not from the family of the respondent
or his relation, so it cannot be possible to have any special knowledge
regarding the caste, but he could not produce any person from the
family of Bhagwan Singh or Bhagwan Singh himself who can prove
that Dinesh Chaudhary, the Respodnent, is a Kurmi by caste through
a Kunni mother i.e. Jago Devi".
E
(emphasis supplied)

To us the above observations seems to be unsustainable. There would
obviously be no occasion for the election petitioner to examine Bhagwan
Singh in support of his case while challenging the election of none else but
F the son of Bhagwan Singh himself. A person borne in a Kurmi family, which
details have been provided, would normally be taken to be Kurmi by caste.
But it is only in special circumstances, as may have been provided under a
circular of the Government of Bihar, that the caste of the mother would be
taken as the caste of the children, if she happens to be a Scheduled Caste,
G married to a non-Scheduled Caste. There is no denial of the fact that Bhagwan
Singh is a Kurmi as well as Jago Devi, wife of Bhagwan Singh. The story as
put forward by the respondent about his caste is something which would be
' in the special knowledge of the respondent and Bhagwan Singh and Deo
Kumari Devi. There was no occasion for the appellant to examine Bhagwan
Singh or any member of his family once it was given out by the appellant that
H Bhagwan Singh and his wife Jago Devi both are Kurmi by caste. The facts
PUNIT RAJ v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 751
of which special knowledge is with the respondent, he alone had to prove A
those facts by adducing the best evidence on the point of his being a Pasi
by caste. It may, however, be pertinent again to quote one of the observations
of the High Court, which is as follows :

"The position of burden of proof as would be on principle of law that
any fact which has been asserted by a person should be proved by B
him and if the same has been proved prima facie then only the burden
is shifted to the adverse party to rebut the same. But such sort of
shifting of burden and placing of variations remain only an academic
\
\ one when both parties adduce evidence in support of their contention
\ on the vexed issue."
c

' In the light of the above observations it is only to be decided on the basis
of the evidence adduced by both the parties as to who has been able to prove
one's case. It is true that the respondent has examined some witnesses
belonging to village Adai including his maternal uncle to support his case but
neither Bhagwan Singh nor Deo Kumari Devi, both of whom are alive have
been examined to prove the fact, in respect of which they alone would be the
D

best witnesses to depose. In this connection, the High Court has also observed
thus :

"Very peculiarly both the mother and father of Dinesh Chaudhary are
alive but none of them have been cited as witness by either of the E
parties. ln the list of witnesses Deo Kumari Devi and Bhagwan Singh
were cited as witnesses for the Respondent but for the reasons best
known to them they have not been produced as witnesses".

It is clear that the respondent well understood the relevance and weight of
the evidence of Bhagwan Singh and Deo Kumari Devi who were cited as F
witnesses in list of his witnesses but they have obviously been withheld and
not produced before the Court. Respondent has not indicated any reason for
their non-production. At the same time the court is Jed by the case of the
respondent as asserted in the written statement that his father did not care
of his sons after their birth and had left them. The court observes that this G
may be a cogent reason for not adducing the evidence of Bhagwan Singh
from the side of respondent. Surprisingly, the court iooses sight of the fact
th\.despite such an averrnent made in the written statement Bhagwan Singh
has bien cited as witness of the respondent. Further so far mother is concerned,
sheI is with the respondent and there is no reason of any kind of bad relations
be~een the respondent and his mother Deo Kumari Devi, to not to produce H
752 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A her. The reason imagined by the Court for non-production of Bhagwan Singh
will not apply to Deo Kumari Devi. It is observed by the High Court itself as
follows:

"But no explanation has been given from the side of the Respondent
as to why their mother Deo Kumari Devi could not be examined in the
B case as it has been vehemently argued from the side of the election
petitioner that withholding Deo Kumari Devi from being a witness
brings an adverse inference against the Respondent as contemplated
,.
under Section 114 of the Evidence Act."
f

