Holding

GREF is an integral part of the Armed Forces; therefore its members are "members of the Armed Forces" under Article 33, making section 21 of the Army Act and the notifications SRO 329/330 constitutionally valid and the petitioners' convictions lawful.

Summary

The petitioners, members of the General Reserve Engineering Force (GREF), were convicted by Court‑Martial under section 63 of the Army Act, 1950 for participating in a protest and were dismissed from service. They challenged the constitutional validity of applying section 21 of the Army Act and rules 19‑21 of the Army Rules, 1954 to GREF members, arguing that GREF was a civilian construction agency and not an "Armed Force" within the meaning of Article 33 of the Constitution. The Court examined whether GREF qualified as a "force" raised and maintained by the Central Government and whether its members could be deemed members of the Armed Forces for the purpose of Article 33. Relying on the organisational structure, operational role, and integration of GREF with the Army, the Court held that GREF is an integral part of the Armed Forces and its members fall within Article 33. Consequently, section 21 and the notifications SRO 329/330 are saved by Article 33, making the convictions and dismissals valid. The petitioners' claims of violation of Articles 14 and 19 were rejected, and the writ petitions were dismissed.

Issues considered

The constitutional validity of section 21 of the Army Act, 1950 (read with Army Rules 1954) under Article 33 of the Constitution.
Whether the Central Government could, under sub‑sections (1) and (4) of section 4 of the Army Act, issue SRO 329 and SRO 330 applying the Army Act and Rules to the GREF.
Whether the General Reserve Engineering Force qualifies as a "force" raised and maintained by the Central Government and as "members of the Armed Forces" within the meaning of Article 33.
Whether the application of section 21 to GREF members is saved by Article 33 or is ultra‑vires.
Whether the Court‑Martial convictions under section 63 of the Army Act were in accordance with law.
Whether the dual applicability of Central Civil Services Rules and the Army Act to GREF members violates Article 14.
Whether Parliament alone, and not the Central Government, may determine the extent of restrictions on fundamental rights under Article 33.

Legislation cited

Army Act, 1950s. 20, s. 21, s. 4(1), s. 4(4), s. 63, s. 71
Army Rules, 1954s. 19, s. 20, s. 21
Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965
Constitution of Indias. Article 14, s. Article 19(1), s. Article 33

Subjects

Article 33Army ActGeneral Reserve Engineering ForceFundamental RightsArticle 19Article 14Court MartialSRO 329SRO 330DisciplineArmed Forces

Judgment

60:
R. VISWAN & OTHERS
A
v.
UNION OF INDIA & OTHERS

May 6, 1983
;..
~··
B ,)
[Y. V. CHANDRACH.UD, C.J, P. N. BHAGWATI,
0. CH!NNAPPA REDDY, V. BALAKRJSHNA ERAD! AND
R. B. MISRA, JJ.]

Aony Act, 1950-S. 21-Constitutional validity of-Whether saved by Art.
.c 33.

Anny Act, 1950-Sub-ss. (1) and (4) of s. 4-'FOrce'-Meaning of

General Resen•e Engineerring Force (GREF)-Whether it is 'fore:~· withill
the 1neaning of sub-ss. (1) and (4) ofs. 4 of Army Act, 1950-Whether .n1en1bers
ofGREF are me111hers of 'Arrned For"·es' witirin tire nwaning of Art. 33 of
D Constitution-Whether S.R. Os. 329 and 330 ayplying provisions of A.riny Act,
1950 and Anny Rules 1954 to rnembers of GREF in exercise of power under sub-ss.
(J) and (4) of s. 4 of Ar1n.v Act, 1959 ultra vires Art. 33 of Constitution-Whether
application of Central Civif Services (Clossi/ication, Control and Appeal) Rules,
1965 as also prov;sions of Army Act and Ar1ny Rules lo n1enibers or GREF
·violative of Art. 14 of Constitution. · ~ .
E
The petitioners who belonged to the General Reserve Engineering FOrce
(GREFJ were charged under s. 63 of the .\rn1y Act, 1950 on allegations inter
alia that they had assen1bled in front of the Chief Engineer and shouted slogans
demanding release of personnel placed under arrest, 'participated in. a bla,ek
flag demonstration and associated themselves with an illegal ·association. They
were tried by Court lvfartial in accordance with the prescribed procedure and,
F on. being convicted, were dismi.ssed·from ser.,,ice.

The petitioners submitted that their convictions by Court Martial were
illegal and raised the following contentions in suppor't of their pJ~a : that the
GREF was a civilian construction agency and not a •force' raised and n1aintai-
ned under the authority of the Central Governn1ent and conSequently, the mem-
G bers of GREF were not "members of Armed Forces or the Forces ch3rged
with the maintenance of public order" within the meaning of Art. 33 of the
Constitution and' therefore the application of s. 21 of the Army Act rea11" with
rs. 19 to 21 of the Army Rules to them was unconstitutional since it restricted
their fundamental rights in a manner not permitted by the Constitution; that
S.R. Os 329 and 330 which were notifications having the effect of applyjng the
III provisions of the Army Act and the Anny Rules to the members of the GREF
were ultra vires the powers of the Central Government under sub~ss. (1) and (4)
of s. 4 of the· Army Act; that s. 21 of the Anny Act was unconstitutional as it
R. VISWAN V. UNION

was not justified by the terms of Art. 33 since under that Article it was Parlia-
ment alone which was entrusted with the power to detern1ine to what extent A
any of the fundamental rights shaJl,,jn application to the members of the Armed
Forcea or Forces charged with the maintenance of public order, be restricted or
abrogated and Parliament could not have left it to the. Central Government to
determine the extent of such restriction or abrogation as was sought tO be done
under 5 , 21; that the petitioners were entitled to exercise their fundamental
rights under els. (a), (b) and (c) of Art. 19 (!) without any of the restrictions
in1posed by rs. 19 to 21 of the Army Rules and therefore they could not be
B
\ 1 ch.arged under s. 63 of the Army Act on the facts alleged against them; that
their trial was not in accordance with law; and that 'the. application of the
provisions of the Army Act and the Army Rules to. the members of GREF ·for
purposes of discipline was discriminatory and violative of Art. 14 inasmuch
as the mem.bers of the GREF were governed both by the Central Civil Services
(Classification Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965 and the provisions of the
Army Act and the Army Rules in m~tters of discipline.
c
Dismissing the petitions,

HELD t. (a) The functions arid duties of GREF are integrally connec~
ted with the operational plans and requirements~of the· Armed Forces. There D
can be no doubt that without the efficient and disciplined operational role of
GREF the .military operations in border areas during peace as also in tirries of
. war will be seriously hampered and a highly disciplined arid .efficient GREF is
absolutely essential for supporting 1he operational plans and meeting the
operational requirements of the Armed Fojces. The members of the GR~F
answer the description of"members of the Armed Forces" within the meaning
of Art. 33 and. consequently the application of s. 21 of the Army Act to the E
members of GREF is pfotected by that Article and the fundamental rights qf
the members of GREF must be held. to be validly restricted by s. 21 ·read
with rs. 19 to 21 of Army Rules. The petitioners were· therefore liable to be
charged under s. 63 of the·Army Act for the alleged violations of rs. 19 to 21
and th~ir convictions and- subsequent disn1issals must be held to be valid.
[88 F-89 B]
F
(b) The fact that the members of the GREF are described as civilian
employees and\ they have their own special rules, of recruitment and are
governed by the Cen~ral Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal)
Rules, 1965 is not determinative of the question whether they are members. of
the At:med Forces. The qUeStion whether the members of "GREF can be
Said to be members of the Armed Forces for the purpose of attracting the G
applicability of Art. 33 inust depend esselltial1y on the character of ·oREF,
its organisational set up, its functions, the role it is called ·upon to play in
relation to the Armed ~orces and the depth and intimacy of its connection
.and the extent of its int(!gration with the Ai-med Forces. The history, com~
position, administration, organisation and role of GREF ctearly shoW that
GREF. is an integral part of the Armed Forces and that the members of H
)( GREF can legitimately be said to be members of the Armed Forces within
the -meaning of Art. 33. It is undoubtedl.y a departmental construction '
"s;enc~ as conten4e4 On f?ehaJf of the petitioners bµt it is distinct from othq-

'
62 SUPREME cOURT REPORTS [1983] 3 s.c.Ji..

construction agencies such as the Central Public Works D~partment in that
A it is a force intended primarily to support the Army in its operational
requirement: [87 D·H, 83 GJ. '
Ous Kutilinga/ Achudan lVair and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors,, [1976}
2 S.C.R. 769, referred to.

