Holding

A civil settlement and repayment do not extinguish the prima facie criminal liability, and the trial court was correct in rejecting the discharge application; therefore the appeal is dismissed.

Summary

Rumi Dhar and her husband, along with several bank officials, were charged under Sections 120‑B, 420, 467, 468 and 471 IPC for conspiring to defraud a bank. The bank recovered the loan amount through a settlement before the Debt Recovery Tribunal, and the accused paid Rs. 25.51 lakh. Rumi Dhar filed an application under Section 239 CrPC seeking discharge on the ground that the civil settlement extinguished the criminal liability. The Special Judge and the Calcutta High Court rejected the application, holding that repayment does not erase a prima facie case. On appeal, the Supreme Court affirmed that a civil compromise is irrelevant to a criminal offence against society, that the trial court must examine the allegations before discharging, and that the High Court and Supreme Court would not quash the case where a prima facie case exists. Consequently, the appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether a settlement of a civil debt and repayment can justify discharge of the accused under Section 239 of the CrPC.
Whether the High Court can quash criminal proceedings under Section 482 CrPC and Article 142 of the Constitution when a prima facie case is established.
Whether the offences alleged (Sections 120‑B, 420, 467, 468, 471 IPC) are compoundable or can be settled.
Whether a civil tribunal's judgment based on settlement is admissible as evidence in a criminal trial under Section 43 of the Evidence Act.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 239, s. 320, s. 401, s. 402, s. 482
Constitution of Indias. Article 142
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 43
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 120-B, s. 420, s. 467, s. 468, s. 471

Subjects

civil settlementdischarge under s.239 CrPCcriminal conspiracybank fraudquashing of criminal proceedingsprima facie caseevidence admissibilitycompoundable offences

Judgment

[2009) 5 S.C.R. 553

-f RUMIDHAR A
v.
STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR.
(Criminal Appeal No. 661 of 2009)
~ APRIL 8, 2009
B
[S.B.SINHA AND DR. MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, JJ.]

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: s.239 - Discharge -
Accused persons charged for defrauding the bank,
falsification of account and forgery of records - Charges also c
framed - Meanwhile some settlement arrived at in the debt
recovery suit before Tribunal - Payment made by accused
in terms of settlement-Application for discharge by accused
:>- -Held: Trial Court rightly dismissed application for discharge
- Settlement with the creditor would not exonerate the D
accused from prima facie charge in a criminal case - While
considering application for discharge uls. 239, it is for trial
court to go into details of allegations made against each of
accused persons to form opinion as to whether any case was
made out- The High Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under E
s. 482 and Supreme Court, in terms of Article 142 of
Constitution would not direct quashing of case involving crime
against the society particularly when both the courts below
found that a prima facie case was made out against the
;
accused for framing charge - Constitution of India, 1950 -
F
Article 142 - Penal Code, 1860 - ss. 120-8, 420, 468, 471 -
Evidence Act, 1872 - s.43 - Compromise/Settlement.

Prosecution case was that appellant, her husband
and some Officers of Creditor bank were prosecuted for
commission of offences under ss.120-Bl4201468 and 471 G
IPC. A charge sheet was filed against the appellant and
seven others. Appellant was charged for taking the
benefit of overdrafts. For realization of said amount, Bank
filed application for recovery before DR Tribunal. Before
553 H
554 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.

A the tribunal, appellant and the Bank entered into a
settlement pursuant whereto Rs. 25.51 lacs was paid.
CBI returned the title deeds in respect of the property
..
which were kept as security for obtaining the loan from
the Bank.
B ~
Appellant filed an application under s.239 CrPC for
discharge on the ground that as the matter was settled ~

