RITESH R. SHAHversusDR. Y.L. YAMUL AND ORS.

                              · RITESH R. SHAH                                     A

-·                                    v.
                          DR. Y.L. YAMUL AND ORS.

                              FEBRUARY 15, 1996

                [K. RAMASWAMY AND G.B. PATTANAIK, JJ.]                             B

           Education :

            Admissions to Professional courses-M.B.B.S. Course-Rules framed
     for selection by the State of Maharastra-A candidate entitled to be admitted C
     on the basis of his own merit admitted against reserved categ01y quota since
     he belonged to a rese1ved categ01y-Deprival of admission to an eligible
     rese1ved category candidate-Purpose of reservation-Held, when a candidate
     is entitled to be admitted on the basis of his own merit, his admission should
     not be counted against the quota rese1ved for Scheduled Caste or Scheduled
     Tribe or any other reserved category-That will be against the constitutional D
     mandate enshrined in Article 16(4)-Constitution of India-Altic/es 15 and
     16.

           Petitioner applied for admission into MBBS Course for the year
     1995-96 in the State of Maharastra. Although he belonged to the reserved      E
     category, he was not given admission because Respondent Nos. 5 to 36 were
     admitted against the reserved category though they could have been. ad·
     milted on the basis of marks secured in open merit.

            Aggrieved by his non-admission, petitioner filed the present writ
     petition.                                                                     F

           It was contended on behalf of the petitioner that a candidate who is
     otherwise entitled to be admitted to MBBS Course on the basis of his open
     merit though belonging to a reserved category is adjusted against a seat
     meant for reserved category then the very purpose of reservation will not     G
     be achieved and it affects and frustrates the purpose of the constitutional
     mandate enshrined in Article 15(4) of the Constitution of India.

           On behalf of Respondent Nos. 3 to 36, it was contended that if these
     persons who otherwise have qualified under the open category are not
     allowed to exercise their option for being admitted against the reserved      H
                                        695
    696                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [1996) 2 S.C.R.

A   seats they will be forced to take admission in either private college or some
    colleges having no reputation and will be debarred from getting admission
    to the well-known and reputed colleges of the State even though they are
    found to be more meritorious than others like the petitioner who could not
    even qualify to be admitted to any of the colleges.

B         Allowing the writ petition, this Court

          HELD : 1.1. If a candidate is entitled to be admitted on the basis of
    his own merit then such admission should not be counted against the
    quota reserved for Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe or any other
C   reserved category, since that will be against the constitutional mandate
    enshrined in Article 16(4). A student who is entitled to be admitted on the
    basis of merit though belonging to a. reserved category cannot be con-
    sidered to be admitted against seats reserved for reserved category.
                                                                 [701-F, 700-F]
D         Indira Sawhney and Ors. v. Union of India, [1992] Supp. 3 SCC 217,
    relied upon.

          R.K Sabharwal v. State of Punjab, [1995] 2 SCC 745 and Union of
    India v. Vi1pal Singh Chauhan, [1995] 6 SCC 684, referred to.

          1.2. While a reserved category candidate entitled to admission on the
E   basis of his merit will have the option of taking admission to the college
    where a specified number of seats have been kept reserved for reserved
    category, in computing the percentage of reservation he will be deemed to
    have- been admitted as an open category candidate and not as a reserved
    category candidate. The candidates belonging to backward class but
F   selected as general candidates for admission to graduate or post graduate
    medical course are entitled to the concessions or scholarship~ and other
    benefits according to the rules or instructions of the State Government or
    the Central. Government as the case may be. [704-H, 705-D]

          CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : Writ Petition (C) No. 693 of
G 1995.
          (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)

          Rajiv Dhavan and Ejaz Maqbool for the Petitioners.

H         L. Nageshwara Rao, R. Santhana Krishnan and T.N. Rao for the
               R.R.SHAHv. Y.L. YAMUL[PATIANAIK,J.]                    697

Respondents.                                                                A
      D.M. Nargolkar and S. Atreyu for the State.