It may further be worthwhile to refer to some of the other observations made
C by the High Court, e.g. that Bhagwan Singh and his wife Jago Devi both are
Kurmis but it would not mean that respond~nt was borne of Jago Devi, which
fact it is observed, is not anywhere mentioned specifically in the election
r'
petition. It is a queer observation and the approach adopted by the High
Court. There was no occasion to state further in the election petition that the
D respondent was borne of Jago Devi out of her wedlock with Bhagwan Singh
who are husband and wife and Kurmis by caste unless it is proved by the
other side by any evidence that the petitioner had knowledge of the alleged
marriage of Bhagwan Singh with a Pasi lady namely, Deo Kumari Devi in
another village namely, Adai, where Bhagwan Singh never resided nor Deo
Kumari Devi was ever brought to reside with Bhagwan Singh in his village. '
E However, on the basis of untenable observation, as indicated above, the High
Court found : t-

"So the prima facie fact regarding the case of the respondent could
not be proved from the side of the election petitioner. But definitely
a doubt could be created regarding the caste of the respondent as
F already stated above."

Strangely enough we again find yet another fragile and strange
observation as follows :

"The election petitioner himself in his evidence had not denied
G categorically that the respondent had not been born to the womb of
Deo Kumari Devi. Only vague statement has been made that both
father and mother of Dinesh Chaudhary were Kurmi by the castef

The conclu~ion drawn by the High Court that respondent w/.s a
competent person to contest from reserved constituency is accompanied with
H the following observation : ~
PUNIT RAI v. DIN ESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 753

"Definitely, if a person is born of a Kurmi father or in a Kurm i family A
then the presumption goes that the child is Kurmi by caste. But here
the respondent could make out a special case that, although, he has
been born of a Kurmi father but mother being a Pasi, he is a Scheduled
Caste and as such, a competent person to contest from the Reserved
Constituency."
B
It is again in that context observed :

"It is true that the controversy can be well thrashed out if Bhagwan
Singh and Deo Kumari Devi have been examined by either of the
parties."
c
~ We have already observed that there was no occasion for the petitioner
appellant to examine either of them. But there is no such cogent reason for
the respondent not to examine them. It is again observed :

"Then question comes of Deo Kumari Devi. She had not been produced
. by the respondent and she is in custody of the respondent himself D
as per his statement during the course of evidence. No reasons have
been stated as to why she has not been produced. This may cast
some adverse inference against the respondent. But such adverse
inference alone is not sufficient enough to hold that the respondent
is not a Pasi by caste." E
It is then observed that the petitioner is not proved his case to the hilt
, though a suspicion or doubt has been cast.

We may consider a few cases on the point of drawing adverse inference
in the event of withholding of a witness. In AIR 1968 SC 1413 at 1416, Gopal
Krishanji Ketkar v. Mohomed Haji Latif and Ors., it has been held that a F
party who is in possession of best evidence which would throw light on the
issue in controversy withholds such evidence an adverse inference under
Section l 14(g) of the Evidence Act ought to be drawn against such a party
notwithstanding that the ohus of proof may not lie on him. It is observed that
a party cannot rely on abstract doctrine of onus of proof or on the fact that G
he was not called upon to produce such evidence.
''\, In the instant case however, the onus of proof that the respondent was
Pasi, by Caste due to alleged marriage of Bhagwan Singh with Deo Kumari
Devi in some other place was wholly within the special knowledge of the
re~JJondent. H
754 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A In AIR (1974).SC 1957, Virendra Kumar. Saklecha v. Jagjiwan and Ors.,
the allegation of threatening voters with divine displeasu:e in speech delivered
in some meetings was not accepted and an adverse inference wa3 drawn due
to non-production of material witness and the notes made by him at the
meeting. In yet another reported in case AIR ( 1964) SC 40, Lachman Utamchand
B Kirpalani v. Meena alias Mota, a matrimonial dispute in which the question
as to whether or not the wife had left the husband's place with the consent
of husband's parents , non-production of parents of the husband led to
adverse inference drawn against the husband.

In the case in hand the respondent was supposed to prove the facts
C within his special knowledge by adducing best evidence namely, Bhagwan
Singh and Deo Kumari Devi, which he failed to do. In these circumstances,
the High Court erred in observing that the appellant should have examined
).
Bhagwan Singh.