with the Bank, proceedings against her should be
dropped. The Special Judge dismissed the application
holding that mere repayment would not exonerate the
c accused from the prima facie charge in a criminal case.
High Court dismissed revision petition filed by appellant.
Hence the appeal.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
,!._
D
HELD:1. Appellant allegedly took part in conspiracy
in defrauding the bank. Serious charges of falsification
of accounts and forgery of records were also alleged. It
is now a well settled principle of law that in a given case,
a civil proceeding and a criminal proceedings can
E proceed simultaneously. Bank is entitled to recover the
amount of loan given to the debtor. If in connection with
obtaining the said loan, criminal offences were committed
by the persons accused thereof including the officers of
the bank, criminal proceedings would also indisputably
F be maintainable. When a settlement is arrived at by and •.
between the creditor and the debtor, the offence
committed as such would not come to an end. The
judgment of a tribunal in a civil proceeding and that too
when it is rendered on the basis of settlement entered
G into by and between the parties, would not be of much
relevance in a criminal proceeding having regard to the
provisions contained in Section 43 of the Evidence Act.
[Paras 17 and 18] [560-E-H; 561-A]

H
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 555
t
2. The judgment in the civil proceedings would be A
admissible in evidence only for a limited purpose. It is not
a case where the parties entered into a compromise in
relation to the criminal charges. In fact, the offence
alleged against the accused being an offence against the
society and the allegations contained in the first 8
information report having been investigated by the CBI,
the bank could not have entered into any settlement ·at
all. The CBI did not file any application for withdrawal of
the case. Not only a charge sheet was been filed, charges
were also framed. At the stage of framing charge, the
appellant filed an application for discharge. One of the
c
main accused was the husband of the appellant. The
complicity of the accused persons was, thus, required to
be taken into consideration for the purpose of
... determining the application for discharge upon taking a
realistic view of the matter. While considering an
D
application for discharge filed in terms of Section 239
Cr.P.C., it was for the trial court to go into the details of
the allegations made against each of the accused persons
so as to form an opinion as to whether any case at all was
been made out or not as a strong suspicion in regard E
thereto shall subserve the requirement of law. [Para 19)
[561-8-F)

3. The jurisdiction of the Court under Article 142 of
the Constitution of India is not in dispute. Exercise of F
such power would, however, depend on the facts and
circumstance of each case. The High Court, in exercise
of its jurisdiction under Section 482 of the Code of
Criminal Procedure, and this Court, in terms of Article 142
of the Constitution of India, would not direct quashing of G (
a case involving crime against the society particularly
., when both the Special Judge as also the High Court
found that a prima facie case was been made out against
the appellant for framing charge. [Para 23) [566-B-D]
H
556 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2009) 5 S.C.R.
.,
A CBI, New Delhi v. Duncans Agro Industries Limited
Calcutta (1996) 5 SCC 591; Central Bureau of Investigation,
SPE, SIU(X), New Delhi v.Duncans Agro Industries Ltd.
Calcutta (1996) 5 SCC 591 and Nikhil Merchant v. Central
Bureau of Investigation & Anr. (2008) 9 SCC 677, referred
B to.
Case Law Reference:

(1996) 5 sec 591 referred to Para 13

(1996) 5 sec 591 referred to Para 22
c
(2008) 9 sec 677 referred to Para 22

CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
No. 661 of 2009.
<.
D From the Judgment & Order dated 17.07.2007 of the
Court of Calcutta in C.R.R. No.910 of 2007.

Nagendra Rai, D. Bharat Kumar, Anand, Anurag Singh and
Abhijit Sengupta for the Appellant.
E Amit Anand Tiwari, B.K. Prasad, Avijit Bhattacharjee,
Saumya Kundu and Subrata Biswas, for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.
F
2. Application of the provisions of Section 320 of the Code
of Criminal Procedure (hereinafter referred to as 'the Code')
is in question in this application. The said question arises in
the following factual matrix.
G
3. Appellant and her husband (A-4) along with various other
persons including the officers of the Oriental Bank of
,.
Commerce Khidirpur Branch, Calcutta (hereinafter called 'the
Bank') were prosecuted for alleged commission of offences
H
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 557
[S.B. SINHA, J.]
" under Sections 120-B/420/467/468 and 471 of the Indian A
Penal Code. The officers of the Bank had also been
prosecuted under Sections 13(2) read with Section 13(1)(d) of
the Prevention and Corruption Act, 1988.