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

       PATIANAIK, J. This Writ Petition under Article 32 of the Constitu- B
tion of India raises the question whether a candidate belonging to the
Scheduled Caste or any other reserved category even if is entitled to be
selected for selection for admission in the open competition on the basis
of his own merit yet can he be counted against the quota meant for
 reserved category or he will be treated as an open competition candidate?
The aforesaid question arises because of the rules for selection to MBBS
                                                                            c
and BDS course for the year 1995-96 issued by the Government of
Maharashtra in the Department of Medical Education and Drugs. The
petitioner admittedly belongs to the reserved category. The petitioner's
case in the nutshell is that respondent Nos. 5 to 36 belonging to the
reserved category though could have been admitted on the basis of marks D
secured in open merit, yet they were admitted as against the reserved
category and as a result the petitioner was excluded from getting admission
into the MBBS course. There is no denial to the aforesaid assertion of fact.
But the stand of the State Government as well as respondent Nos. 5 to 36
is that if the respondents are allowed to take admission in open merit then E
it will work out gross injustice and will be more harsh to them as they
cannot get admitted to the colleges of their choice even though they have
secured much higher marks than the other reserved category candidate and
the candidates securing lower marks will get the premium of being ad-
mitted to the colleges of their choice. Before embarking upon any discus-
sion on the point of controversy between the parties,· it would be F
appropriate for us to notice some of the clauses of the Rules framed by
the Government of Maharashtra for the purpose of selection of MBBS
course and BDS course for the year 1995-96. The Preamble of the Rule
indicates that it purports to give effect to the prescribed scheme of this
 Court given in the form of a directive in Unnikrishnan 's case and the Rules G
 are intended to be applicable for the year 1995-96. Under Clause 2.0.1 The
 Director of Medical Education and Research has been appointed as
 Competent Authority for selection to 1st year M.B.B.S. courses.

     Under Rule 2.0.2 the Competent Authority is required to implement
the Rules through the Designated Authorities and would also act as an H
    698                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [1996] 2 S.C.R.

A Appellate Authority to dispose of representations submitted by the can-
    didates.

          Rules 2.0.3 provides that the Designated Authorities are those
    specified under Annexure 'A'.

B         Under Rule 2.0.4 the Designated Authorities are required to dis-
    tribute application forms, receive filled in forms and scrutinise the same
    and publish University areawise (regional) merit list.

          Under Rule 4.1.0. fifteen per cent of the seats are earmarked for
C candidates of All India Entrance Examination and remaining 85% of seats
    will form the denominator for calculation of number of seats under variotts
    sub-categories at the colleges.

           Under Rule 4.1.1 out of the remaining seats, all seats at Govt.
     colleges and 50% of seats at private colleges will be treated as free seats
D   ·and 50% of the seats in private colleges are treated as payment seats.

          Clause 4.1.3.2 provides that out of the seats at the disposal of the
    Competent Authority, reserved seats as specified under Rule 4.1.3.3.2 will
    have to be excluded and th~ rest should be available for Open Merit
E   category.

          Under Rule 4.1.3.3.2. 70% of the seats will be filled up by the
    Designated Authority from amongst the applicants who have passed the
    12th standard (or equivalent) examination from the schools/colleges
    situated in the. concerned University area as per rule. Balance 30% of the
F   seats will be filled _in from amongst the candidates from the State Merit
    List by the Competent Authority under Rule 4.1.3.3.1.

           The selection process has been indicated under RUie 8. Under Rule
    8.0.3.0., the Competent Authority is required to fill up the 30% seats as
    provided under Rule 4.1.3.3.1 from the State Merit List in descending
G   order of merit as well as taking into account the choices offered by each
    applicant subject to availability of seats and admissibility of his choice.