The case of the parties is clear from their pleadings and the evidence
D adduced by them as indicated above. The petitioner challenged the status of
respondent Dinesh Chaudhary as a Scheduled Caste person belonging to the
S.C. community: Precisely what was indicated in support of that case is that
father of Dinesh Chaudhary and Naresh Chaduhary is Bhagwan Singh who
is Kurmi by ca.ste married to Jago Devi, also a Kurmi lady. The High Court
~·
has also observed that a person borne in a Kurmi family normally would be
E presumed that he is Kurmi by caste. In this background the initial burden of
the petitioner would stand discharged and it would shift upon the respondent •
to prove his case which, in normal course of things, would be and is within ~
his special knowledge. A case which has been set up by the respondent
through his witnesses as well that his father had taken a fancy for Deo Kumari
F Devi, a resident of village Adai, who is Pasi by caste and married her who
gave birth to two children including the respondent, would normally be not
in the knowledge of people in general particularly when according to the case
of the respondent himself Jago Devi lived in another village and she was
never brought from there by Bhagwan Singh. More so, when Bhagwan Singh,
a Kurmi by caste,· is living with his wife Jago Devi, also a Kurmi, in their
G village Jahanabad. The best evidence, as also according to the High Court
to prove the case of the respondent was, to produce Bhagwan Singh and Deo
Kumari Devi but they have been withheld after being cited as witnesses ~,
the respondent. These facts clearly make out a case for drawing an adverse
inference that in case they had been produced they would not have supported
\
H the case of the respondent. AIR (1961) SC 1316 Kundan Lal Rallaram~v.
14
PUNIT RA! v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 755
Custodian, Evacuee Property, Bombay, AIR (1917) PC 6 T.S. Murugesam A
Pillai v. MD. Gnana Sambandha Pandara Sannadhi and Ors., (1977] 3 SCC
page 540 Thiru John and Anr. v. The Returning Officer and Ors., may also
be referred on the point.

On behalf of the"fespondent, the citation of certain decisions has also
been furnished but those decisions would be of no help to the respondent. B
Reliance has been placed upon (1999] 9 SCC page 386 Jeet Mohinder Singh
v. Harminder Singh Jassi, where it has been held that a party upon whom
the burden lies to prove a fact, but fails to discharge his onus, it is not open
for him to bank upon the plea of non-examination of witness by the other
party. The appellant, it was held, cannot be permitted to derive strength from C
t the weakness of the case of the other party. We feel that this case would not
be applicable in the facts and circumstances of the case in hand. On the other
hand, the onus to prove facts within the special knowledge of respondent no.
l, would lie upon him alone to prove those facts. We have already held that
best evidence of the respondent's case that his mother was a Pasi has been
withheld. In this connection, we may peruse Section 106 of the Evidence Act D
also which reads as under:- "when any fact is especially within the knowledge
of any person, the burden of proving to that effect is upon him.". Apart from
~ the above, the appellant had also discharged his burden by proving the fact
that the father of respondent No. l is Bhagwan Singh, a Kurmi by caste
married to Jago Devi also a Kurmi by caste. The natural inference in such E
circumstances would be that the respondent would, in normal course of
:. events, be a Kurmi by caste. If there is anything contrary to the normal course
of events, as pleaded in this case of another marriage of Bhagwan Singh in
some other village namely Adai with Deo Kumari Devi who never came to live
with Bhagwan Singh in his village nor Bhagwan Singh ever lived there. Such
facts in the special knowledge of the respondent have to be proved by him F
alone. The respondent was under duty to prove his case both ways namely,
in view of the special knowledge of facts pleaded and again in view of the
fact that the appellant had discharged his initial burden of showing that the
respondent was Kurmi by caste being son of Bhagwan Singh, Kurmi married
to Jago Devi also Kurmi. The other decision which has been referred to on
behalf of the respondent is reported in AIR (1959) SC 914 Dolgobinda G
~f)tha v. Nimai Charan Misra and Ors., It is in connection with the fact
that the evidence of the brother of Dev Kumari Devi that Bhagwan Singh had
married her, was relevant for the purposes of relationship of one person to
anjther since brother of Deo Kumari Devi, is a person who is a member of
the family or otherwise has special means of knowledge of the particular H
756 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A relationship. The decision is in reference to Section 50 of the Evidence Act.
It may be observed that the evidence of persons who belong to village Adai
including the brother of Deo Kumari Devi have been examined by the
respondent to establish the allegation of marriage between Bhagwan Singh
and Deo Kumari Devi. Undoubtedly, the evidence of brother of Deo Kumari
Devi would be relevant for the relationship between Bhagwan Singh and Deo
B Kumari Devi but his evidence would not be of any help, in view of the
adverse inference drawn under Section 114 (g) of the Evidence Act due to
withholding of the best evidence available on the point.· When the persons f
concerned are not coming forward to the court to depose about the alleged
relationship and an adverse inference has been drawn that if they had come
C to the Court to depose, their evidence would have gone against the respondent,
in such circumstances, there is no occasion to act upon the statement of DW
(5), the brother of Deo Kumari Devi or other witnesses.