4. A charge sheet was filed against the appellant and B
_,,
seven others. She was inter alia charged for taking the benefit
of overdrafts between the period 8th February, 1993 to 5th
March, 1993 without furnishing any security.

5. For the purpose of realisation of the said amount,
indisputably'the Bank filed an application for recovery thereof c
before the Debt Recovery Tribunal. It is not in dispute that
before the said Tribunal, appellant and the Bank had entered
into a settlement pursuant whereto or in furtherance a sum of
Rs.25.51 lacs was paid.
..\. D
6. It is also not in dispute that for the said purpose, the
C.B.I. had returned the title deeds in respect of the property
which were kept as security for obtaining the loan from the bank.

7. On or about 22.02.2006 the Appellant filed an
application under section 239 of the Code for discharge, inter E
alia, contending:- '

(i) That having regard to the settlement arrived at
between her and the Bank no case for proceeding
J against her has been out. F
(ii) That she having already paid Rs. 25.51 Lacs and
the CBI having returned the title deeds which had
been kept as security for the loan from the said
bank, the criminal proceeding should be dropped.
G
relying on or on the basis of the said settlement.

(iii) That the dispute between the parties were purely
civil in nature and that she had not fabricated any
document or cheated the bank in anyway what so
ever, charges could not have been framed against H
558 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.

A her.

8. In response to the said application the CBI had
contended that mere payment of loan to the bank could not
exonerate the accused from a criminal proceeding.
B 9. The learned Judge, Special Court Alipore in Special
Case No. 3 of 1993 vide order dated 12.12.2006 dismissed
the application of the appellant noting that mere repayment
could not exonerate the accused from the prima facie charge
in a criminal case.
c
10. On or about 06.03.2007 the appellant filed a revision
application under section 401 and 402 of the CrPC before the
High Court of Calcutta which was registered as CRR No. 910
of 2007.
D Before the High Court, it was argued that further
continuation of the criminal proceeding, despite repayment of
the amount of loan by the appellant, would amount to an abuse
of the process of Court and the same should, therefore, be
quashed.
E
11. In the said revision application the CBI contended that
the criminal case against the appellant was started not only for
obtaining loan but also on the ground of criminal conspiracy with
the bank officials. It was accordingly contended that the court
F below had rightly rejected the application and the impugned
order does not warrant any interference.

12. On or about 17.07.2007 the learned Single Judge of
the High Court dismissed the revision application. The court
G after discussing the arguments of both the parties opined :

"I have taken into consideration the submissions of the Id.
Advocates for both the sides. It is the case of the
prosecution that the loan in question was sanctioned in
favour of the petitioner by way of forming a criminal
H conspiracy, which was allegedly engineered by the bank
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 559
[S.B. SINHA, J.]
'I"·
officials. It is further been alleged that this accused/ A
petitioner also took part in the said conspiracy. Now it is
the admitted position that after investigation charge sheet
has also been filed against the petitioner and the matter
is now fixed for framing of charge. Ld. Trial Judge in his
impugned order discussed the entire matter and thereafter B
.....
he was of the opinion that merely because of the fact that
the amount in question has already been paid in favour of
the bank, that cannot exonerate the accused/petitioner, so
far as the charge of conspiracy is concerned."