           The procedure to be adopted by the Competent Authority to fill up
    the 30% quota from the State Merit List has been indicated from Rule
H   8.0.3.0 to 8.0.3.7.
              R.R.SHAHv. Y.L. YAMUL[PAITANAIK,J.)                        699

      Rule 8.0.4.1. provides the procedure and method to be adopted for A
considering and admitting candidates against 70% quota. It is with this rule
we are concerned in the present case and, therefore, the said rule is
extracted hereinbelow in extenso :-

       "8.0.4.1. FOR SEATS IN 70 PER CENT QUOTA:
                                                                               B
           After going through the procedure laid down in para 8.0.3. the
       applicants who are not selected for the selection process of seats
       of 30 per cent quota are required to remain present for counseling
       and interview to be held by the Designated Authority. The ap-
       plicant will be called as per his merit position and he will be shown C
       the Colleges where the seats are available. He will have to give his
       choices in writing for the allotment of seats. The applicants in the
       Regional Merit List which include both open and Backward Class
       applicants will be called for interview first. Those belonging to
       reserved categories of Backward Class will be called subsequently D
       for selection against the seats reserved exclusively for the Back-
       ward Class applicants. The Designated Authority will prepare the
       Regional Final Merit List showing the choices thus given     at    the
       time of interview and thus will display the said Regional Final
       Merit List. This list will be sent by the Designated Authority to E
       the Competent Authority at Bombay. The Competent Authority
       will carry out selection to the 70 per cent seats of the recognized
       medical colleges by operating the Regional Final Merit List as per
       the merit and availability of a seat as per the choice order of the
       applicant. This selection list will be displayed on Notice Board by
       the respective Designated Authorities. The selected candidate will
                                                                              F
       have to attend the office of the Designated Authorities on the date
       indicated to collect his selection order and to take provisional
       admission; No separate intimation will be sent to the selected
       candidates. The applicants whose name appear in the selection list
       will not be considered for subsequent procedure of selection and G
       his name shall automatically stand deleted from the Regional Final
       Merit List. In other words the names of applicants who are selected
       against 70 per cent quota as per the Regional Merit List will be
       taken out from the Regional Merit List. It is clarified that these
       applicants will be eligible for the admission to the Payment seats. H
    700                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1996] 2 S.C.R.

A            The selected candidates will have to pay immediately the
             prescribed fees to the representatives of the colleges who will be
             present at the office of the Designated Authority on the date
             prescribed and published by the Designated Authority. This will
             confirm that the candidate has taken admission against the avail-
B            able and allotted seat. Those candidates who do not join or remain
             absent and fail to pay the fees or refuse admission, such seats will
             be treated as dropout/casual vacancies. The waiting list will be
             operated for making selection against such dropout/casual vacan-
             cies.

c                The applicant who remain absent for any reason whatsoever
             will not be considered for allotment of seats for that particular
             process. However, such an applicant can remain present for sub-
             seci,uent processes of selection."

D          The aforesaid provision indicates that candidates who could not
    secure admission against 30% State level seats will then be called as per
    his merit position, and he will be told the colleges where the seats are
    available. He will. then be called upon to give choice in writing for his
    allotment. The candidates in the Regional Merit List, which includes both
E · open and backward class will be called for interview and those belonging
    to reserved categories of backward class will be called subsequently for
    selection against the seats reserved exclusively for the· backward class
    applicants. It iS this provision which is beit}g objected to by the petitioner
    belonging to a reserved category on . the ground that it affects, and
F frustrates the very purpose of the Constitutional mandate enshrined in
    Article 15(4) of the Constitution of India. A candidate who is otherwise
    entitled to be admitted to the MBBS course on the basis of his open merit
    though belonging to a reserved category if is adjusted against a seat meant
    for reserved category then the purpose of reservation will not be achieved.
    We find sufficient force in the aforesaid contention raised by Dr. Dhawan,
G the learned senior counsel for the petitioner. But Mr. Nageshwar Rao,
   learned counsel appearing for respondent Nos. 3 to 36 who also belong to
   the reserved category and have given their choice for being considered
   against the seats meant for reserved category argued that if these persons
   who otherwise have qualified to be admitted under the open category
H would not be allowed to exercise their option for being admitted against           -
--                  R.R.SHAHv. Y.L. YAMUL[PATIANAIK,J.]                      701