B (c) The Central Government is empowered· under sub·s. (I) of s. 4 of
the Army Act to apply any of the provisiolls of that Act to any force raised
or maintained in India under the authority of that Government. Vihen the
provisions of Hie Ariny Act are applied to any force under sub-s. (1) of s. 4,
the Central Governn1ent can, by notifiCation issued under sub-s. (4) thereof,
direct by what authority, the jurisdiction, powers and duties incident to· the
c operation of those provisions shall be exercised or .performed in respect· of
that .force. The word 'force' is not defined .ally Where in th~ ArmY Act
but sub-s. (2) of s. 4 clearly contemplates that 'force• referred to in sub-s. (1)
of s. 4 must be a force organised on similar li_n"es as the army v.'ith rank
structure. There can be .no doubt that GREF is a force organised on army
pattern with units and sub-units and tank.structure.. It is clear from the letter
dated June 16, 1960 addressed by the Secretary, Border Roads Devel.opmei::it
D Board to the Director General Border Roads that GREF is a force raised and
maintained under the authority of the Central Government. The Central
Government therefore had the power under sub-ss. (1) and (4) of s. 4 to isSue
notifications S.R.O. 329 and S.R.0. 330 applying some of the Army Act and
the Army Rules to the GREF. [82 ll·H]

E
, (d) There is no substance in the contention that appl)ing the pro-
visions of the Army Act and the Army Rules to the niembers of GREF for
·purpose 'of discipline is discriminatory and violative of Art. 14. The nature
of the proceedings which may be taken under the Central Civil Sc·rvices
(Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules against an erring cm'ployee is
different fron1 the nature of the proceedings which may ·be taken against hin1
F under ihe provisions Qf the Ar1ny Act read with Army Rules, the former
being disciplinary in character while the latter being clearly penal. Th<\re is
no overlapping between thC two because ss. 20.and 71 of the Army Act \Vhich .
deal with dismissal, removal or reduction in rank have not been .made a.ppli-
cable to the members of GREF by S.R.O. ·329. The. respondents have:
positively stakd in their affidavit that clear and detailed administrative guide·
G lines have heen laid down for the purp_ose of guiding the disciplinary authority
in exercising its discretion whether to take action against an employcC of
·GREF under .Central ·Civil Services (Classification, Control" and Appeal)
Rules or the Army Rules and therefore it is not possible to say that the
diS;cretion vested ill the authorities is unguided or unca·nalised. Moreover,'
the decision in Northern lndia Caterers v. Punjab on which this conteritio1f· is
1

based has been overruled in Magan/al ·chhagan/al v. Munfcipill Corporation,
H Greater Bombay. In any event, the provisions .of the A.rn1y A"ct and the Army·
Rules as applied to the members of GREF arc protected by Art: 33 against
invalidation on the ~round of violation of Art. 14. [90 G-92 6] :
R. VISWAN v. UNION 63

Northern India Caterers v. Punjab, [1976] 3 S.C.R. 399; and Magan/a/
Chhuganla/ v. Municipal Corporation, Greater Bombay, [1974] 2 S.C.C. 402, A
referred to.

(e)- Th~ contention that the trial of the petitioners was not·in accordance
with law was strongly resisted by the respondents and having regard to the
/ avermerits made by them on this point it is not possible to hold that the con~
victions of the petitioners ·by the Court Martial were not in acc~rdance with
I~w. In any event, the allegation of the petitioners in this behalf raised disputed
B
questions of fact which it is not possible to try in a writ petition. (90 A~FJ

([) The alleged disparity between the Army personnel posted. in GREF
units und officers and men of GREF in so f<;tr as tpe terms and conditions of
service such as salary, allow.ances and rations has no real bearing on the
question Whether the members of GREF can be said to be members of Armed C
Forces .. Since the members of GREF are drawn from different sources it is
.possible that the terms and conditions of service of the personnel coming from
the two sources may be different. In case it is found that there is any dis-
. parity tpe Central Government may consider the advisability of taking steps
for its removal. [89 C· HJ
D
2. Section 21 of the Army .Act emp,ewers the Central Governn1ent to
make rules restricting "to such extent and in such manner as may be
necessary" three categories of rights of any person subject to the Arn'Y Act.
i.'hese rights are part of the fundamental rights under els. (a), (b) and (c) of
Art. 19(1) and under the constitutional schc:me, they cannot be restricted
by executive action unsapported by law. Buts. 21 is saved by Art. 33 which
carves Out an exception in so far.as the applicability of fundamental rights to E
members of the Armed Forces and the Forces charged with the maintenance
of public order is concerned. On a plain grammatical construction of its
laiiguage, Art. 33 does not require that Parliament itself must by law restrict

... or abr6gate·any of the fundaffiental rights in order to attract the applicability
of that Article. What it says is only this and no more, namely that Parlia-
ment" may by law determine the permissible extent to which any ot' the funda-
F
menttil rights may be restricted or abro"gatcd in their applic!J.tion ·to the
members of the Armed Forces and the. Forces charged with the maintenance
of public order. Parliament it$elf can b'y enacting a law restrict .or abrogate
any of the fundamental rights in their application to the members of these
forces as in fact it has done by enacting the Anny Act. Bui having regard
tO the varying requirement of .army discipline and the need for flexibility in
this sensitive area it would be inexpedient to insist that Parliament itself . G
should determine what part~cular restrictions should be imposed and on which
fundamental rights in the interest of proper discharge of duties by the members
of these ·Forces and maintenance of discipline among tliem The extent of
such restrictions would necessarily depend upon the prevailing situation at a
given point of time and it would be inadvisable to encase it in a rigid siattitor"y
formula. The Constitution makers ,were obviously anxious that no more H
. restrictions should be placed on. the fundamental rights of the members of
these Forces than are abs9lutely nCcess~ry for ensuring. p;Oper discharge of
•
;64 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1983) 3 S.C.R

their duties and the maintenance of .discipline among them. They therefore,
A , deCided to' introduce a certain amount of"flexibility in the imposition of such
restrictions and, by Art. 33, empowered Parlian1ent to determine _the,.pei:tnis·
· Sible extent to which any of the fundamental rights in their application to the
_members of these Forces may be restricted or abrogated so that, within such
p~rmissible extent determined by Parliament, any appropriate authority
,authorised by Pai-Hament may restritrict or abrogate afly such fundament31
rights. Parliament was therefore, within its : power undef Art. 33 to enact ,
B s. 21. The extent to which restrictions may be in1posed on the fundamental
rights under els. (a), (b) and (c) of Art. 19(1) is clearly indicated in els. (a),
(b) and (c) of s. 21 and the Central Government is authorised to impose
restrictions on these fundamental rights only to the extent of the r.ights set out·
in els. (a), (b) and (c) of s. 21 and no more. The guideline~ for cletern1ing as
to which restrictions should be considered necessary by the Central Govern~
c ment within the permissible extent determined by Parliament is provided in
·Art. 33 itself, namely, that the restrictions should be such as are necessary for
· ensuring the proper discharge of their duties by the members of the Armed
Forces and the maintenance of discipline among them The Central Govern-
ment has to keep this guideline before it in exercising the power of ilnposing
restrictions under s. 21. Once the Central. Government has impcised restric-
tions in exercise of this power;the Court will not ordinarily interf.re with the
D decision of the Central Governn1ent that su:h restrictions are necessary
because that is a matter left by Parliament exclusively to the Central. Govern-
ment which is best in a position to know what the situation demands.
Section 21 must, in the circumstances, be held to be constitutional.ly valid a.s
·being within thC power conferred under A.rt. 33. [83 B~D, 78 -81 CJ

E Rani Swarup v. Unian of India . [1964J 5 S.C.R. 931, referred to.

ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : w. P. (CRL) Nos. 815, 843, 632/80,
844, S116/81, 1301-04, 1383, 3460, 45!0, 4511, 4512, 4551/80 &.
3861, 3848, 8317 /81 and 59 of 1982.
F
(Under article 32 of the Constitution of India)

AND.

Special Leave Petition (Cr!.) Nos. 2061-65 of 1980.
G
From the Judgment and Order dated the 19th May; 1980 of
·the Delhi High Court in Criminal Writ Petition Nos. 24-27/80 &
30/80.
H
K. K. Venugopal, Miss Mridula Roy, D. P. Mukheijee, A. K.
. Ganguli~ G. S. Chatterjee, with him for ~he Petitioiiers in Wl's,
815, 5116, 843, 844, 8317.
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 65

M. K. Ramamurthy, Janardhan Sharma and P. Gaur with him
for the Petitioners in WPs. 3460, 1383, 4510,' 4551, 1301·0~, 4511, A
& SLPs. 2061-65.

Miss Kail~h Mehta for the Petitioners in WP. 3861.
_, .,., Petitioner in WP. 3848.
M. M. L. Srivastava for the B
Chandramouli-Petitioner in person-in WP. 632.

Nemo in WP. 59.

R. K. Mehta for the Petitioner in WP. 4512/80. c
L. N. Sinha, Attorney General, M. K. Banerji, Additional
Solicitor General, K. M. Abdul Khader, Giris/z Chandra and Miss .A.
Subhashini with them for the Respondents.
D
·) The· Judgment of the Court was delivered by

BHAGWATI, J. These writ petitions raise a short bilt interesting
question of law relating to the interpretation of Article 33 of the
Constitution. The question is whether section 21 of the Army Act
1950 read with Chapter IV of the Army Rules 1954 is within the E
scope and ambit of Article 33 and if it is, whether Central Govern-
ment Notifications Nos. SRO 329 and 330 dated 23rd September
196') making inter a/ia section 21 of the Army Act 1950 and Chapter
IV of the Army Rules 1954 applieal;>le to the General Reserve Engi-
neering Force are ultra ••ires that Article since the General Reserve
Engineering Force is neither an Armed Force nor a Force charged
F
with the maintenance of public order. It is a question of some impor·
tance since it affects the fundamental rights of a large number of
persons bdonging to the General Reserve Engineering Force and in
order to arrive at a correct decision of this question, it is necessary
first of all to consider the true nature and character of the General G
-.._ Reserve Engineering Force.

