RADHEY SHYAM SINGH AND ORS.versusUNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

                    RADHEY SHYAM SINGH AND ORS.                                    A
                                         v.
                          UNION OF INDIA AND ORS.

                              DECEMBER 9, 1996

                [S.C. AGRAWAL AND FAIZAN UDDIN, JJ.]
                                                                                   B

          Setvice Law :

         Government of India (Department of Personnel and Administrative
    Reforms Resolution dated 4.11.1975 :                                           c
          Recrnitment process-Merit list:-Zone-wise preparation of-By Subor-
    dinate Seivices Commissio,......On basis of examination held at various
    zones:-Held: violative of Arts. 14 and lfr-flowever, decision made effective
    only prospectively-Constitution of India 1950, Arts. 14 and 16,
                                                                                   D
         Recrnitment process-Merit list-Zonewise merit list in vogue for a long
    tim&-Held: violated Arts. 14 and 16-Such a selection process could not be
    upheld merely because it was in vogue for a long time.

           The respondent passed a resolution whereby a "Subordinate Services      E
    Commission"was constitnted for the purposes of recruitment to Non°tech·
    nical Class III posts in the departments of the Government of India and
    in the subordinate offices. The said resolution ensured holding of examina·
    tion but as far as possible actual recruitment was to be made on zonal
    basis so as to be absorbed in the vacancies arising within the respective
    regions. Ai:cording to the advertisement published by the Commission a         F
    separate list was to be drawn up in respect of each zone in the order of
    merit after the examination.

          The appellants filed an application before the Central Administra-
    tive Tribunal challenging the the zone-wise selection on the basis of          G
    separate merit list drawn from each zone instead of drawing an All India
'   Merit List on the ground that such a selection 'iolated Articles 14 and 16
'   of the constitution of India. The Tribunal dismissed the application. Hence
    this appeal.

          Allowing the appeal, this Court                                          H
                                       669
    670                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R ...

A          HELD: 1.1. There exists no nexus between th' zone-wise selection and
    the object to be achieved, that is, the selection of the best candidate. There·
    fore, the process of selection as envisaged in the advertisement in question
    would lead to discriminatory results because adopting the said process of
    zone· wise selection would result in the devaluation of merit at the selection
    examination by selecting a candidate who has secured more marks and
B   consequently the rule of equal chance for equal marks would be violated.
    Such a process would not only be against the principles enunciated in
    Articles 14 and 16 of the Constitution but it would also result in heart
    burning and frustation amongst the young men of the country. The rule of
    equality of opportunity for every individual in the country is an inalienable
C   part of our Constitutional guarantee and that being so a candidate who
    secures more marks than another is definitely entitled to get preference for
    the job as the merit must be the test when selecting a candidate for recruit·
    men! for the posts which are advertised. [675-G-H; 676-A·CJ

          Rajendran v. State of Madras & Ors., [1968] 2 SCR 786; Periakaruppan
D. v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors., [1971] 2 SCR 430 and Nidamarti Mahesh-
    kumar v. State of Maharashtra & Ors., [1986] 2 SCC 534, relied on.

          Om Prakash v. Akhilesh Kumar, [1986] 1 SCR 855, referred to.

           1.2. However, this judgment will have prospective application and
E   whatever selections and appointments have so far been made in accord·
    ance with the impugned process of selection shall not be disturbed on the
    basis of this judgment. But in future no such selection shall be made on
    the zonal basis. The process of zone-wise selection cannot be upheld merely
    because it had been in vogue for a long time for the simple reason that it
F   was never challenged by anybody and was not subjected to judicial scrutiny
    at all. [676-H; 677-A·B]

         CIVIL APPELLATE/ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal
    No. 4190 of 1995 Etc.

G         From the Judgment and Order dated 15.2.95 of the Central Ad-
    ministrative Tribunal in New Delhi in OA. No. No. 322 of 1995.