     the reserved seats then will be forced to take admission in either private A
.-   colleges or some colleges having no reputation and will be de-barred from
     getting admission to the well-known and reputed colleges of the State even
     though they are found to be more meritorious than others, like the
     petitioner who even could not qualify to be admitted to any of the colleges.
     In order to appreciate this contention it would be necessary for us to find B
     out as to how the selection is made. In a college where there are 100 seats,
     15 seats remained reserved for the candidates who come through All India
     Competitive Test to be allotted by the Govt. of India, out of remaining 85
     seats 50% are kept reserved for different reserved categories and 50%
     remained for open market in accordance with merit. From out of open
     market seats, say, in the aforesaid illustration 30% are distributed from the C
     State level candidates and 70% in the Regional level. It is while considering
     the candidates at Regional level, option is asked for from the candidates
     individually of their choice and then allotment is ~ade. Therefore, at that
     stage if a candidate belonging to the reserved category is considered by
     virtue of his merit and is admitted, then it is just possible he may not be D
     admitted to any Government colleges and would be admitted into a private
     college whereas as against the 50% seats reserved for reserved category,
     persons down below the list belonging to the reserved category, will be
     admitted and undoubtedly this will cause undue hardship to the
     meritorious candidates amongst the reserved category and will be a E
     premium for the less meritorious candidates amongst the reserved
     category.

            There cannot be any dispute with the proposition that if a candidate
     is entitled to be admitted on the basis of his own merit then such admission
     should not be counted against the quota reserved for Scheduled Caste or        F
     Scheduled Tribe or any other .reserved category since that will be against
     the Constitutional mandate enshrined in Article 16(4).

          In a case Indra Sawhney & Ors. v. Union of India & Ors., [1992] Suppl.
     3 SCC 217, commonly known as Mandal's case, this Court in paragraph G
     811 held thus :-

             "In this connection it is· well to remember that the reservations
             under Article 16(4) do not operate like a communal reservation.
             It may well happen that some members belonging to, say,
             Scheduled Castes get selected in the open competition field on the     H
                                                                                     j
    702                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [1996] 2 S.C.R.
                                                                                         --
A           basis of their own merit; they will not be counted against the quota
            reserved for Scheduled Castes; they will be treated as open com-
            petition candidates."

         In R.K Sabharwal v. State of Punjab, [1995] 2 SCC 745 the Constitu-
    tion Bench of this Court considered the question of appointment and
B   promotion and roster points vis a vis reservation and held thus :-

             "When a percentage of reservation is fixed in respect of a particular
             cadre and the roster indicates the reserve points, it has to be taken
             that the posts shown at the reserve points are to be filled from
c            amongst the members of reserve categories and the candidates
             belonging to the general category are not entitled to be considered
             for the reserved posts. On the other hand the reserve category
             candidates can compete for the non-reserve posts and in the event
             of their appointment to the said posts their number cannot be
D            added and taken into consideration for working out the percentage
             of reseriration. Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India permits
             the State Gover~ent to make any provision for the reservation
             of appointments or posts in favour of any Backward Class of
             citizens which, in the opinion of the State if not adequately repre-
             sented in the Services under the State. It is, therefore, incumbent
E            on the State Government to reach a conclusion that the Backward
             Class/Classes for which the reservation is made is not adequately
           . represented in the State Services. While doing so the State Govern-
             ment may take the total population of a par~icular Backward Class
             and. its representation in the State Services. When the State
F            Government after doing the necessary exercise make the reserva-
             tion and provides the extent of percentage of posts to be reserved
             for the said Backward Class then the percentage has to be followed .
             strictly. The prescribed percentage cannot be varied or changed
             simply because some of the members of the Backward Class have
             already been appointed/promoted against the general seats. As
G            mentioned above the roster point which is reserved for a Backward
             Class has to be filled by way. of appointment/promotion of the
             member of the said class. No general category candidate can be
           - appointed against a slot in the roster which is reserved for the
             Backward Class. The fact that considerable number of members
H            of a Backward Class have been appointed/promoted against
~-
                     R.R.SHAHv. Y.L. YAMUL[PATIANAIK,J.]                     703