Reliance has also been placed on two decisions reported in AIR (1969)
SC 1201 Samant N. Balakrishna etc. v. George Femadez and Ors., and [2002]
D 1 SCC page 160 Santosh Yadav v. Narender Singh on the proposition that
full particulars and all the material facts must be pleaded in the Election
Petition. It is not understandable as to how these cases would help the
respondent. The petitioner has pleaded that respondent is son of Bhagwan I r.

Singh who is Kurmi by caste and wife of Bhagwan Singh is Jago Devi also
E a lady Kurmi by caste. It is also stated that the respondent and his brother
are married with Kurmi ladies. These are the material facts relating to the plea ·
raised by the appellant that the respondent is not a Scheduled Caste. We-:
don't think if the respondent means to say that the petitioner should have
stated in the petition that the respondent is not born of Deo Kumari Devi said
to be married to Bhagwan Singh in Village Adai. If at all these facts would
F be in the special knowledge of respondent, Bhagwan Singh and Deo Kumari
Devi hence not required to be pleaded in the Election Petition. It is not
possible as well. In this connection, a reference may be made to a decision
of this Court reported in AIR (1960) SC 770 Ba/wan Singh v. Lakshmi Narain
and Ors., This case also relates to Election matter and it was held that facts
which are in the special knowledge of the other party could not be pleaded
G by the Election Petitioner. It was found that particulars of the arrangement of
hiring or procuring a vehicle would never be in the knowledge of the petiti<t*,
such facts need not and cannot be pleaded in the petition. i
\
The learned counsel for the respondent then submits that in fact the
H issue framed by the High Court was not to the effect as to whether\the
PUNIT RA! v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ BRIJESH KUMAR, J.] 757
respondent is a Kurmi or Pasi by caste. Rather it is to the effect whether the A
nomination paper of Dinesh Chaudhary had been improperly and illegally
accepted as per allegations made in the election petition or not. In this
connection it may be observed, in the background of the allegations made in
the election petition, the core issue was as to whether Dinesh Chaudhary
belongs to a Scheduled Caste community or not. Both parties led evidence B
on the question. Hence both sides understood the case in the same way and
no party was misled due to framing of the issue no.3 as it has been framed.