In or about 1960 it was felt that economic development of the
North and North Eastern Border areas were greatly handicapped by
meagre and inadequate communications and defence of these areas H
also required a net work of road' for effective movement and deploy-
ment of Armed Forces. This was rendere4 a]l the J,llore necessary
66 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [!983] 3 s.c.il.

because the relations of India with its neighbours were in a state of
.A
potential conflict and part of the Indian territory was under foreign
·occupation and there were also hostile. forces inviting some !;ections
of the people to carry o.n a campaign for secession. The Government
of India therefore, with a view to ensuring coordination and expedi·
tious execution of projects designed to improve existing roads and
.B construct new roads in the border areas is order to improve .the
defence preparedness of the country, created several posts in the
Directorate General of Works. Army Head Quarters for work
connected with the development of border roads as per letter dated
9th April 1960 addressed by the Under Secretary to the Government
of India, Ministry of Defence to the. Chief of the Army Staff. On
c 18th April 1960, within a few days thereafter, the Government of
India sanctioned. the post of Director General Border Roads in the
rank of Major-General in the Directorate General of Worko:, Army
Head Quarters; vide letter d~ted 18th April 1960 addressed by the
Under Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Di:fence to
D the Chief of the Army Staff. The Director General Border Roads
was placed in ·charge of this new organisation which started origi-
nally as part of the Directorate General of Works, Army Head
Quarters. .But subsequently, for reasons of high policy, it was .•
decided that this Organisation should not continue as part of the
Directorate General.of Works, Army Head Quarters but should be
E under the Board Roads Development Board set up by the Govern·
ment of India as a separate self contained Authority under the
Chairma~ship of the Prime Minister with the Defence Minister as
Deputy Chairman, the Financial Adviser (Defence) as Financial
Adviser and a few other members nominated by the Priine Minister.
F The budget of the Border Roads 'Development Board formed part of
the budget of the Ministry of Shipping and Transport but the finan·
cial control was vested in the Ministry of Finance (Defenc4 The
. Government oflndia by a letter dated 16th June 1960 addressed M
the Secretary· of the Border Roads Development Board to the
Director General, Border Roads conveyed the sanction of the Presi-
G dent to "raising and maintenance of a General ·Reserve Engineeri11g
Force for the construction of roads in the border areas and such
other tasks as may be entrusted to it by the Border Roads Develop·
ment Board". It was directed that the General Reserve Engineering
Force will be "under the over nll command of the Director General
H Border Roads under whom will be Regional Chief Engineers/
Independent Deputy Chief Engineers who will e~ercise command
R. VlSWAN V. UNJON !Bhagwati, J.) 67

over the units of th~ Force placed under their control". The General
Reserve Engineering Force (hereinafter referred to as GREF) was A
thus raised under the authority of the Government of India and .it
was placed under the over all command of the Director General,
Border Roads. Ever since then the Director General, Border Roads,
· has always been an army officer of the rank of Major General and
-·~,._
he functions under the directions of the Border Roads Development B
Board,

The General Reserve Engineering Force (GREF) is organised
on army pattern in units and sub units with distinctive badges of
· nnk and a rank structure eCjuivalent to that in the army. The
officers and other personnel of GREF arc required· to be in uniform c
right from class IV to Class I personnel. Though GREF is un·
·doubtedly a departmental construction agency, it is maintained by
· the Government of India to meet the operational requirements of
the army whose operational planning is based on the availability of
the units of GREF for operational purposes. In fact GREF pro· D
vided support to the Army during I ndo-China conflict of 1962 and
Indo-Pakistail conflicts of 1965 and 1971 and also assisted the Army
in the maintenance of public. order during the dist~rbances in
Mijoram in 1966 and in Assam in 1980-81. The personnel of GREF
are primarily drawn from two sources and they consist of (I) officers
.and men belonging to the Army and (2) officers and men recruited E
through the Union Public Service Commission in.case of officers and
departmentally in case of other ranks. A ten p.; cent quota is re-
served for recruitment of ex-servicemen. The posting of Army
officers anct men in GREF is done, not on any ad hoc basis, but in
accordance with a well thought out manning policy laid down by the
Government of India for. the purpose of maintaining at all times and
at all levels the special character of GREF as ·a force designed to
meet the operational requirement of the Army. The manning policy
laid down by the Government of India in respect of officers is as
under: ·
G
........ Posts Army GREF
'
Brig/Col/Chief Engineer Gr. I & II 75% 25%
>'I Lt. Col./Superintending Engineer 50% 50%
Major/Executive Engineer 42% 58% H
Capt./Asstt. Executive Engineer 20'.~ 80%
Assistant Engineer , ......,.. 11)0~
68 SIJPRBMB. COUR1 REPORTS (1983) 3 s.c.11..
So far as officers and men recruited through the ·Union Public
A Service Commission or departmentally are concerned, all of them
are given training at the GREE Centre, immediately after recruit-
ment. The GREE Centre is organised on lines similar to an Army
Regimental Centre and also functions in the same manne1:. It is
located at a place adjoining an Engineer Regimental Centre, initially
B at'Roorkee and now at Pune, so that it can, if necessary, draw upon
the resources of the Engineer Regimental Centre. The new recruits t·
are imparted training in the following three military discipline,1 :

(a) Discipline, which includes drill, marchini: and
saluting.
c
(b) Combat training, including physical training i.e.
standing exercises, beam exercises, rope work, route
marches etc., harbour deployment drills, camp pro-
tection etc.
D
(c) · Combat Engineering Training, including field engi-
neering, handling of service. explosives, camouflage,
combat equipment, bridging, field fortifications, wire
obstacles etc.

E GREE personnel are not trained in .the use of arms, since the role
to be performed by GREE is such that its personnel are not required
to use arms and they need arms only for static protection and for
use during emergency. Therefore in GREF issue of arms is restricted
only to Army personnel and ex-3ervicemen apart from certain units
F like the Provost Ul)its (GREF Police) which having regard to the
nature of their duties, have necessarily to be ar!lled.

The tasks which are to be carried out by GREE comprise .not
only maintenance of strategic roads but also support for the opera-
tional plans of the Army in place of Army Edgineer Regiments. We
shall .presently elaborate these tasks in order to highlight the true
character of GREE, but before we ~o so, we may point out that the
role and organisation of GREF units have been reviewed from time
to time in consultation with the Army Headquarters and as a result
of a major review carried out after the ludo-Pakistan ·Conflict of
H 1971, the Army Headquarters defined the role and organisation of
GREE units in a secret document dated 24th Ja~uary 1973. It is .
clear fromithis document that, according to the Army Hea.dqulirters,
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, j,) 69
a minimum of 17 Border Roads Task Forces and 34 Pioneer Com-
panies are permanently required for providing engineer. support to A
the Army and over the years, this minimum requirement has been
fulfilled and 17 Border Roads Task Forces and 34 Pioneer Companies
have been made.permat1ent. These 17 Border Roads T~sk Forces
and 34 Pioneer Companies have to be maintained as essential units
of GREF for meeting the operational requirement of the Army, even B
if sufficient work load is not available in Border Areas at any given
point of time. There are, in fact, at present 21 Border Roads Task
Forces and 34 Pioneer Companies, that is, four Border Roads Task
Forces more than the minimum required by the Army Authorities
The requirement of these four additional Border Roads Task Forces
is reviewed from time to time depending on the work-load. What c
should be the composition of the Border Roads Task Forces is laid
down in the document dated 24th January 1973 and this document
also sets out the tasks to be carried out by the Border Roads Task
Forces which may be briefly summarised as follows :
D
(a) Maintenance of line of communication in rear areas
of the theatre of operations including· roads cons-
tructed by the BorderRoads and roads maintained
by CPWD, State PWD and MES.

(b) Improvement and maintenance of operational roads E
and tracks constructed by combat engineers;

(c) Construction and maintenance of AICs and helipads;

(d) Improvement and repairs to airfields;
~· F
(e) Construction of accommodation and all allied faci-
lities for maintenance areas required for sustaining
operations;

(f) Construction of defence works. and obstacles; and

(g) Water supply in difficult terrain and deserts.

>· These tasks are required to be carried out by the Border Roads H
' Task Forces during operations with a view to providing engineering
support t<? the army in its operational plans. The Border Roads
Task Forces have to perform these tasks not only within the country
?o SUPREME COURT REPORTS [198~! 3 s.c.R.

A upto the border but also beyond the border upto the extent of
advance into enemy's territory. Even during peace time thwBorder
Roads Task Forces have to be suitably positioned in the likely area
of operations so that they can, in the event of hostilities, be quickly
deployed· on their operational tasks. The Border Roads Tasks
Forces alongwith the Pioneer Companies attached to- them are also
included in the Order of Battle of the Army so that the support of
these units to the Army is guaranteed and can be requistioned at any
time. These units of GREF are further sub-allotted to the lower
army formations s_uch as Command, Corps and Division and they
appear on the Order of Battle of these formations. Their primary
function is to carry out works projected by the .General Staff, Army
c Headquarters to meet the operational requirements and these works,
include, inter a/ia, construction and maintenance of roads opera-
tional tracks, airfields, ditch-cum-bund (water obstacles on the
border) and field fortifications like bunkers fire trenches and Pill
Boxes. If after meeting the requirements of the General Staff,
D Army Headquartern, there is spare capacity available with these
units o_f GREF, they undertake construction work on behalf of
other ministries or departments, ·though even there, preference
is given to strategic and other roads_ in sensitive border areas.
The funds allocated for the Border Roads Organisation_ are non·
plan funds meant exclusively to meet the requirements of the
E General Staff, Army Headquarters and they cannot be used for
carrying out the works of other ministries or departments. When T
works are undertaken by GREF units on behalf of other minis-
tries or departments, they are treatedas works on agency basis and,
where applicable, agency charges are collectd by the Border Roads
Organisation from the minist~·ies or departments whose work is
carried out by them. GREF units undertake, as far as possible,
only those tasks which arc similar in nature to the tasks for
which they are primarily designed to meet Army requirements. It
is apparent from the further affidavit .of Lt. Col. S.S. Cheema
that the major portion of the work carried out by GREF
G units consists of tasks entrusted by the General Staff, Army
Headquarters and the tasks carried out on agency basis on behalf of
other ministries or departments are comparatively of ·muioh lesser
value. In fact, until 1965 no work on agency basis was undertaken
by GREF units and during the period l 967 to l 970 less than 2 per-
H cent of the total work was executed by GREF units for other
ministries or departments. Even during the years l 970-71 to 198()-81,
il. VISWAN v. UNIRN (Bhagwati, J.) 71
the percentage of work carried out by GREF units on behalf of other
ministries of departme\lts did not on an average exceed 15 per cent A
of the total work. The figures for the year I 980., 8 I also reveal the
same pattern. During 1981-82 the work executed by GREF units
for General Staff, Army Headquarters consisted of construction and
maintenance of 12865 kms. of roads out of the funds of the Border
Roads Organisation and 310 kms. of ditch-cum-bunds out of funds
provided bs the Defence Ministry while the agency work entrusted
n
by the Ministry of Shipping and Transport did not cover more than
519 km. of strategic roads, 216 kms. of sensitive broder area roads
and 376 kms.· of National Highways in border areas and the agency
work entrusted by other ministries was limited only to 702 kms. of
roads. It will thus_ be seen that the major part of the work executed c
by GREF units consists of tasks entrusted by the General Staff, Army
Headquarters and only a small percentage of work is being done on
behalf of other ministries or departments when spare capacity is
available.