13. The learned judge distinguished the case of CBI, New c
Delhi v. Duncans Agro Industries Limited Calcutta, (1996) 5
sec 591 relied on by the appellant noting that the said case
involved quashing of a criminal case which was still under
investigation. The judge noted that the in the case before him
~ the application for quashing the criminal proceedings was filed D
at a stage when the thorough investigation of the case had
already been completed and a charge sheet had been filed.
The court concluded that the trial judge was justified in rejecting
the petition filed under Section 239 of the Code the appellant.
E
14. Mr. Nagendra Rai, learned senior counsel appearing
on behalf of the appellant, would submit :

(1) Considering the fact that the Bank had filed a suit
to recover money before the ORT and the dispute
between the parties having been settled and the F
amount in question having been repayed,
continuation of the criminal proceeding would be
nothing but an abuse of the process of law.

(2) Settlement having been arrived at by and between G
the parties and, particularly having regard to the
,,., nature of allegations made against the appellant
herein, the High Court committed a serious error in
refusing to record the settlement and quashing the
criminal proceedings against her. H
560 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.
...,
.

A 15. Mr. Amit Anand, learned counsel appearing on behalf
of CBI, on the other hand, would urge:

(i) No case has been made out for composition of the
criminal offence, as the settlement was arrived at
by and between the appellant and the bank only in
B respect of the civil dispute between the parties
,,_

relating to issuance of a certificate by the Debt
Recovery Tribunal and not for the purpose of
withdrawal of the criminal case.

c (ii) Having regard to the nature of evidence collected
against the appellant during investigation and
consequent filing of a charge sheet, the High Court
has rightly refused to exercise its discretionary
jurisdiction.
D j.
16. Sub-section (1) of Section 320 of the Code specifies·
the offences which are compoundable in nature; Sub-section
(2) providing for the offences which are compoundable with the
permission of the court.
E 17. Appellant is said to have taken part in conspiracy in
defrauding the bank. Serious charges of falsification of accounts
and forgery of records have also been alleged. Although no
charge against the appellant under the Prevention of Corruption
Act has been framed, indisputably, the officers of the bank are
F facing the said charges.
18. It is now a well settled principle of law that in a given
case, a civil proceeding and a criminal proceeding can proceed
simultaneously. Bank is entitled to recover the amount of loan
given to the debtor. If in connection with obtaining the said loan,
G
criminal offences have been committed by the persons
accused thereof including the officers of the bank, criminal
proceedings would also indisputably be maintainable. When a "'
settlement is arrived at by and between the creditor and the
debtor, the offence committed as such does not come to an
H
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 561
[S.B. SINHA, J.]
.
:;,.

end. The judgment of a tribunal in a civil proceeding and that A
too when it is rendered on the basis of settlement entered into
by and between the parties, would not be of much relevance in
a criminal proceeding having regard to the provisions contained
in Section 43 of the Indian Evidence Act.
~
-\
B
19. The judgment in the civil proceedings will be
admissibile in evidence only for a limited purpose. It is not a
case where the parties have entered into a compromise in
relation to the criminal charges. In fact, the offence alleged
against the accused being an offence against the society and
the allegations contained in the first information report having
c
been investigated by the Central Bureau of Investigation, the
bank could not have entered into. any settlement at all. The CBI
has not filed any application for withdrawal of the case. Not only
'·
a charge sheet has been filed, charges have also been framed.
.~
At the stage of framing charge, the appellant filed an application D
for discharge. One of the main accused is the husband of the
appellant. The complicity of the accused persons was, thus,
required to be taken into consideration for the purpose of
determining the application for discharge upon taking a realistic
view of the matter. While considering an applica\1Gn for E
discharge filed in terms of Section 239 of the Code, ihVi!IS for
the learned Judge to go into the details of the allegations made
against each of the accused persons so as to form an opinion

.. J·
as to whether any case at all has been made out or not as a
strong suspicion in regard the,·eto shall subserve the F
requirements of law.

20. We may also notice that the learned Tribunal, while
accepting the settlement arrived at by and between the
appellant and the bank, opined :
G
"It is, thus, clear from this evidence that t:1e amount of
,..,. Rs.25.51 lacs has already been paid by the respondents.
The objections of the appellant that the proposal of OTS
stands withdrawn because the payment was not made by
cheques or in the manner given in their application of OTS H
562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.