'· We may, however, consider the argument of the learned counsel for the
I
respondent from the angle as sought to be canvassed as well, namely, the
nomination paper of respondent was improperly and illegallx _accepted by the C
J Returning Officer or not on the basis of the evidence on the record. In that
connection we may refer to the statement of PW 3 Smt. Safina, Returning
Officer, who was posted as Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Patna city. She has
stated that as Returning Officer she had scrutinized the nomination paper of
the respondent filed for Fatua Assembly Constituency. She had received
some complaints about his nomination paper. She has stated that prima facie D
on looking into 'the case a doubt was created in her mind regarding its
veracity. She had received such information beforehand through the District
Magistrate. She had also got the matter inquired through the District Welfare
'~ Officer, Gaya. The District Magistrate had also considered the report of the
District Welfare Officer to be correct. In the above circumstances she had
' lodged a Report against the respondent Dinesh Chaudhary with the police. E
She had however, postponed the matter of scrutiny of nom in at ion paper from
1.2.2000 to 2.2.2000. The next day she accepted the nomination paper of the
respondent Dinesh Chaudhary. She has admitted that before she had lodged
the FIR she was in receipt of the report of the District Welfare Officer, Gaya.
She a!so states that lodging of the FIR definitely goes against the candidature F
of Dinesh Chaudhary. In cross-examination she states that, according to the
relevant provisions, she did not find it necessary that a caste certificate must
be filed along with the nomination paper. She also states that on the date of
scrutiny objectors could not produce any document or proof to the effect that
Dinesh Chaudhary did not belong to. Scheduled Caste. Amongst several
objections filed against the nomination of Dinesh Chaudhary it is given out G
;~~re that Dinesh Chaudhary belongs to Kurmi community and his father and
mother both are Kurmis. The fact which is quite clear is that the Returning
Officer had grave doubt about the veracity of the caste certificate to the
extent that she lodged an FIR against the candidate namely Dinesh Chaudhary.
Il support of the suspicion entertained about the caste certificate being H
758 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A fabricated, she had a report from the District Welfare Officer, Gaya. A criminal
case was registered and the respondent was also arrested. It is only surprising
that despite such a grave suspicion and initiation of criminal proceedings
against the· candidate the Returning Officer still accepted his nomination
paper. She has stated that on 1.2.2000 after she had lodged the report there
B was lot of opposition in respect of the nomination paper of the respondent.
She has admitted that the respondent was a nominee of the ruling party in
the State. She postponed the matter for the next day when she accepted the
nomination paper of the respondent. Going by nonnal conduct no prudent
/
person would accept such a nomination paper in respect of which there is an
infonnation that caste certificate entitling to be a candidate from a reserved
C constituency, is suspected to be forged and fabricated supported by a report
subsequently by none else but a responsible officer, namely, the District
Welfare Officer, Gaya. After taking a decision to criminally prosecute a person
on the charge of filing fabricated caste certificate it goes against the nonnal
human conduct of a prudent person who still accept such a nomination paper.
The nomination if rejected, the respondent could further agitate the matter by
D filing an election petition. This question would not depend upon the fact as
to ultimately case of which of the party would be found to be correct or false.
The question is after having entertaining such a grave doubt so as to decide
to criminally prosecute a person still to accept the nomination paper runs
contrary to nonnal conduct of a prudent and responsible officer. On the above
E basis it can well be said without any hesitation that nomination paper of
return candidate (Respondent) was improperly accepted by the Returning
Officer. It ought to have been. rejected by the Returning Officer in the ._,t
background of the above facts and circumstances.

Thus, examining the matter from any angle, we do not find the judgment
F of the High Court sustainable. .

In the result, the appeal is allowed with costs and the judgment and
order passed by the High Court is set aside, as well as the election of the
Respondent to 204 Fatua Assembly Constituency of State of Bihar. The
Election Commission of India is called upon to hold election for filling up the
G vacancy caused by the setting aside of the election of the Respondent.

As per requirement of Section 103 of the Representation of People A"'
the substance of the decision shall be .intimated to the Election Commis$?'on
I

and the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Bihar. JAn
authenticated copy shall also be sent to the Election Commission at ~he
H earliest. \,
PUNIT RAI v. DJNESH CHAUDHARY [ S.B. SINHA, J. ] 759
S.B. SINHA, J. Matter relating to castes, races and tribes of a person A
is governed by Articles 341 and 342 of the Constitution of India, Article 341
reads thus:

"341 Scheduled Castes.