So far as the personnel of GREF are concerned, they are partly D
drawn from the Army and partly by direct recruitment. Army
personnel are posted in GREF according to a deliberate and carefully
planned manning policy evolved with a view to ensuring the special
character of GREF as a force intended to support the Army in its
operational.requirements. The posting of Army personnel in GREF E
units is in fact regarded as normal regimental posting and does not
entitle the Army personnel so posted to any deputation or other
allowance and it is equated with similar posting in the Army for the
purpose of promotion, career planning, stc. The tenure of Army
personnel posted in GREF units is treated as normal Regimental
Duty and Such Army personnel continue to be subject to the F'
provisions of the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 whilst
in GREF. But quite apart from the Army personnel who form au
important segment of GREF, even tne directly recruited personnel
who do not come from the Army are subjected to strict Army
dicipline having regard to the special charcter of GREF .and the
highly important role it is called upon to play in support of the Army
' in its operational requirement,. Since the capacity and efficiency of
GREF units in the event of outbreak or hostilities depends' on their
.all time capacity and efficiency they are subjected to rigorous
discipline even during peace time, because it is elementary that they H
cannot be expected suddenly to rise to the occasion and provide
necessary support to the Army durin~ ~ilitary .operations nnless t\;le~
72 .. SUPREME COURT RE\'ORTS t19S~) ~ s.c.fl.

are properly disciplined and in fit condition at all times so as to be
A prepared for any eventuality. The Government of India has in ...
exercise of tho pJ.vo,· cJnforrod upon it by sub-sections (I) and (4)
of Section 4 of Army Act 1950 issued a Notification bearing SRO
. 329 dated 23rd Septeml1er 1960 applying to GREF all the provisions
of that Act with the exception of those shown in Schedule A, subject
to the modifications set forth in Schedule B and directing that the
B officers mentioned in the first 9olumn of Schedule C shall exercise or
_,..
perform, in respect of members of the said Force under the.ir com-
mand, the jurisdiction, powers and duties incident to the operation of
that Ac! specified in ihe second column of Schedute C. This Notifica-
/ tion makes various provisions of Army Act 1950 applicable to GREF
c and amongst them is Section 21 which provides :

21. Subject to the provisions of any law for the time ,;i
being in force relating to the regular Army or to any
branch thereof, the Central Government may, by notifica-
tion, make rules restricting to such extent and in suc:h
D manner as may be necessary the right of any person
subject to this, Act :-

. (a) to be a member of, or to be associated in any way
with, any trade union or labour union or any class
E of trade of labour unions, or and society, institution
or association or:any clas~ of instiiution or associa·
tions;

(b) to attend or address any meeting or to take part in
any demonstration organised by any body of persons
F for any political or other pur'.loses;
. ~

'
(c) to communicate with the press or to publish or cause
to be published any book, letter or other documents.

G The other sections which are made applicable deal with special
privileges, offences, punishments, penal deductions, .arrest and
proceedings before trial, Court-Martial and other incidental matters.
These section which are made applicable are primarily intended to
impose strict discipline on the members of GREF the same kind ·of.
H discipline which is required to be·observed by the regular Army person-
nel. The Government of India has also in exercise of the powers
of conferred by Section 21, sub-section (4) of Section 102 and section
k. V!SWAN V. UNION (Bhagwoti, J.) '73
191 of the Army Act 1950 issued another Notification bearing 'SRO
330 on the same day, namely, 23rd September 1960, directing that the A
Army Rules 1954 as amended from time to time shall, with the ex-
ception of Rules 7 to 18, 168, 172 to 176, 190 and 191, be deemed to
be Rules made under the Army Act f950 as applied to G.REF. Rules
19, 20 and 21 of the Army Rules 1954 are material for the purpose
of the present writ petitions and they provide inter a/ia as follows
B
19. Unauthorisad organisations-No person .subject
to the Act shall, without the express sanction of the
Central Government :-.

(i} take official cognizance of, or assist or take any c
active part in, any society, institntion or organisation
not recognised as part of the Armed Forces of the
Union; unless it be of a recreational or religious
nature in which case prior sanction of the superior
officer shall be obtained;
D
(ii) be a member of, or be associated in any way with,
any trade union or labour union, or any class of
trade or labour unions.

20. Political and non-milit~ry activities-(!) No.per- E
son subject to the Act shall attend, address, or take part
in any,meeting or demonstration held for a party or any
political purposes, or belong to join or subscribe in the
aid of, any poltitical association or movement.
'
(2) No person subject to the Act shall issue an add- F
ress to electors or in any other manner publicly annoupce
himself of allow himself to be publicly announced as
a candidate or as a prospective candidate for election
to Parliament, the legislature of a State, or a local
authority, or any other public body or act as a mem- G
ber of a candidate's election committee or in any way
actively promote. or prosecute a candidate's interests.

2r. Communications to the·Press, Lectures, etc-No
person subject to the Act shall. - H
(i) publish in any from. whatever or communicate
directly or indireclty to the Press any matter in rela•
.-'>;
'
SUPREME COIJR'r REPORTS li983i 3 s.c.il.
tion to a ·poltical question or on a service subject or
A containing any service information, or publish or
cause .to be published any book or letter or article" or
other document on such question or matter or con-
taining such information without the prior sanction
of the Central Governmegt, or any officer spec:ified
by the Central Government in this behalf; or
B
(ii) deliver a lecture or wireless address, on a matter
relating to a political question or on a service subject
or containing any information or views on any
service subject without the prior sanction of the
c Central Government or any officer specified by the
Central Government in this behalf.

These rules obviously owe their genesis to Section 21 and they
impose restrictions on the fundamental rights of members of GREF.
Since the Army Act l 950 and Army Rules 1954 are made applicable
D by virtue of SRO Nos. 329 and 330 dated 23rd September, 1960,
GREF personnel when recruited, are required to accept certian' terms
and conditions of appointmen,t wh.ich include inter a/ia the
following:

E "5 (iv) : You will be governed by the prOVISlons of
Central Civil Service (Classification, Control and Appeal)
Rules, 1965, as amended from time to time. Notwith-
standing the above, you will be further subject to certain
provisions of the Army Act, 1950, and Rules made
thereunder, as iaid down in SROs. ·329 and 330 of 1960,
F for purposes of discipline. lt will be open. to the appro-
priate disciplinary authority under the Army Act l 950
to proceed under its provisions wherever it considers it
expedient or nece.-sary to do so."

5 (v) : You will be required to serve anywhere in,
G
India or outside India and when so called upon by the
Government or the appointing authority or your superior
officer, you shall proceed on field service.
5 (vi) : You shall, if required, be liable to serve, in
H any Defence Service or post connected with the defence of
India.
xxx xxx xxx llXX
;•
XZll
k. '\iis\wiN V. UNION (lihagwati, J.) 7$

5 (xi) : On your appointment, yon will be required
to wear the prescribed uniform while on duty, abide by A
such rules and instructions issued by your superior autho-
rity regarding discipline, turnout, undergo such training
and take such departmental 'test as the Government may
. prescrib~."
B
The result is that:the directly recruited GREF personnel are
governed by the provisions of Central Civil Service (Classification;
Control and Appeal) Rules 1965 as amended from time to time but
for purposes of discipline, they are subject to certain provisions of
the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 as laid down in SROs
329 and 330 dated 23rd September 1960. c
The material facts in all the writ petitions which are being
disposed of' by• this Judgment are similar and hence it is not
necessary to set out separately the facts of each writ petition. It
wi.11 suffice to set out the facts of writ petition No. 815 of 19.80 which D
was tried as the main writ petition and whatever we 'say in regard
to the facts of this writ petition must apply equally in regard to the
other writ petitions. The petitioners in writ petition No. 815 of 1980
are 24 in number and at aU material times they were members of
GREF. Out of them, petitioner Nos. I and 24. were deserters from E
service and warrants were issued for their arrest under the provisions
of the Army Act 1950 but the Police Authorities were not able to
apprehend' them. So far as petitioners Nos. 2 to 23 are concerned,
they were charged before the. Court-Martial for offences under sec-
...
•r
tion 63 of the Army Act 1950 in that they alongwith some other
GREF personnel assembled in front of HQ Chief Engin~er (Project) F
Yartak shouting slogans and demanding release of HQ CE (P)
Vartak personnel placed under arrest, removed their belts and threw
them on the ground in the vicinity of OC's Office, participated in a
black flag· demonstration and failed to fall in line though ordered
to do ~ by Brig. Gosain, Chief Engineer Project, Vartak and· also
associated themselves with an illegal association caUed "All India
G
Border Roads Employees .Association". '.fhese 22 pet;tioners were
tried by the Court-Martial in accordance with the procedure pres-
. cribed by the Army Act !9SO and the Army Rules 1954 as applicable
to the members of GREF and on being convicted, they were dis-
H
missed from service. The petitioners thereupon preferred writ peti-
tion No. 815 of 1980 challenging the validity of SROs. 329 and 330
(jated 23rd September 1960 since these Notifications" had th~ efl'ect
16 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (19ii3l 3 s.c.a.