          P.P. Rao and Jitendra Mohan Sharma for the Appellants/Petitioner_s,

          K.N. Shukla, Shashi Kiran, Anil Katiyar, Anubha Jain for the
H Respondents.
               RADHEYSHYAMS!NGH v. U.0.1. [FAIZANUDDIN,J.]                    671
).         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                                A

            FAIZAN UDDIN, J. 1. This Civil Appeal has been directed against
     the order passed .by the Central Administrative Tribunal, Principal Bench,
     New Delhi (hereinafter referred to as the Tribunal) in O.A. No. 322/1995
     dismissing the appellants application at the admission stage challenging the
                                                                                     B
     selection process of various posts in pursuance of an advertisement by the
     Staff Selection Commission published in Employment News of 10-16th
     July, 1993 and the select list prepared and published in pursuance thereto,
     while Civil Appeal No. 5112/1995 has been preferred by the appellants of
     the said appeal against the order dated 7th March, 1995 passed by the
     aforesaid Tribunal in 0.A. NO. 438/1995 dismissing the application at the       c
     admission stage challenging the said selection process and the select list as
     aforesaid. In the writ petitions also referred to above filed under Article
     32 of the Constitution, the same selection process and select list has been
     challenged by the petitioners of the said writ petitions.
                                                                                     D
           2. On the recommendations of the Administrative Reforms Cornmis-
     sion th~ Govermnent of India (Department of Personnel and Administra-
     lion Reforms) passed a resolution on November 4, 1975 whereby a
     "Subordinate Services Commission" was constituted for the purposes or
     recruitment to Non-Technical Class Ill posts in the depar<ments of the
     Govermnent of India and in the subordinate offices. In the aforesaid            E
     govermnent resolution, the functions of the Subordinate Services Commis-
     sion constituted by the Govermnent are stated in para 3 thereof, the
     relevant part of which reads as under:

             "The Subordinate Services Commission will make recruitment to F
             non-technical Class Ill posts in the departments of the Govt. of
             India and in the subordinate offices except those posts for which
             recruitment is made by the Railway Service Commission Staff in
•,           the offices of the Comptroller and Auditor General and the Ac-
             countants General and industrial establishments. The Commission
             will among other things conduct ter~ations whenever required G
             for recruitment to the posts within their purview and for ensuring
             that as far as possible the actual recrnitment is made on a zonal
             basis so as to enable candidates from different regions to be absorbed
             in the vacancies arising within the respective regions, the examina·
             lions would be held as far as possible on different centres and H
    672                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996) SUPP. 9 S.C.R.

A           successful candidates posted, to the extent possible to their home
            states/regions."

                                                            (emphasis supplied)

    The said subordinate Service Commission (hereinafter referred to as Com-
B mission) published an advertisement on 10-16th July, 1993 in the Employ-
    ment News inviting applications for the selection of candidates to the posts
    of (I) Preventive Officers, (II) Examiner, (III) Inspector of Central Excise,
    (iv) Inspector of Income-tax, (V) Assistant Enforcement Officers in the
    Directorate of Enforcement and (VJ) Gr. II of Delhi Administration
C   Subordinate Services. The number of vacancies was, however, not stated .
    as the firm number of vacancies had not been determined and the reser-
    vation of SC/ST, Ex/servicemen and the physically handicapped persons
    was to be taken into account as per position reported in each department
    for each category of posts.

D        3. According to the said advertisement the recruitment. was to be
    made zonewise on the basis of separate merit list drawn for each zone in
    respect of candidates who appeared at the centres within the same zone.
    The relevant portion of the said advertisement which relates to the zone-
    wise process of selection of candidates for the said posts as stated in
E   paragraph No. 16 of the advertisement for ready reference is reproduced
    hereunder:

            "16. Selection of candidates (a) After the examination, the Com-
            mission will draw up a separate list in different categories of posts
            in respect of each of the zones mentioned in column 2 of the Table
F           in para 13 above, in the order of merit as disclosed by the aggregate
            marks (written test and personality test) finally awarded to each
            candidate at the examination, and in that order so many candidates
            as are found by the Commission to be qualified in the examination
            shall be recommended for appointment upto the number of un-
            reserved vacancies in each of the zones separately. However, in
G           case no vacancy is available in a particular zone .that zone would
            be clubbed with one of the contiguous zones at the discretion of
            the Commission and a common order of merit list for both the
            zones may be prepared. Similarly, where a particular office caters
            to the requirements of more than one zone, candidates competing
H            at centres located in all such zones will be eligible to be considered
          RADHEYSHYAMSINGH v. U.O.l. [FAIZANUDDIN,J.]                      673

         for appointment in that office and for this pnrpose, a common A
         order of merit list for all such zones would be prepared.