(l) The President may with respect to any State or Union territory, and B
where it is a State after consultation with :he Governor thereof, by
public notification, specify the castes, races to tribes or parts of or
groups within castes, races or tribes or parts of or groups within
castes, races or tribes which shall for the purpo!';es of this Constitution
be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union
territory as the case may be. c
(2) Parliament may by law include in or exclude from the list of
Scheduled Castes specified in a notification issued under clause (1)
any caste, race or tribe or part of or group within any caste, race or
tribe, but save as aforesaid a notification issued under the said clause
shall not be varied by any subsequent notification." D
The object of Clause ( 1) of Article 341 is to provide preferential right
by way of protection to the members of the Scheduled Caste having regard
to the economic and educational backwardness from which they suffer. It is
in relation thereto the President has been authorised to limit the notification
to parts or groups within the castes. The notification issued in terms of the E
said provision is exhaustive.

How the caste or tribe of the person is to be determined depends upon
several factors including the customary Jaws.

The President of India in exercise of his power conferred under Article F
341 ( 1) of the Constitution of India notified Constitution (Scheduled Castes)
Order, 1950. The tribe 'Pasi' admittedly finds place in the said notification
whereas 'Kurmi' does not. By reason of Article 341 of the Constitution, a legal
fiction is created which is to be given its full effect.
G
Caste has been defined in Collins English Dictionary as "any of the four
major hereditary classes, namely, the Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaisya and Sudra
into which Hindu society is divided."

The 'caste system in India is engrained in Indian mind. A person, in the
absence of any statutory law, would inherit his caste from his father and not H
760 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A his mother even in a case of inter-caste marriage.
In the Caste System in India-Myth and Reality' by Dr. Rajendra Pandey,
the different attributes of the caste as unit mentioned by various writers has
been stated thus:

B "I. Basic (pivotal) attributes Endogamy.

2 Sufficiently relevant attributes:

(i) Membership by birth

(ii) Common occupation
c
(iii) Caste Council.

3. Peripheral attributes:

(i) Name
-\..

D (ii) Diacritical signs.

Following the same pattern of attribute-hierarchy, the attributes
that characterize caste as system have been drawn up and set in as
follows:

E I. Basic attribute: Plurality of interacting endogamous groups.

2.. Sufficiently relevant attribute: Hierarchy.

3. Peripheral attribute: Traditional division of labour.

Besides these Ghurye among others, has also mentioned segmental
F division of society, hierarchy, restriction on feeding and social
intercourse, and civil and religious disabilities and privileges of the
different sections as characteristics of the caste. Above them all.
Nagendra has made mention of the principle of individual freedom as
one of the attributes of the caste, which seems to have been omitted
G by most of the authors.

In summary, then, hierarchy, restricted commensality and
connubium, hereditary occupation and a clear-out differentiation of
functions, ritual observance, and the principle of individual freedqm
are characteristics of the caste system till today."
H In Caste in Modern India and other Essay's by M.N. Srinivas at page
PUN IT RAI v. DIN ESH CHAUDHARY [ S.B. SINHA, J.] 761
3, it is stated. A
" A sociologist would define caste as a hereditary, endogamous,
usually localized group, having a traditional association with an
occupation, and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes.
Relations between cast.es are governed, among other things by the
concepts of pollution and purity, and generally, maximum commensality B
occurs within the caste."
•'

In 'Caste and the Law in India' by Justice S.B. Wad at page 30 under
the heading 'Sociological Implications', it is stated:

"Traditionally, a person belongs to a caste in which he is born. The C
caste of the parents determines his caste but in case of re-conversion
a person has the liberty to renounce his casteless status and voluntarily
accept his original caste. His caste status at birth is not immutable.
Change of religion does not necessarily mean loss of caste. If the
-· original caste does not positively disapprove, the acceptance of the
caste can be presumed. Such acceptance can also be presumed if he D
is elected by a majority to a reserved seat. Although it appears that
some dent is made on the classical concept of caste, it may be noticed
that the principle that caste is created by birth is not dethroned. There
is also a judicial recognition of caste autonomy including right to out
caste a person." E
If he is considered to be a member of Scheduled Caste, he has to be
accepted by the community. (See C.M Arumugam v. V.S. Rajgopal and Ors.,
[l 976] l SCR 82 and Principal, Guntur Medical College v. V. Y. Mohan Rao,
[1976] 3 SCR 1046.
F
A Christian by birth when converted to Hinduism and married a member
of Scheduled Caste was held to be belonging to her husband's caste on the
evidence that she had not only been accepted but also welcomed by the
important members, including the President and Vice-President of the
community. See Kai/ash Sonkar v. Smt. Maya Devi, AIR (1984) SC 600.
G
In the instant case there is nothing on record to show that the
Respondent has ever been treated to be a member of Scheduled Caste. In fact
evidence suggests that he has not been so treated. He as well as his brothers
and other inembers of his family are married to persons belonging to his own
caste i.e. 'Kunni'.
H
762 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A There was no attempt on the part of the respondent herein to bring on
records any material to the effect that he was treated as a member of 'Pasi'
community. Furthennore no evidence has been brought on record to show
that the family of the respondent had adopted and/had been practising the
customary parties and tenets of 'Pasi' community.