A of applying the provisions of the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules
I 954 to the members of GREF and restricting their fundamental
rights. The petitioners contended that GREF was not a Force
raised and maintained under the .authority of the Centra:I Govern-
ment and SR Os. 329 and .J30 dated 23rd September 1960 were ultra
vires the powers of the Central Government under sub-sections (!)
B and (4) of Section.4 of the Army Act 1950. The petitioners also
urged that in any event the application of Section 2t of the Army
Act 1950 read with Rules 19,to 21 .of the Army Rules 1954 to the
members of GREF was unconstitutional since it restricted the funda-
mental rights of the members of GREF in a manner not permitted
c by the Constitution and such restriction of the fundamental rights
was not protected by Article 33, because the members of GREF .were
not "members of the Armed Forces or the Forces charged with the
maintenance of public order" within the meaning of that Article.
There was also one oth~r contention advanced on behalf of the
petitioners which, if well founded would render it unnecessary to
D examine whether GREF was a Force raised and maintained under
the authority of the Central Government and the members of GREF
were members of the Armed Forces or the Forces charged with the
maintenance of public order and that contention was that Section 21
of the Army Act 1950 was in any event not justified by the terms of
Article 33, since under that Article it was Parliament alone which
E was entrusted with the power to determine to what exteni: any of
the fundamental rights shall, in application to the members of the
Armed Forces or the Forces charged with the maintenance of public
order, be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge
of their duties and the maintenance of discipline amongst them and
F Parliament could not leave it to the Central Government to determine
the extent of such restriction or abrogation as was sought to be done
under-Section 21. Section 21 was therefore, according to the peti-
tioners, uncon_stitutional and void and alongwith Section 21 must
fall Rules 19 to 21 of the Army Rules 1954. The petitioners
co~tended that in the circumstances they were entitled to exercise
G their fuhdamental rights under Clauses (a), (b) and (c) ·of Art.
19 {I) without any of the restriction imposed by Rules 19 to 21
of the Army Rules 19 54 and if that be so, they could not be
charged under section 63 of the Army Act 1950 on the facts alleged .
against them and their convictions by the" Court-Martial were illegal
H and void and consequently they continued in service of GREF.. The
self same contentions were repeated on behalf of the petitioners in
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 77
the other writ petitions. The respondents disputed the validity of
these contentious and submitted that GREF was a Force raised and A
maintained ··under the authority of the Central Government and
having regard to the special character of GREF and the role which
it was required to play in support of the Army operations, the
members of GREF could legitimately be regarded as members of the
I ·"f
Armed Forces within the meaning of Art. 33 and the Central Govern-
B
" ment was therefore entitled to issue SROs. 329 and 330 dated 23rd
September 1960 making the provisions of the Army Act 1950 and
the Army Rules 1954 and particularly Section 21 an.d Rules 19 to 21
applicable to the members of GREF. The respondents defended
the validity of Section 21 and contended that it was a proper exercise
of power by Parliament under Art.' 33 determining the extent to which c
the Fundamental Rights may, in their application to the members of
'
· the Armed Forces including GREF, be restricted or abrogated and
it was not outside the power conferred on Parliament by that article
and, read with Rules 19 to 21, it validly restricted the Fundamental
Rights of the members of GREF. The respondents submitted that
in the circumstances the petitioners were rightly charged under Sec-
D
tion•63 of the Army Act 1950 and their convictions by the Court-
Martial and subsequent dismissals were valid, The respondents thus
sought to su~tain the validity 'of the action taken by 'the authorities
. against the petitioners.
E
Now the first question that arises· for consideration on
these rival contentions is as to the constitutional validity of Section
2I. That section empowers the Central Government by notification
to make rules restdcting "to such extent aud in such manner as may
be necessary" three categories of rights of any person subject to the F
Army Act 1950, namely, (a) th~ right to be a member of or to he
associated in any way with, any trade union or labour union, or any
class of trade or labour unions, or any society, institution or asso-
ciation or any class of institution or associations ; (b) the right to
attend or address any meeting or to take part in any demonstration '
organised by any body of persons for any political or other purposes;
G
and (cl the right to communicate with the press or to publish. or
cause to be published any book, letter or other document. These
rights which are permitted to be .restricted are part of the Funda-
mental Rights under clauses (ai, (b) and (c) of article 19(1) and
H
under the constitutional scheme, they cannot be restricted by exe-
cutive action unsupported by law. If any restrictions are to be
be imposed, that can be done only by law and s11ch law must satisfy
,. ·-1.:

78 SUPREME COURT REPORTS · (1983U s.c.R..

the.requirements of clause (2), (3) or (4) of article 19 according as.
A the tight restricted falls within clause (a), (b) or (c) of article 19(1).
The restrictions imposed must be reasonable and in ca:ie of right.
under clause (a) of article 19(1), they must be "in the inte,rest of the
sovereignity and integrity of India, the security of the state, friendly
relations with foreign states, public \'rder, decency or morality, or in
relation to contempt of court, defamation or incitement to an
B offence" as provided in clause (2) of article 19, in case of right under
clause (b) of article 19(1), they must be "in the interest of the sove-
reignty and integrity oflndia or public order" as provided in clause (3)
of article 19 and in .case of right under clause (c) of article 19(1),
they must be "in the interest of the sovereignty and integrity of India
c or public order or morality" as provided in clause (4) of article 19.
• . Then only they would be valid; otherwise. they would be unconstitu-
tional and the law imposing them would be void. Now here we find
that Section 21 does not itself impose atiy restrictions on the three
categories of rights there specified. If Section 21 had itself imposed
any such restrictions, it would have becom·e necessary tc examine
D whether such restrictions are justified under clause (2), (3) or (4) of
article 19, as may be applicable. But Section 21 leaves it \P the
Central Government to impose restrictions on these three categories
f
of rights without laying down any guidelines or indicating any limi-
tations which would ensure that the restrictions impost:d by the •
E Central Government are in conformity with clause (2), (3) or (4) of
article 19, whichever be applicable. It confers power @the Central
Government in very wide terms by . providing that the Central
Governtnent may impose restrictions on these three categories of
rights "to such extent and in such manner as may be necessary." The
Central Government is constituted the sole judge of what restrictions
F are considered necessary and the Central Government may, in terms
of the power conferred upon it, .impose restrictions it considers
necessary, even though they may not be permissible under cla_uses (2),.
(3) and (4) of article 19. The power conferred on the Central
Government to impose restrictions on these three categories of rights
which are part of the Fundamental Rights under clauses (a), (b) and
G
(cl of article 19(1) is thus a broad uncanalised and unrestricted
power permitting violation of the constitutional limitations. But,
even so, section 21 cannot be condemned as- invalid on this ground,
as it is saved by 'article 33 which permits the enactment of such a
provision. ·Article 33 carves out an exception in so far as the
H applicability of Fundamental Rights to members of the Armed Forces
and the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order i$
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 79
concerned. It is elementary that a highly disciplined and efficient
armed force is absolutely essential for the defence of the country. A
Defence preparedness is in fact the only sure guarantee against
aggression. Every effort has therefore to be made to build up a
strong and powerful army capable of guarding the frontiers of the
. country and protecting it from aggression. Now obviously no army
·can continuously maintain its state of preparedness to meet any B
eventuality and successfully withstand aggression and protect the
sovereignty and integrity of the country unless it is at ·an times
possessed of high morale and strict discipline. Morale and disci-
pline are indeed the very soul of an army and no other consideration,
howsoever important, can outweigh the need to strengthen the
morale of the armed forces and to maintain discipline amongst .them,. c
Any relaxation in the matter of morale and discipline may prove
disastrous and ultimately lead to chaos and ruination affecting the
well ~eing and imperilling the human rights of the entire people of
the country. The constitution makers therefore placed the need
·for discipline above the fundamental rights so far as the members
of the Armed Forces and the Forces charged with the maintenance
D
of public order are concerned and provided in Article 33 that Parlia-
ment may by law determine the extent to which any of the F unda-
mental Rights in their application to members of the Armed Forces
and the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order, may
be restricted or abrogated so as to ensure the proper discharge of E
their duties and the maintenance of discipline am~ng theJl\. Article
33 on a plain grammatical construction of its language does not
require that Parliament itself must by law restrict or abrogate any
of the Fundamental Rights in order to attract the applicability of
.that Article. What it says is only this and no more, namely, that
Parliament may by law determine the permissible extent to which F
any of the Fundamental Rights may be restricted or abrogated in
their application to the members of the· Armed Forces and the Forces
charged with the maintenance of public order. Parliament itself can,
of course, by enacting a law restrict or abrogate any of the Funda'
mental Rights in their application to the members of the Armed G
Forces and the Forces charged with the maintenance of public ord~r
as, in fact, it has done by enacting the Army Act, 1950, the provisions
of which, according to the decisions of a Constitution Bench of this
Court in Ram Swarup v. Union of India(') are protected by article 33
even if found.to affect one or more of the Fundame11tal Ri$hts. B11~ H