              general seats in the State Services may be a relevant factor for the A
              State Government to review the question of continuing reservation
              for the said class but so long as the instructions/rules providing
              certain percentage ·of reservations for the Backward Classes are
              operative the same have to be followed. Despite any number of
              appointees/promotees belonging to the Backward Classes against
                                                                                   B
              the general category posts the given percentage has to be provided
              in addition."

             In Union of India v. Virpal Singh Chauhan, [1995) 6 SCC 684 at 705
      it has been held that while determining the number of posts reserved for
      Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, the candidates belonging to           C
      reserved category but selected/promoted on the rule of merit [and not by
      virtue of rule of reservation] shall not be counted as reserved category
      candidates.

            In Ajay Kumar Singh & Ors. v. State of Bihar & Ors., [1994) 4 SCC D
      401 a three-Judge Bench considered the same question for admission in
      post-graduate medical course. It was contended that once the candidates
      seeking admission to post- graduate medical course have already enjoyed
      the benefit of reservation at the state of their admission to M.B.B.S. course,
      they are not eligible for admission to post-graduate medical course, as E
      reserved candidates. The contention that provision for reservation at the
      stage of admission to post-graduate medical course is uncalled for and
      contrary to public interest, cannot be accepted. Firstly, the assumption on
      the basis of which this argument is addressed is its untenable. A candidate
      who is seeking reservation at the state of admission to post-graduate
      medical course may not have availed of the benefit of reservation at the
                                                                                     F
      stage of admission to M.B.B.S. course as he would have been admitted on
      his own merit in the general quota [open competition quota] but because
      the competition at the level of post-graduate medical course is extremely
      acute, he may have to seek the benefit of reservation. Therefore, the
      assumption that a student seeking benefit of reservation at the stage of G
      admission to post graduate medical course has already enjoy~d the benefit
      of reservation once previously is not necessarily true. Secondly, there is no
      rule under Article 15(4) that a student cannot be given the benefit of
---   reservation at more than one stage during the course of his education
      career. Where to draw the line is not a matter of law but a matter of policy H
    704                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   (1996) 2 S.C.R.

A   for the State to be evolved keeping in view the larger interests of the society
    and various other relevant factors. Unless the line drawn by the State if
    found to be unsustainable under the relevant article, the court cannot
    interfere. With regard to the observations in Indra Sawhney case in para
    834 and 839 relied·upon to contend that the reservation for admission at
B   the post-graduate level is unconstitutional, it was clarified in para 8 that
    "the Court not speaking of admission to specialities and super- specialities.
    Moreover, MS or MD are not super-specialities, in any event, this Court
    did not say that they were not permissible". The argument that reservation
    at post-graduate level is detrimental to the interests of the society was not
c   countenanced holding that "no one will be passed unless he acquires the
    requisite level of proficiency. Secondly, the academic performance is not
    guarantee of efficiency in practice. We have seen both in law and medicine
    that persons with brilliant academic record do not succeed in practice
    while students who were supposed to be less intelligent come out successful
D   in profession/practice. It is, therefore, wrong to presume that a doctor with
    good academic record is bound to prove a better doctor in practice. It may
    happen or may not". In view Qf the legal position enunciated by this Court
    in the aforesaid cases the conclusion is irresistible that a stu~ent who is
    entitled to be admitted on the basis of merit though belonging to a reserved
E   category cannot .be considered to be admitted against seats reserved for
    reserved category. But at the same time the provisions should be so made
    that it will not work out to the dis-advantage of such candidate and he may
    not be placed at a .more dis-advantageous position than the other less
    meritorious reserved category candidates. The aforesaid objective can be
    achieved if 'after finding out the candidates from am~ngst the reserved
F   category who would otherwise come in the open merit list and then asking
    their option for admission ihto the different colleges which have been kept
    reserved for reserved category and thereafter the cases of less meritorious
    reserved category candidates should be considered and they will be allotted
    seats in whichever colleges the seats should be available. In other words,.
G   while. a reserved category candidate entitled to admission on the basis of
    his merit will have the option of taking admission to the colleges where a
    specified nuniber of seats have been kept reserved for reserved category
    but while computing the percentage of reservation he will be deemed to ·
    have been adritted as an open category candidate and not as a reserved
H   category candidate. The Full Bench of the Bombay High Court in Ashwin
              R.R.SHAHv. Y.L. YAMULLf'ATfANAIK,J.J.                  705