B The question as to whether a person belongs to a particular caste or
not has to be determined by the statutory authorities specified therefor. '•

In B. Basavalingappa v. D. Munichinnappa, [1965) l SCR 316 a
Constitution Bench of this Court considered the scope of Article 341 ( l) and
(2) (which is in pari materia with Article 342(1) and (2)), and held that it is
C not open to any person to lead evidence to establish that the caste to which
he belongs to is the same as and/or part of another caste, which is included
in the Constitutio'n"'(Scheduled Castes) order, it was observed :

"It may be accepted that it is not open to make any modification in
the Order by producing evidence to show (for example) that though
D caste A alone is mentioned in the Order, caste B is also a part of caste
A and therefore must be deemed to be included in caste A. It may also
be accepted that wherever one caste has another name it has been
mentioned in brackets after it in the Order [See Aray (Mala) Dakkal
(Dokkalwar etc.). Therefore, generally speaking it would not be open
E to any person to lead evidence to establish that caste B (in the
example quoted above) is part of caste A notified in the Order."

(See also Parsram v. Shivchand, AIR (1969) SC 597 paras 38 & 39).

In Kumari Madhuri Patil v. Addi. Commissioner, Tribal Development
F and Ors., [1994] 6 sec 241, this court denounced the practice of persons
claiming benefits conferred on STs by producing fake, false and fraudulent
certificates observing:

"The admission wrongly gained or appointment wrongly obtained on
the basis of false social status certificate necessarily has the effect of
G depriving the genuine Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes or OBC
candidates as enjoined in the Constitution of the benefits conferred
on them by the Constitution. The genuine candidates are also denied
admission to educational institutions or appointments to office or
posts under a State for want of social status certificate. The ineligible
or spurious persons who falsely gained entry resort to dilatory tactics
H
PUNIT RAI v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ S.B. SINHA, J.] 763

and create hurdles in completion of the inquires by the Scrutiny A
Committee. It is true that the applications for admission to educational
institutions are generally made by a parent, since on that date many
a time the student may be a minor. It is the parent or the guardian who
may play fraud claiming false status certificate."

Similar observations have also been made in Director of Tribal Welfare B
v. Layeti Giri, [1995] 4 sec 32 .
. A person in fact not belonging to Scheduled Caste, if claims himself to
be a member thereof by procuring a bogus caste certificate, would be committing
fraud on Constitution. No court of law can encourage commission of such
h~. c
This Court in Kumari Madhuri Patil and Anr. v. Addi. Commissioner,
Tribal Development, Thane and Ors., (Second), [1997] 5 SCC 437 laid down
the law thus:

"3. As regards prayer (b) read with direction No. (iv) of the Order of D
this Court. We too appreciate the inconvenience caused due to vast
area of the State. Therefore, instead of one committee of three officers,
there will be three Scheduled Tribe/Caste Scrutiny Committees
comprising of five members with quorum of three members, as
suggested in para 4 of the directions to take a decision. At Pune, E
Nasik and Nagpur,_ six Caste Scrutiny Committees for SCs, Denotified
Tribes, Nomadic Tribes, Other Backward Classes and the Special
Backward Category in existence at Mumbai, Pune, Nasik, Aurangabad,
Amaravati and Nagpur would continue to scrutinise the certificates
issued by the respective officers and take a decision in that behalf.
In this regard, it is also suggested by Shri Dholakia, learned Senior F
Counsel for the applicant, that in case any certificate has been
wrongfully refused by the certificate issuing authority, the aforestated
Committees also would go into the question and decide in that behalf,
whether refusal was wrongful and in case it finds that the refusal was
wrongful they are at liberty to direct the authority to grant the certificate. G