A has no merit. There is no need of formal joint petition of
compromise if the record shows in the applications of the
parties and the contents therein their consent to the OTS
could be derived from the other documents on record of
the case. As is already discussed hereinabove as to the
B application of the CHB for OTS dated 7.2.2004 the ~
~
consent was already recorded by the Ld. Recovery Officer
in his order dated 7, 10 .2004. The balance payment of
Rs.22.21 lacs by the respondents certificate debtors was
payable in 20 monthly instalments which was to expire by
c December 2005. It is immaterial that how the payment is
being made. The parties under the OTS is that the OTS
is agreeable and consent was at an amount of Rs.25.51
lacs. It is immaterial that the payment is to be made by
equated monthly instalments by post dated cheques or
.
evenotherwise if the payment is made at an early date, then
D '.'J.
it is not wrong. But if the payments are made beyond the
scheduled date, then it is the breach of the OTS and in
such a situation the Tribunal may refuse to act upon the
OTS. In the present case the amount has already been
paid prior to December 2-5. Thus, it cannot be said that
E the payments as per compromise are not paid."

21. The learned Special Judge in his order dated
16.12.2006 rejected the contention raised on behalf of the
appellant herein, stating :
F ~
"I have gone through the record citation and considered ?

the circumstances. It is true that the aced. has put a good """
gesture by paying of the dues of the bank but I am at one
with the Ld. PP that this payment cannot exonerate the
aced. from a ~rima facie charge. If I allow this, then I may
G
have to swallow in a case of bribery that the aced. has paid
back the amount to the sufferer the amount received as
bribe. It is a question of trial whether there was any criminal
..y

intention on the part of this Lady aced. in this crime. The
criminal intention is to be inferred from the evidence to be
H
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 563
[S.B. SINHA, J.]
-r
adduced by the prosecution. Simply because the money A
'•
"'!!'.r has been returned, I cannot shut the mouth of the
·prosecution from adducing evidence against this aced.
Thus, I do not like to pass any order in favour of the aced.
The prayer for discharge of aced. No. 7, Ru mi Dhar stands
i rejected. Let the case proceed. Fix 7.2.07 for B
' consideration of charge. The sureties must produce all the
aced. persons on that date."

22. It has not been argued before us that the learned Judge,
in arriving at the said opinion, committed any error of law or
the same otherwise suffers from any illegality so as to enable
c
the High Court to interfere with the same matter. A prima facie
case has been found out against the appellant. There is no error
apparent on the face of the record warranting interference
therewith.
·* D
Strong reliance has been placed by Mr. Rai on a decision
of this Court in Central Bureau of Investigation, SPE, SIU(X),
New Delhi v. Duncans Agro Industries Ltd., Calcutta [(1996)
5 SCC 591), wherein this Court held :
E
"?6. After giving our careful consideration to the facts and
circumstances of the case and the submissions made by
the respective counsel for the parties, it appears to us that
for the purpose of quashing the complaint, it is necessary
to consider whether the allegations in the complaint prima
~ F
".'· facie make out an offence or not. It is not necessary to
scrutinise the allegations for the purpose of deciding
whether such allegations are likely to be upheld in the trial.
Any action by way of quashing the complaint is an action
-,
to be taken at the threshold before evidences are led in
support of the complaint. For quashing the complaint by G
way of action at the threshold, it is, therefore, necessary
to consider whether on the face of the allegations, a
criminal offence is constituted or not. In recent decisions
of this Court, in the case of Bhajan Lal (supra), P.P.
Sharma (supra) and Janta Dal (supra), since relied on by H
564 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.

A Mr. Tulsi, the guiding principles in quashing a criminal case
have been indicated."