(1) (1964] 5 S.C.R. 931.
80 SUPREME COURT REPORTS iJ983\ 3 s.c.R..
having regard to varying requirement of army discipline and the need
A for flexibility in this sensitive area, it would be inexpedient to insist
that Parliament .itself should determine what particular :restrictions
should be imposed and on which Fundamental Rights in the interest
of.proper discharge of duties by the members of the Arm"d Forces
and the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order
mainten.ance of discipline among them. The extent of restrictions
B
necessary to be imposed on any of the fundamental Rights in their
application to the members of the Armed Forces and the Forces
charged with the maintenance of .public order for the purpose of
ensuring proper discharge of their duties and maintenance of disci·
'pline among them, would necessarily depend upon the prevailing
c ·situation at a given point of time and it would be inadvisable to
encase it in a rigid statutory formula. The Constitution makers·
were obviously anxious that no more restrictions should be placed
on the Fundame.ntal Rights of the members of the Armed Forces
and the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order than
are absolutely necessary for ensuring proper discharge of their duties
D and the maintenance of discipline among tliem, and therefore they
decided to introduce a certain amount of flexibility in the imposition
of such restrictions and by article 33, empowered Parliament to
·determine the permissible extent to which any of the Fundamental
Rights in their application to the members of the Arm·ed Fo"cs and
E the Forces charged with the maintenance of public order may be
restricted or abrogated, so that within such permissible extern: deter-
mined by Parliament, any appropriate authority authorised by Parlia·
ment may restrict or abrogate any such Fundamental Rights.

...-
Parliament was therefore within its power under article 33 to enact
Secti~n 21 !aying down to what extent the Central Governnwnt may '
F restrict the Fundamental Rights under clauses (a), (b) and (c) of
articlP 19(1), of any person subject to the Army Act, 1950, every
such person being clearly a niemher of the Armed Forces. The extent
to which restrictions may be imposed· on the Fundamental Rights
under clauses (a), (b) and (c) of article 19(1) is clearly indicated in
clauses (a), (b) and (c) of section 21 and the Central Government is
G authorised to impose restrictions on these Fundamental Rights only
to the extent of the rights set out in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of section
21 and no· more. The permissible extent of the restrictions which
may be imposed on the Fundamental Rights under clanses (a), (b)
and (c) of Article 19 (I) having b'en laid down in clauses (a), (bi
H and (c) of section 21, the Central Government is empowered to
impose restrictions within such permissible limit, "to S\ICh extent and
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J,) il \'
i uch manner as may be necessary." The guideline for determining
as to which restrictions should be considered necessary by the Central
Government within the permissible extent determined by Parliament
is provided in article 33 itself, namely, that the restrictions should be'
such as are necessary for ensuring the proper discharge of their
duties by the members of the Armed Forces and the maintenance of
discipline among them. The Central Government has to keep this
guideline before it in exercising the power of imposing testrictions
under Section 21 though, it may be poirtted out that once the Central
Goverrtment has imposed restrictions in exercise of this power, the
court will not ordinarily interefere with the decision of the Central
Government that such restrictions are necessary because. that is· a
matter left by Parliament exclusively to the Central Government which
is best in a position to know what the situation demands. Sectiorl 21
must, in the circumstances, be held to be constitutionally valid· as.
being within the power conferred under article 33:

That takes us to the next question whether the Central Govern-
ment was entitled to issue SROs. 329 and 330 applying certain pro-
visions of the Army Act 1950 and the Army.rules 1954 to the
members of GREF. We will first consider the question of vaiidity
of SRO 329 because if that notification has been validly issued and
the provisions of section 21, sub-section (4) of .section I 02 and sec-
tion 191 of the Mmy Act 19 50 made applicable to the members of
GREF, SRO 330 applying certain provisions of the Army ~ules,
1954 to tbe members of GREF in exercise of the powers conferred
under section 21, sub-section (4) of section 102 and section 191 of
the Army Act 1950 would be fortiori be valid. Now SRO 329 is
issued by the Central Government under sub-sections (1) and (4) of
~· section 4 of the Army Act 1950 which provide inter alia as under : F
"Sec. 4 (I) The Central Gove.rment my, by notification,
apply with or witout 'modifications, all or any
of the provisions of this. Act to any fotce
raised and maintained in India under the
authority of that Government, and ,suspend G
the operation of any other enactment_ for the
time being applicable to the said force.

(2)
~,
(3) H
(4) While any of the provisions of this Act apply
to the said force, the Central Gover(liUen~
82 SUPREME'COURT REPORTS (19831 3 S.C.R.

my, by notification, direct by what authority
A any jurisdiction, powers or duties incident to
the operation of these provision shall be
exercised or performed in respect of the said
force. ·

B
The Central Government is empowered under sub-section (I)
of section 4 to apply any of the provisions of the Army Act, 1950 to
any force raised or maintained in India under the authority of that
Government and when any such provisions of the Army Act, 1950
·are applied to that force under sub-section (1), the Central Govern-
c rrien.t can by notification issued under sub-section (4), direct by what
authority, the jurisdiction, powers and duties incident to the opera-
.ti on of those provisions shall be exercised or perfo;med in respect
of that force. SRO 329 applying certain provisions of the Army Act,
1950 to the members of GREF and directing by· what authority, the
jurisdiction'; powers and duties incident to the operation of those
D
provisions shall be exercised or performed in respect of GREF,
would therefore be within the power of the Central Gowrnment
under sub-section (1) and (4) of section 4, if GREF could be said to
be a force raised and maintained in India under the authc-rity of
the Central Government. The question is : what is the irue meaning
E and scope of the expressiq.n "any force raised and maintained in
India under tloc authority of the Central Government." The word
"force" is not defined anywhere in the Anny Act, 1950. There is a
definition of the expression "the forces" in section 3 (xi) but it does
.not help, because the expression we have to construe is "force" which
is different from "the force8". There is however an indication to be
found in sub-section (2) of section 4 which throws some light on the
~ense in which the word "force" is used in sub-section (I) of section
4. Section 4, sub-section (2) clearly contemplates that the "force"
referred to in sub-section (I) of section 4 must be a force organised ·
on similar lines as the army with rank structure. So far as GREF
G is concerned, there can be no doubt that it is a force organised on
army pattern with units and sub units and rank structure. Moreover,
as is clear from the letter dated 16th June, 1960 addressed by the
Secretary, Border Roads Development Board to the Director Gomeral
Border Roads, GREF is a force raised and maintained under the
JI authority of the. Central Governmenf. The Central Government
therefore had power under sub-sections(!) a,nd (4) of section 4 to
issue SRO 329 applying some of the provisions of the Army Act,
\950 ,to GREW and directing by what authority the juri_sdiction

\
R. VISWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J,) 83
'
powers and duties incident to the operation of these provisions shall
be exercised or performed in respect of GRl'F. But the qu~stion A
is, and that is the more important ctuestion to which we have to
address ourselves, whether; even if GREF ·was a force rai5ed and
maintained .under the authority of the Central Government, the
Central Government· could, in exercise of the powers conferred. under
sub-section (I) of section 4,, validly apply section 21 to the members
B
of. GREF. Section 21 empowers the Central Government to make
rule's restricting "to such extent and in such manner as may be
necessary" the rights set out in clauses (2), (b) and (c) of that
section and in exercise of this power, the Central Government bas
made rules 19 to 21 to which.reference bas already been made by us.
Now as already pointed out above, section 21 is protected against c
invalidation by Article 33, since it lays down in clauses (a), (bl and
(c) the possible extent tp which the fundamental rights of any person
subject to the Army Act, 1950 may be restricte.d and every person
subject to the Army Act 1950 would clearly and. indubitably be a
member of the Armed Forces within the meaning of Article 33. But
. if section 21 were to be applied to persons who are not members of I'
t!J.e Armed Forces of the forces charged with the maintenance of public
order, Article 33 would not ·afford any protection to section 21 in :;o
far as it applies to such persons and the application of section 21 to
such persons would be unconstitutional. We must therefore proceed
to consider whether the members of GREF could be said to be
members of the Armed Forces within the meaning of Article 33. If they E
carinot be said to be members of the Armed Forces, the application
. of section 21 to them would not have the protection of Article 33 and
would be clearly void.