., 5. With regard to prayer (d), alongwith the Vigilance Cell, one
Research Officer/Tribal Development or Social Welfare Officer would
be associated in finding the social status of eligibility of the officers."

Determination of caste of a person is governed by the customary laws.
H
764 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A A person under the customary Hindu Law would be inheriting his caste from
his father. In this case, it is not denied or disputed that the respondent's
father belonged to a 'Kurmi' caste. He was, therefore, not a member of
Scheduled Caste. The caste of the father, therefore, will be the determinative
factor in absence of any law. Reliance, however, has been placed upon a
circular dated 3.3.1978 said to have been issued by the State of Bihar which
B is in the following terms:

"Subject : Determination of caste of a child born from Non-Schedule
Caste Hindu father and Schedule Caste mother.

Sir,
c In the aforesaid subject as per instruction I have to state for the
determination of a child born from Non-Schedule Caste father and
schedule caste mother, upon deliberation it has been decided that
child born from such parents will be counted in the category of
schedule caste. ,·

D
2 In such cases before the issue of caste certificate there will be a
illegible enquiry by the block development officer/circle officer/block
welfare officer."

The said circular Jetter has not been issued by the State in exercise of
.E its power under Article 162 of the Constitution of India. It is not stated therein
that the decision has been taken by the Cabinet or any authority authorized
in this behalf in terms of Article 166(3) of the Constitution of India. It is trite
that a circular letter being an administrative instruction is not a law within the
meaning of Article 13 of the Constitution of India (See Dwarka Nath Tewari
F and Ors. v. State of Bihar and Ors., AIR (1959) SC 249).

A person can take the benefit of a reserved category c~ndidate if he
satisfies the test laid down by the Constitution of India, the Representation
of the People Act, 1950 and the guidelines issued by the Elt:ction Commission,
if any.

G In our, opinion, the State has no jurisdiction to reserve a Constituency
for a person who does not belong to the reserved category for whose benefit .~

it was constituted except by way of a legislation.

If a customary law is to be given a go-bye for any purpose whatsoever
H and particularly for the purpose of enlarging the scope of a notification issued
PUNIT RAI v. DINESH CHAUDHARY [ S.B. SINHA, J.] 765
by the President of India under Clause (l) of Article 341 of the Constitution A
of India, the same must be done in terms of a statute and not otherwise.

The High Court itself noticed that the caste certificate of the Respondent
was found to be forged by the Returning Officer and a criminal case is
pending. It was held:
B
"Definitely, if a person is born of a Kunni father or in a Kunni family
then the presumption goes that the child is Kurmi by caste. But here
the respondent could make out a special case that, although, he has
been born of a Kunni father but mother being a Pasi, he is a Scheduled
Caste and as such, a competent person to contest from the Reserved
Constituency." C
The High Court, therefore, erred insofar as it failed to consider that for
the purpose of detennination of caste, the Respondent could not have relied
upon the circular letter dated 3.3.1978 in absence of any law. In any event,

• it has not been shown by the Respondent as to what enquiry was made for
detennination of his caste. Ifhe had taken part in some enquiry, he had special D
knowledge in respect thereof within the meaning of Section 106 of the Evidence
Act. He, therefore, was bound to prove the same by bringing on records
relevant evidence whic~ was in his power or possession.

If a special case is to be made out, the same has to be done in E
accordance with law. It must meet the.legal requirement. Unfortunately, this
aspect of the matter has not been considered by the High Court. The impugned
judgment,. therefore, cannot be sustained.

Subject to aforementioned, I respectfully agree with the opinion of my
learned brother. F

- S.K.S. Appeal allowed.