It was furthermore observed :

"27. In the instant case, a serious dispute has been raised
B by the learned Counsel appearing for the respective party
as to whether on the face of the allegations, an offence of
criminal breach of trust is constituted or not. In our view,
the expression 'entrusted with property' or 'with any
dominion over property' has been used in a wide sense
c in Section 405 l.P.C. Such expression includes all cases
in which goods are entrusted, that is, voluntarily handed
over for a specific purpose and dishonestly disposed of
in violation of law or in violation of contract. The expression
'entrusted appearing in Section 405 l.P.C. is not
D necessarily a term of law. It has wide and different
implications in different contexts. It is, however, necessary
that the ownership or beneficial interest in the ownership
of the property entrusted in respect of which offence is
alleged to have been committed must be in some person
E other than the accused and the latter must hold it on
account of some person or in some way for his benefit.
The expression 'trust' in Section 405 l.P.C. is a
comprehensive expression and has been used to denote
various kinds of relationship like the relationship of trustee
F and beneficiary, bailor and bailee, master and servant,
pledger and pledgee. When some goods arc
hypothecated by a person to another person, the
ownership of the goods still remains with the person who
has hypothecated such goods. The property in respect of
which criminal breach of trust can be committed must
G
necessarily be the property of some person other than the
accused or the beneficial interest in or ownership of it must
be in other person and the offender must hold such
property in trust for such other person or for his benefit. In
a case of pledge, the pledged article belongs to some
H
RUMI DHAR v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL & ANR. 565
[S.B. SINHA, J.]

-. other person but the same is kept in trust by the pledgee . A
In the instant case, a floating charge was made on the
goods by way of security to cover up credit facility. In our
view, in such case for disposing of the goods covering the
ll security against credit facility the offence of criminal breach
'i, of trust is not committed. In the facts and circumstances B
of the case, it, however, appears to us that the
Respondents moved the High Court only in 1991 although
the first FIR was filed in 1987 and the second was filed in
1989. The CBI, therefore, got sufficient time to complete
the investigation for the purpose of framing the charge." c
This is also not a case where unlike Duncans Agro
Industries, no case of criminal breach of trust had been made
out.
,Cl.
Our attention has also been drawn to a recent decision of D
this Court in Nikhil Merchant v. Central Bureau of Investigation
& Anr. [(2008) 9 SCC 677], wherein this Court refused to refer
the matter to a larger Bench, stating:

"30. In the instant case, the disputes between the Company E
and the Bank have been set at rest on the basis of the
compromise arrived at by them whereunder the dues of
the Bank have been cleared and the Bank does not appear
to have any further claim against the Company. What,
'
~ however, remains is the fact that certain documents were
F
alleged to have been created by the appellant herein in
order to avail of credit facilities beyond the limit to which
the Company was entitled. The dispute involved herein has
overtones of a civil dispute with certain criminal facets. The
question which is required to be answered in this case is
whether the power which independently lies with this Court G
to quash the criminal proceedings pursuant to the
v compromise arrived at, should at all be exercised?

31. On an overall view of the facts as indicated
hereinabove and keeping in mind the decision of this Court H
566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2009] 5 S.C.R.

A in 8.S. Joshi's case (supra) and the compromise arrived
at between the Company and the Bank as also Clause 11 ..-
of the consent terms filed in the suit filed by the Bank, we
are satisfied that this is a fit case where technicality should
not be allowed to stand in the way in the quashing of the
criminal proceedings, since, in our view, the continuance J
B /'
of the same after the compromise arrived at between the
parties would be a futile exercise."

23. The jurisdiction of the Court under Article 142 of the
Constitution of India is not in dispute. Exercise of such power
c would, however, depend on the facts and circumstance of each
case. The High Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under
Section 482 of the Code of Criminal procedure, and this Court,
in terms of Article 142 of the Constitution of India, would not
direct quashing of a case involving crime against the society
D particularly when both the learned Special Judge as also the .l..

High Court have found that a prima facie case has been made
out against the appellant herein for framing charge.

24. For the reasons aforementioned, there is no merit in
E the appeal. It is dismissed accordingly.
D.G. Appeal dismissed

~-