F
The history, ·composition, administration, organisation: and
role of GREF which we have described above while narrating the
facts clearly show that GREF is an integral part of the Armed
Forces. It is undoubtedly a. departmental construction agency as
contended on behalf of the petitioners but it is distinct from other G
construction agencies such as Central Public Works Department etc.,
in tbat it is a force intended primarily to support the army in· its
operational requirement. It is significant to note that the Border
Roads organisation, which is in over all control of GREF was
originally created as part of Army Headquarters and it was only JI
later, for reasons of high policy, that it ·was separated from Army
Headquarters and placed under the Bord_er Roads Development
Board. Though the budget of the Border Roads Organisation fonns
84 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983] 3 s.c.R ·

part of the budget of Ministry of Shipping and Transport, the Jinan·
A cial control is vested in the Minsitry of Finance (Defence). The entire
infra-structure of GREF is modelled on the pattern of the Army and
it is organised into units and sub·units with command and control
system similar to that in the Army .. The personnel of GREF right
frorn class IV to class I have to be in unifrom with distinctivf: badges
of ranl> and they have a rank structure equivalent to that of the
Arniy. GREF is primarily intended to carry out defence and other
works projected by the General Staff, Army Headquarters and it is
only where spare capacity is available that GREF undertakes works
of other ministries or departments on agency basis and there also,
preference is given to strategic and other roads in sensitive areas.
c The· funds which are provided to the Borde~ Roads Organisation
are meant exclusively for carrying out the works entrusted by the
General Staff, Army Headqua!ters and so far as the works carried
out for other ministries or departments on agency basis are concer·
ned; the fund~ of the Border Roads ,Organisation are not permitted
D to b'e used for carrying out those works and they are paid for by the
respective ministries or departments and where applicable, agency
charges for e~ecuting the works are also collected. The 'tatistics
giNen in the earlier part of the judgment show that the major portion
of the work executed by GREF units consists of tasks entrm;ted by
the General Staff, Army Headquarters and only a. small percentage
E of the work is being done on behalf of other miniStries or depart-
ments. GREF units carry out essentially those tasks wh'ch are
otherw.isc carried out by Army Engineering Regiments and they
provide engineering support to the Army both during peace time as
also during hostilities· It was found necessary as a result of " major
review carried out by Army Headquarters after 197 J that a mi_nimum
F
of 17 Border Road Task Forces and 34 Pioneer Companies would
be permanently required for providing engineering support· to the
·-.•
Army and accordingly 17 Border Road Task Forces and 34 Pioneer
Companies have been made· permanent and their composition has'
been rcor.ganised in accordance with the recommendations of the
G Army Headquarters. These 17 Border Road Task Forces and 34
Pioneer Companies are being maintained as essential units of GREF
for meeting the operational requirements of the Army, even if
sufficient work is not available for them at any given point of time.
of
The operational planning the Army is in fact based on availability.
H of these 17 Border Road Task Forces and 34 Pioneer Compani1'8 and
during operations, they have to carry out task& which would other·
wise have been done by cqiial' number of Army Engineering
il. VISWAN. v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 85

Regiments. It. may be pointed out that these 17 Border Road Task
Forces and 34 Pioneer Companies have replaced corresponding num- A
ber of Army Engineering Regiments and Pioneer Companies 'in the
Army. The tasks required to be carried out by the Border Road
Task Forces have already been describe"d in· some details in the
opening part of the Judgment while narrating the facts and we need
not repeat the same over again. Suffice it ,to state that these tasks
are required to be carried out by the Border Road Task Forces .B
during operations ·with a view to providing engineeri.ng support t'J
the Army in its operational plans. The Border Road Task Forces
have to perform these tasks and provide engineering support to the
Army not only upto the border but even beyond upto the exent of
advance into enemy territories. Even in peace time, 'the Border c
Road Task Forces have to undertake works projected by General
• Staff, Army Headquarters to meet their operational requirements . and
these work inclcde construction and maintenance of roads, opera-
tional tracks, ditch·cum-bund (water obstacles on the brodcr), field
fortifications like buukers, fire trenches and pill boxes,· helipads' and
airfields. It is also significant to note that the Border Road Task
Forces and Pioneer Companies attached to them are included in the
Order or' Battle of the Army which implies that support -0f these units
to the Army is guaranteed and can be requisitioned at any time.
The Border Road Ta:.k Forces are also sub-allotted to lower army
formations and they appear on the Order of Battle of these forma- E
tions. GREF units consisting of these Broder Road Task Forces
and Pioneer Companies are placed under the direct control of the
Army during emerg;ncies when the entire c.ontrol of this Force is
entrusted to the Chief of the Army Staff. Even during peace time,
the Chief of the Army Staff exercises control over the discipline of
the members of GREF units through the applicability of the F
provisions of the Army Act 1950. The Director· General, Border
Roads who is in ove.r·all control of GREF units is always an army
officer of the rank of Major General and his confidential reports are
written by the Chief of the Arn•y_Staff. The signal communication
of GREF is also intergrated with the Army communication set up G
not only during operations but also in normal peace time. It is . also
·a factor of vital significance which emphasises the special character
of GREF as a force intended to provide support to the Army in its
.· A.. operational plans and requirements that Army personnel are posted
in GREF units according to a carefully planned manning policy so H
that GREF units can in times of war or jlostilities be able to provide
effective support to the Army. The tenure of offi£e of .the Army
;..----------------------

SUPREME CPURT REPOR~ . [198~1 ~ s.c.R..

personnel in GREF units is regarded as normal regimental duty and
A is equated with similar appointments in the' Army for the purpose
of promotion, career planning etc. Even the directly recruited per-
sonnel of GREF are given training at the GREF Centre before they
are posted and the training given is in three military disciplines which
we have described in detail in the opening part of the Judgment.
The training includes not only drill, marching and saluting but also
B combat training including physical training such as standing exer-
cises, 'beam exercises; rope work, route marches etc. and combat
engineering training including field engineering, handling o:f service
explosives, camouflage, combat equipment, bridging, field fortificat-
tions, wire obstacles etc. Moreover, the directly recruited personnel
c are taken _up only after they voluntarily accepL the terms and
conditions of employment which include inter alia conditions 5 (iv),
5 (v). 5 (vi) and 5 (xi) which have been reproduced in full
while narrating the facts. These conditions make it clear
the directly recruited personnel my be required to serve anywhere
in India and outside India and when directed, they would have to
D proceed on field service and if required, they would also be liable
to serve in any Defence Service pr .post connected with the defence
of India. It is also stipulated in these conditions that on their
appointment, the directly recruited personnel would ha~e to wear the
prescribed uniform while on duty and that they would be subject
E to the provisions of the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 as
laid down in SROs. 329 and 330 for purpuoses of discipline. It is
abundantly clear from these facts and circumstances that GREF is
an integral part of the Armed Forces and the· members of GREF
can legitimately be said to be members of the Armed Forces within
the meaning of a1ticle 33.
F
The petitioners however tried to combat this conclusion by
pointing out that the services constituted under Border Roads Engi-
neering Service Group A, Rules 19]7 and the Border Roads Engi-
·neering Service Group B, Rules, 1977 both of which were made by
G
the President in exercise ·of the powers conferred ·under artide 309
and brought into force with effect from 20th September 1977, were
expressly designated as'Central Civil Services and that in reply to
Unstarred Question No. llOO, the Minister for Defence stated on
H 18th June, 1980 that "GREF as at present organised is a civilian
construction force" and similarly in reply to Unstarred Question No.
6002; the Minister of Defence observed on 1st April 1981 that "the
iviliart employees serving with the Border Roads. Organisation and
9
R.. visWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, f) 87
GREF are not under administrative control of Ministry of Defence
but are under the administrative cqntrol of the Border Roads Deve- A
lopment Board" and so also Minister of Defence stated on 25th
February 1983 in answer to Unstarred Question No. 938 that "the
members of the General Reserve Engineer Force of the Border Roads-
Organirntion are civilian employees of the Central Government".
The petitioners contended on the basis of these statements that GREF
B
was not an Armed Force but was a civilian construction agency and
the members of GREF·could not posSibly be regarded as members
of the Armed Forces so as to fall within the scope and ambit of
article 33. This contention, though it may appear at first blush
attractive, is in our opinion not well founded and must be rejected.
It is undoubtedly true that as stated by the Minister of Defence, c
"'· GREF is a civilian construction force and the members of GREF
are civilian employees under the administrativ.e control of the Border
Roads Development Board and .that the engineer officers amongst
them constitute what may be designed as "Central Civil Services"
within GREF, but that does not mean that they cannot be at the same
time form an integral part of the Armed Forces. The fac.t that they D
are described as civilian employees and they have their own special
rules of recruitment and are governed by the Central Civil Service
(Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1965 is not determinative
of the quostion wl1ether they are members of the Armed Forces. It
may be noted that even the members of the Civil General Transport E
Companies constituted under Government of India, War Depart-
ment, notification No. 1584 .dated 29th June, 1946 as also the
mem·bers of the Independent Transport Platoons have' been treated -
· as members of the Armed Forces for the purpose of application of
the provisions of the Army Act 1950 by SRO. 122 dated 22nd July
1960 and SRO 282 dated 17th August 1960. So also when personnel F
of Military Engineer -Service have to function in operatfonal areas
under the army, they too' are brought under the provisions of the
Army Act 1950 for the purpose of discipline .. The question whether
the members of GREF can be said to be members of the Armed
Forces for the purpose of attracting the applicability of article G
33 must depend essentially on the character of GREF, its organisa-
tional set up, its functions, the role it is called upon to play in
·relation to the Armed Forces and the depth and intimacy of its
•onnection and the extent of its integration with the Armed Forces
' and if judged by this criterian, they are found to be members of the H
Armed Forces, the mere faC( that they are non-combatant 9ivilians
SU~R~ME COURT REPORTS [i9:l3J 3 S.C.R
. governed by the .Central Civil Services (Classification Control and
Appeal) Rules 1965, cannot make any difference. This view which
·we are taking on principle finds ample support from the decision of
this Court in Ous Kt11ili11gal Achudan Nair & Ors. v. Union of India &
. Qrs.(') where the question was whether certain employees in the
Defence Establishment such as cooks, chowkidars, ]askers, barbers,
c~rpenters, mechanics, boot-makers, tailors · eic. who were non-
combatant civilians governed by the Civil Service Regulations for
purpose ?f discipline, leave, pay etc. and we~e .eligible to serve upto
the age of 60 years unlike the members of the Armed Forces, could
be validly called "members of the Armed Forces" covered by article
3.3, becal\se it was only if they were members of the Armed Forces
withln the meaning .of that article that the restrictions imposed upon
.c th~lr right to form association could be sustained. This Court speak-
ing through Sarkaria, J. held that the employees in question were
members of .the Armed Forces· and gave the following reasons in
s~pport of its view :

D "The members of the Unions represented by the
appellants fall .within this category. It is their duty to
follow or accompany the Armed personnel on a.ctive
service, or in camp or on the march. Although they are
non-eombatants and are in some matters governed by the
Civil Service Regulations, yet they are integral to the
E Armed· Forces. They answer the description of the
"members of the Armed Forces" within the contempla-
tion of Article 33."