Prafulla Pimpalwar & Ors. v. State of Maharashtra, W.P. 2469/90 decided A
on 16th September, 1991 held that selection of candidates for admission to
post-gradual medical course in colleges run by or under the control of the
State Government shall be regulated in accordance with the prescription
in that behalf contained in the rule for selection of the candidates for
admission to the post-graduate medical course notified by the Government. B
The contention that the candidates belonging to the backward classes
admitted to M.B.B.S. course selected as general candidates are not eligible
for admission as reserved candidates or for scholarship etc. and also for
admission to post-graduate medical course as reserved candidates, is illegal
for and in negation of Article 15(4). The memorandum issued by the
Government on the basis of the statement made by the Minister of Health,
                                                                             c
Government of Maharashtra was placed before us showing that such
 candidates are entitled to all the benefits though admitted on merit basis.
The said statement is consistent with Article 15(4). Therefore, the can-
didates belonging to backward classes but selected as general candidates
for admission to graduate or post-graduate medical course are entitled to D
the concessions or scholarships and other benefits according to the rules
or instructions of the State Government or the Central Government as the
case may be. The admission to the Medical Colleges for the year 1995-96
in the State of Maharashtra is already over and we are not inclined to
interfere with the admissions already made but we do commend that while E
deciding and publishing the Rules for admission in the next academic
session, directions given in this judgmellt should be borne in mind and the
rules should be made accordingly. In view of our conclusion, and admit-
tedly the Authorities having admitted .the candidates belonging to the
reserved category only against seats meant for reserved category even F
though they were entitled to be admitted on the basis of their merit, the
petitioner who could have been otherwise admitted, has been debarred
from taking admission. Since the petitioner is a single applicant before us
we direct that the petitioner be admitted to any. one of the colleges where
he can be so admitted to the MBBS course where seat is still available and G
if no seat is available then he may be admitted by increasing one seat in
any one of the colleges. It may be made clear that if the petitioner is
desirous of being admitted to any of t~e Medical colleges in pursuance of
this Court's order then he should approach the Designated Authority
within two weeks from today and the Designated Authority will then take
                                                                           H
    706                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [1996] 2 S.C.R.

A appropriate aetion within two weeks thereafter. The designated authority
    will decide the college to which the petitioner will be admitted.

           NeEdless to mention that if there is any prohibition under any
    University Regulation for such admission since the course has already
    started, such prohibition should be condoned and admission should be
B   given.

          We make it clear that it is not open for others belonging to reserved
    category, who might have applied for admission to the MBBS course for
    this year to make any application either in this Court or in Bombay High
    court and any such application should not be entertained. But we are
c   inclined to issue directions in favour of the petitioner since in course of
    hearing in· another case in Writ Petition No. 3694 of 1995 the State itself
    gav~ admission to the petitioner therein.

           The Writ Petition is accordingly allowed with the aforesaid observa-
D   tions. There will be no order as to costs.

    M.K.                                                      Petition allowed.