         (b) The candidates for Delhi Administration Grade II Subordinate
         service will be selected from Delhi Zone in the manner mentioned
         in sub-para (a) above.
                                                                                  B
       4. In all there were 15 zones and the candidates were eligible to
appear at any zone out of those 15 zones. In case no vacancy was available
in particular zone then that zone was to be clubbed with one of the
contiguous zones at the discretion of the Commission and a common list
for both the zones in the order of merit may be prepared. It is alleged that      C
the appellants No. 1 and 2, namely, Radhey Shyam Singh and Dharmendra
Knrnar made representations to the Secretary of the Commission objecting
to the process of zonewise selection on the basis of separate merit list
drawn for each zone and requested to make an All India Merit List in
place of zonewise merit list because the nnrnber of vacancies were not            D
declared bot the said representations were not decided and, therefore, the
appellants appeared in the written selection test under protest. The appel-
lants in these two appeals as well as the petitioners in the two writ petitions
applied for various unreserved posts and appeared in the written examina-
tion. The appellants and the petitioners qualified in the written test, the
result of which was declared on 24-30th September, 1994 as published in           E
the Employment News and were called for the interview/personality test
held in different zones in the month of October 1994 onwards. The results
of the said examination after interview and personality test were d.eclared
on January 21, 1995 but none of the appellants were declared selected in
U .P. zone examinations. So was the case with the petitioners.                    F

      5. The appellants as well as the petitioners approached the Tnbunal
as aforesaid challenging the zonewise selection on the basis of separate
merit list drawn from each zone instead of drawing All India Merit List
which according to the appellants and petitioners had resulted the selection
of persons which relatively inferior merits in violation of principles em-        G
bodied in Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India. The Tribunal
relying on the decision of this Conrt in Om Prakash v. Akhilesh Kumar,
(1986) 1 SCR 855 = AIR (1986) SC 1043 dismissed the applications at the
adatission stage itself by taking the view that they had already appeared in
the examination as per advertisement issued by the Commission while it            H
    674                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.

A was open to them before taking that selection to seek judicial relliew and
    since the process of selection of 1993 was challenged after the merit list
    had been declared in January 21, 1995 they were estopped from chaHenging
    the selection in which Jhey had participated and ultimately could not be
    empanelled in the merit list. Being aggrieved by the said order of the
B   Tribunal the appellants and the petitioners have approached this Court for
    redress.

        6. Shri P.P. Rao, learned senior counsel appearing for the appellants
  contended that the zone-wise process of selection adopted by the Commis-
  sion did not provide equal opportunity to the candidates appearing in
C different zones though the competitive examination was same in all the
  zones. He submitted that since the vacancies available in each zone were
  not indicated, the appellants were denied the opportunity of appearing at
  the competitive examination from a centre of a zone where the number of
  the vacancies was large there being more and better chances of selection.
D The appellants were thus denied the opportunity of competing with the
  candidates of other centres. It was submitted that the candidates appearing
  in a zone having large number of vacancies were declared selected though
  they had secured marks less than the candidates in other zones where the
  vacancies were less by reason of which the candidates securing even more
  marks than the candidates in other zones could not be selected. He,
E therefore, urged that the process md method of zone-wise selection of
  candidates adopted by the Commission was violative of Article 14 and 16
  of the Constitution of India as it had resulted in selection of candidates of
  inferior quality in one zone while the candidates of superior merit in the
  other zones could not be selected. These arrangements were also adopted
F by the learned counsel appearing in the other appeal and writ petitions.
  On the other hand Shri K.N. Shulda, learned senior counsel appearing for
  the respondents supported the process of selection and the impugoed
  order of the Tribunal by contending that the zonewise selection was
  adopted in order to enable the candidates from a particular zone to be
  absorbed in the job in the same zone and the Commission has been
G recruiting the candidates to various posts on zonal basis right from 1975
  and this process of selection has stood the test of time and, therefore, it
  could not be disturbed. He submitted that the composition of zone and
  scheme of holding the examination on zonal basis was given in the adver-
  tisement and the candidates were free to choose the zone from which they
H desired to appear in the rncruitment examination and to choo'e the centre.
          RADHEYSHYAM SINGH v. U.O.l. [FAIZAN UDDIN,].]                675

It was stated that since the appellants and the petitioners had appeared in A
the examination, but could not be selected and as such they cannot be
permitted to challenge the process of selection now.