Here also it is indisputable on the facts and circumstances mentioned
F above that the functions and duties of GREF are integrally connected
with the operational plans and requirements of the Armed Forces
and the members of GREF are, to us•· the words of Sarkaria, J.
"integral to~the Armed Forces' . There can be no doubt that with-
o~t the efficient and disciplined operational rnle of GREF the
military operations in border areas during peace as also :in times of
G ~ar will be seriously hampered and a h;ghly disciplined and efficient
GREF is absolutely essential ·for supporting the operational plans
and meeting the operational requirements of the Armed Forces. It
~ust'therefore be held t~at the members of GREF answe.r the des-·
c~iption of "members of the Armed Forces" within the meaning of
H ~rticle 33 and con.sequently the application of,section 21 or.the Army

(I) [1976] 2 SCR 769.
k. VJSWAN v. UNION (Bhagwati, J.) 89

Act !950 to the members of GREF must be held to be protected
by that Article ;nd the Funda~ental Rights of the members of A
·GREl' must be held to be validly restricted by section 21 read with
~ules 19 to 2l of the Army Rules 1954. If that be so, the petitioners
were liable to be charged under section 63 of the Army Act 1950
for the alleged· violations of Rules 19 to 21 and their convictions by
Court Martial as also subsequent dismissals must be held to be
B
valid.

Before we part with this point, we may point out that an
anguished complaint was made before us on behalf of the petitioners
that there is considerable disparity between the Army personnel post-
ed in G REF units and the other officers and men of GREF in so far c
as the terms and conditions of service, such as, salary, allowances and
rations are concerned. It is not necessary for us to consider
whether this complaint.is justified; it is possible that it may not be
wholly unjustified but we may point out that in any event it has no
real bearing at .all on the question whether the members of GREF
can be .said to be members of Armed Forces. Since the members of D
.GREF are drawn from two different· sources, it is possible that the
terms and condirions of service of the personnel coming from the
two sources may be different. The Army personnel posted in GREF
units naturally carry their own terms and conditions of service while
the other officers and men in GREF are governed by- their own dis- E
tinciive terms and conditions. It is difficult to appreciat~ how
differences in terms and c;onditions of ~ervice between GREF per-
sonnel coming from two different streams· can possibly have any
impact on the character of GREF as a force integral to the Armed
Forces. It is immaterial for the p1)rpose of determining whether
the members of GREF are members of the Armed ·Forces. as to what F
are the terms and conditions of service of the members of 'GREF and
whether they are identical with those of Armed personnel appointed
on the same or equivalent posts in GRE_F units. But, we may
observe that in case it is found that the terms and conditions of
service of officers and men in GREF directly recruited or taken on G
deputation are in any way less favourable than those of Army per- ·
sonnel appointed to the same or equivalent posts in GREF, the
Central (fovernment might well consider the advisability of taking
steps for ensuring th:lt the disparity, if any, between the terms and
conditions of service, such as, salary, alowances, rations etc. of.Army H
personnel posted in GREF units and other officers and men in GREF
is removed. - ·
..
9i) SUPREME CO\JRT REPORTS [!9831 3 s.c.R.
It may be pointed out that a faint attempt was made on behalf
A of the petitioners to contend that their convictions by Court Martial
were illegal since their trial was not in accordance with law. This
contention was strongly resisted on · behalf of the respondents and
it was positively averred in the affidavit of Lt. Col. Sb.ergill that
disciplinary action was initiated and punishment awarded by the
competent disciplinary authority after· the offeuces were proved in
B
accordance with law and all possible help and opportunity was 1
extended to the petitioners and others who were. tried to defend
themselves with the help of defending officers of their choice or of
civil lawyers. Lt. Col. Shergill stated in the clearest terms in his
affidavit in reply that "out of 357 personnel kept under military
c custody, 287 have been released on the basis of their unconditional
apology and those · who failed to do so, have been tried by
GCM/SCM summarily and awarded punishment, on the basis of the
gravity of the offence proved against them .. During the trial, all
possible help was provided under the rules and they were allowed to
meet/employ lawyers of their choice to defend the case. In all the
cases, defending officers as per their choices have also been detailed
from departmental side. The trials were held strictly in accordance
with the procedure laid down in the rules, and there is no denial of
natural justice." Having regard to this positive statement made on
oath by Lt. Col. Shergill, it is not possible for us to hold th~t the
E convictions of the petitioners by the Court Martial wern not in
accordance with law. In any everit, the allegations of the petitioners
in this behalf raised disputed questions of fact which it ·is not possi·
ble for us to try in a writ petition .. We cannot in the circumstances
be called upon to quash and set aside the convictions of the petitio-
ners by the Court Martial or their subsequent dismissals from service
F on the ground that they were not in accordance with law.

There was also one other contention advanced on behalf of the
petitioners ·and it raised a qµestion of violation of Article 14 of the
Constitution. The contention was that the members of GREF were·
G governed both by the Central Civil ·Services (Classification, Control
and· Appeal) Rules 1965 and the provisions of the Army Act 1950
and the Army Rules 1954 in matters of discipline and therefore
whenever a member of GREF was charged with misconduct amoun-
ting to an offence under the Army Act 1?50, it was left to the
H unguided and unf~ttered discretion. of the authorities whether to
proceed against the employee under the Central Civil Services
(Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules 1965 or under the Arm~
ii.. VISWAN v. UNION (iJhagwati, J.) 9i
Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 and SROs. 329 and 330 applying
the provisions of the Army Act, 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 to A
members of GREF for purposes of discipline were ·therefore
discriminatory and violative of Article _14. We do not think there
is any substance in this contention. In the first place, the nature of
the proceedings which may be taken under the CeIJ.tral Civil Services
(Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules 1965 against an erring
employee is different from the nature of the proceedings which may
be taken against him under the provisions of the Army Act 19 50 read
with the Army Rules 1954, the former being disciplinary in character
while the latter being clearly penal. It is significant to note that
Section 20 of the Army Act 1950 which deals with dismissal, removal ·
or reduction of any person subject to that Act and clauses (d), (c), c
(f), (g) and (k) of Section 71 which provide for punishment . of
cashiering, dismissal, reduction in rank forfeiture of seniority and
forfeiture of pay and allowances, have not been made applicable to
the members of GREF by SRO 32_9 with the result that, so far as
disciplinary proceeding are concerned, there is no overlapping
between the provisions of the Central Civil Services (Classification, D
Control and '' ppeal) Rules 1965 and the provisions of the Army Act
1950 and the Army Rules 1954 as applied to the members of GREF.
Secondly, it is not possible to say that the discretion vested in the
authorities whether to take action against an erring member of
GREF under Central Civil Services (Classification Control and
E
Appeal) Rules 1965 or under the Army Act 1950 and the Army
Rules 1954 is unguided or uncanalised. It has been denied in the
affidavit of Lt. Col. Shergill that unguided discretion . ary power is
vested in the disciplinary authority to proceed against an employee of
GREF either under the Central Civil Services (Classification, Control
and Appeal) Rules 1965 or the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules F
1954 or to switch over from one proceeding to the other at the any
stage. Lt. Col. Shergill has stated positively in his affidavit that clear
and detailed administrative guidelines.have been laid down for the
purpose of guiding the disciplinary authority in exercising its discre·
tion whether to take action against an employee of GREF nnder the
Central Civil Services (Classification, Contro_l and appeal) Rules 1965
G
of the Army Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 and these guidelines
have been set out in full in Annexure R·5 to his affidavit. Thirdly,
, ......' the decision in Northern India Caterers Ltd v. Punjab(') on which the
contention of the petitioners is based has been over-ruled by this
H

(I) . (1967] 3 S.C.R. 399.
92 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [i983i ~ S.C.R,
'¥
Court in Magan/a/ Chhaganlal v. Municipal Corporation, Greater
A Bombay(') where it has been held that "the contention that tt1e mere
availability of two procedures will vitiate one of them, that is; the
special procedure is not supported by reason or authority." And
lastly, it may be noted that in any event the provisions of th<: Atmy
Act 1950 and the Army Rules 1954 as applied to the members
of GREF are protected by Article 33 against invalidation on the
.. B
ground of violation of Article 14. The present contention urged on
behalf of the petitioners must also therefore be rejected.

We may make it clear it is only in regard to the mem·bers• of
GREF that we have taken the view that ·they are members of the
c Armed Forces within the meaning of Article 33.. So far as casual
labour employed by GREF is concerned, we do not wish to express
any opinion on this question whetl1er they too are members of the
Armed Forces or not, since that is not a question which afr;es for
consideration before us. The writ petitions are accordingly dismissed
D with uo order as to costs. The special leave petitions will also stand
rejected.

H.L. C. Petitions dismissed.

(I) [1974] 2 S.C.C. 402.