       7. We have given serious considerations to the aforementioned rival
contentions and have critically perused the Government resolution dated
                                                                              B
November 4, 1975 whereby the Commission was constituted and the func-
tions assigned to it as well as the advertisement issued for the recruitment
of the candidates for the aforementioned posts. A reading of the functions
assigned to the Commission, the relevant part of which is reproduced in
the earlier part of this judgment will go to show that it provided that the
Commission will among other things conduct examinations wherever re- c
quired for recruitment to the posts within their purview and for ensuring
that as far as possible the actual recruitment is made on a zonal basis so
as to enable candidates from different regions to be absorbed in the
vacancies arising within the respective regions. It thus provides the holding
of examination as far as possible and making of actual recruitment on zonal D
basis. The object sought to be achieved by this process or method of
selection is to enable the candidates from different regions to be absorbed
in the vacancies arising within the respective regions. The question there-
fore, that arises for consideration is whether such a selection based on
zonal basis would be permissible or it would be violative of the Constitu-
tional guaranteed enshrined in Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution of E
India.

       8. It is needles to emphasis that the purpose and object behind
holding a recruitment examination is to select suitable and best candidates
out of the lot and such an object can only be achieved by making a common F
select list of the successful candidates belonging to all the zones. On the
other hand if zone-wise selection is made then various candidates who
appeared in some of the zones and secured more marks than those who
are selected from other zones would be deprived of their selection resulting
into great injustice and consequent discrimination. Thus there can be said G
to exist no nexus between the aforesaid process of zone-wise selection and
the object to be achieved, that is, the selection of the best candidates. That
being so the process of selection as envisaged in paragraph 16 of the
advertisement in question and reproduced in the earlier part of this judg-
ment would lead to discriminatory results because by adopting the said
process of zone-wise selection would result in the devalulation of merit at H
    676                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] SUPP. 9 S.C.R.
A the selection examination by selecting a. candidate having lesser marks over
    the meritorious candidate who has secured more marks and consequently
    the rule of equal chance for equal marks would be violated. Such a process
    would not only be against the principles enunciated in Article 14 and 16
    of the Constitution but it would also result in heart burning and frustration
B amongst the young men of the country. The rule of equality of opportunity
    for every individual in the country is an inalienable part of our constitu-
  . tio'llll guarantee and that being so a candidate who secures more marks
    than another is definitely entitled to get preference for the job as the merit
    must be the test when selecting a candidate for recruitment for the posts
    which are advertised. In the present case admittedly the process of selec-
C tion as envisaged in paragraph 16 of the advertisement in question is
    violative of Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution of India as it has been
    demonstrated from the marks list of the appellants placed before us at the
    Bar during the course of arguments that they had secured more marks than
    those secured by some of the selected candidate.
D        9. In the case of Rajendran v. State of Madras & Ors., (1968] 2 SCR
  786 this Court had struck down the districtwise distribution of seats for the
  medical admission as providing for unitwise allocation was held to be
  violative of Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution on the ground that it might
  result in candidates of inferior calibre being selected in one district and
E those of superior calibre not being selected in another district. Similarly in
  the case of Peeriakaruppan v. State of Tamil Nadu & Ors., (1971] 2 SCR
  430 unit wise allocation of seats was also held to be void and was struck
  down as discriminatory. Again in the case of Nidamarti Maheshkumar v.
  State of Maharashtra & Ors., (1986] 2 SCC 534 region-wise scheme adopted
F by the State Government was held to be void and struck down by this Court
  by holding that it would result in denial of equal opportunity and was thus
  violative of Article 14 of the Constitution. The ratio of these decisions of
  this Court is fully attracted to the facts of the present case in which the
  process of selection on the z.onal basis will also result in. denial of equal
  opportunity and would be violative of Article 14 and we hold accordingly.
G
        10. The argument advanced by the learned counsel for the respon-
  dents that this process of zone-wise selection is in vogue since 1975 and
  has stood the test of time can not be accepted for the simple reason that
  it was never challenged by anybody and was not subjected to judicial
H scrutiny at all. If on judicial scrutiny it cannot stand the test of reasonable-
          RADHEYSHYAMSINGH v. U.0.1. [FAIZAN UDDIN,J.J                  677

ness and constitutionality it cannot be allowed to continue and has to be      A
struck down. But we make it clear that this judgment will have prospective
application and whatever selections and appointments have so far been
made in accordance with the impugned process of selection shall not be
disturbed on the basis of this judgment. But in future no such selection
shall be made on the zonal basis. If the Government is keen to make
                                                                               B
zone-wise selection after allocating some posts for each zone, it may make
such scheme or rules or adopt such process of selection which may not
clash with the provisions contained in Article 14 and 16 of the Constitution
of India having regard to the guidelines laid down by this Court from time
to time in various pronouncements. In the facts and circumstances of the
case we make no order as to costs. The appeals and writ petitions are          c
allowed as indicated above.

v.s.s.                                      Appeals and Petitions allowed.