Holding

The offences in the various fodder‑scam cases are distinct and not the same offence; hence Article 20(2) and Section 300 CrPC do not prohibit separate trials.

Summary

The State of Jharkhand, represented by the CBI, appealed against the Jharkhand High Court’s order quashing several criminal cases arising from the fodder scam on the ground that the accused had already been convicted in one case, invoking Article 20(2) of the Constitution and Section 300 of the CrPC (double jeopardy). The Supreme Court held that each defalcation involved different treasuries, financial years, amounts and sets of accused, making each offence distinct; therefore, the doctrine of double jeopardy did not apply. The Court also examined whether the delay in filing the appeals could be condoned and found the explanations sufficient. Consequently, the High Court’s judgment was set aside, the appeals were allowed, and the trial courts were directed to expedite the pending trials. The Court also admonished the CBI for procedural laxity.

Issues considered

The applicability of Article 20(2) of the Constitution and Section 300 CrPC to bar successive prosecutions in the fodder‑scam cases.
Whether offences arising from a single conspiracy but committed in different treasuries and financial years constitute the same offence.
The relevance of issue‑estoppel in the present criminal proceedings.
The propriety of condoning the delay in filing the Special Leave Petitions by the CBI.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 212, s. 212(2), s. 218, s. 219, s. 220, s. 221, s. 300
Constitution of Indias. 20(2)
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 120B, s. 409, s. 420, s. 467, s. 468, s. 471, s. 477, s. 477A
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988s. 13(1)(c), s. 13(2)

Subjects

double jeopardyArticle 20(2)Section 300 CrPCfodder scamconspiracyseparate trialsdelay condonationissue estoppelCBIPrevention of Corruption Act

Judgment

[2017] 3 S.C.R. 630

A STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI
v.
LALU PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAY
(Criminal Appeal No. 394of2017)
B MAYOS,2017
[ARUN MISHRA AND AMITAVA ROY, JJ.]
Fodder Scam:
Constitution of India:
c Art. 20(2) -- Code of Criminal Procedure, I973 - s. 300- On
facts, large scale defalcation ofpublic funds, fraudulei1t transactions
and fabrication of accounts in Animal Husbandry Department of
State of Bihm· popularly known as fodder scam - Investigation by
CBI regarding corruption in public administration, misconduct by
D bureaucracy, fabrication of official records, misappropriation of
public funds by independent agency - Conviction of three in one of
the criminal cases arising out offodder scam - Quashing of, by the
High Court, applying Art. 20(2) and s.300 CrPC on the ground
that they have been convicted in one of the cases for offences
involving same ingredients with respect to Chaibasa treaswy - Held:
E
Though there is one general conspiracy, offences are distinct for
different periods - Defalcations are from different treasziries for
different financial years by exceeding the amount of each year which
was allocated for Animal Husband1y Department - Amount involved
is different, fake vouchers, fake allotment letters, fake supply orders
F had been prepared with the help of different sets of accused persons
- Separate charges for distinct offences must be framed separately
and they cannot be clubbed together for more than one year - Thus,
the di-der passed by the High Court is set aside_.
Art. 20(2) - Scope of - Held: No person to be prosecuted
G and punished for the same offence more than once - This is called
docti·ine of double jeopardy - Constitution bars double punishment
for the same offence - Conviction for such offence does not bar
for subsequent trial and conviction for another offence and it does
not matter even if some ingredients of these two offences are common.

H
630
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 631
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAY

Delay/laches - Delay in filing the appeals by CBI - A
Applications for condonation of delay on account of departmental,
administrative procedures involved in filing SLP s - Held: Delay
has been sufficiently explained - Considering the facts and
circumstances of the case, gravamen of matter and Jhe -divergent
views taken by the same Judge of the High Court in the same case ·
8
vis-a-vis different accused persons _mt same question, delay to be
condoned so as to subserve the ends of justice.
Doctrines - Doctrine of double jeopardy - Two f{lcet of
doctrine of jeopardy is Autrefois convict and Autrefois acquit -
Autrefois convict means that the person. has been previously
convicted in respect of the same offence - Autrefois acquit means c
that the person has been acquitted on a same charge on which he is
being prosecuted.
Judicial deprecation - Delay in filing SLP by CBI in Fodder
scam matter - Conduct of CBI in important matters is surprising -
CBI ought to have acted with more circumspection and ought to D
have followed the CBI Manual - Lethargy on its part is intolerable
- Director of CBI to look into the matter and saddle the responsibility
on a concerned person - In important cases Directo1; CBI to devise
convenient methodology or else Director, CBI cannot escape the
responsibility for delay - Delay would be termed as inlolerable.
E
Allowing the appeals, the Court
HELD: 1.1 Article 20(2) of the Constitution, says that no
person shall b~ prosecuted and punished for the same offence
more than once. This is called the doctrine of double jeopardy.
Tbe objective of the Article is to avoid harassment, wbicb may F
be caused by successive criminal proceedings, where the person
has committed only one crime. There is a law maxim related to
this, nemo debet bis vexari. This means that no man shall be put
twice' iri peril for the same offence. There are two aspects of
doctrine of jeopardy viz. Autre/ois convict and Autre/ois "cquit.
Autre/ois convict means that the person has been .previously G
convicted in respect of tbe same offence. Autre/ois acquit means
that the person has been acquitted on a same charge on which he
is being prosecuted. Constitution bars double punishment for
the same offence. The conviction for such offence does not bar
for subsequent trial and conviction for another offence and it does
H
632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A not matter even if some ingredients of these two offences are
common. [Para 17](649-G-H; 650-A-B]
1.2 Section 300 refers to Sections 220 and 221 Cr.P.C. No
doubt it appears that a person who has been convicted or acquitted
of the "same offence" cannot be tried again considering the said
B provisions. Section 220(1) provides that if one series of acts is
so connected together as to form the same transaction, more
offences than one are committed by the same person, he may be
charged with and tried at one trial for every such offence. Section
221(1) is applicable where it is doubtful what offence has been
committed. When a single act or series of acts is of such a nature
c that it is doubtful which of several offences the facts which can be
proved would constitute, the accused may be charged with having
committed all or any of such offences and such charges can be
tried together. [Paras 18, 19][651-C-D, E-G]
1.3 When the accused is charged with criminal breach of
D trust or dishonest appropriation of money or other immovable
property, it shall be sufficient to specify the gross sum or describe
the moveable property in respect of which offence is alleged to
have been committed, and the dates between which the offence
is alleged to have been committed, without specifying particular
E items of exact dates, and the charge so framed shall be deemed
to be a charge of one offence within the meaning of Section 219
provided that the time included between the first and last of such
dates shall not exceed one year. A charge shall contain ·such
particulars as to time and place of the alleged offence which is
material and time period shall not exceed one year. [Para 21]
F (652-C-E]
1.4 Section 219 Cr.PC provides that three offences of same
kind within a year may be charged together. When a person is
accused of more offences than one of the same kind committed
within a period of one year, he may be charged with, and tried at
G one trial for, any number of them not exceeding three for same
kind of offence under Section 219(1). It is apparent from Section
212 read with Section 219 that there have to be separate trials
for different years covering the period of more than one year.
Same kind of offence is a different thing than the "same offence"
I-I for the purpose of Sections 219, 220 or 300. The scheme of law is
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 633
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV

clear that separate charges for distinct offences must be framed . A
separately and they cannot be clubbed together for more than
one year. [Paras 22, 23)[652-E-F; 653-C-D]
1.5 Section 218 deals with separate cbarges for distinct
offences. Section 219 provides that three offences of the same
kind can be clubbed in one trial committed within one year. Section B
220 s·peaks of trial for more than one offence if it is the same
transaction. In the instant case, it cannot be said that defalcation
is same transaction as the transactions are in different treasuries
for different years, different amounts, different allotment letters,
supply orders and suppliers. Thus, the provision of Section 221
is not attracted in the instant case. There are different sets of c
accused persons in different cases with respect to defalcation.
There may be a conspiracy in general one and a separate one.
There may be larger conspiracy and smaller conspiracy which
may develop in successive stages involving different accused
persons. [Paras 31, 32] [659-C-E] D
1.6 In the instant case, offences arc not the same offence.
There can be different trials for the same offence if tried under
two different enactments altogether ancl comprised of two different
offences under different Acts/statutes without violation of the
provisions of Article 20(2) or Section 300 Cr.P.C.[Para 33] [660- E
B]
1.7 Though there was one general charge of conspiracy,
which was allied in nature, the charge was qualified with the
substantive charge of defalcation of a particular sum from a
particular treasury in particular time period. The charge has to F
be taken in substance for the purpose of defalcation from a
particular treasury in a particular financial year exceeding the
allocation made for the purpose of animal husbandry on the basis
of fake vouchers, fake supply orders etc. The sanctions made in
Budget were separate for each and every year. This Court has
already dealt with this matter when the prayers for amalgamation G
and joint trial had been made and in view of the position of law
and various provisions, separate trials which are being made are
in accordance with provisions of law otherwise it would have
p1·ejudiced the accused persons considering the different
defalcations from different treasuries at different times with H
634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A different documents. Whatever could be combined has already
been done. Each defalcation would constitute an independent
offence. Thus, by no stretch, it can be held to be in violation of
Article 20(2) of the Constitution or Section 300 Cr.P.C. Separate
trials in such cases is the very intendment of law. There is no
room to raise such a grievance. Though evidence of general
B
conspiracy has been adduced in cases which have been
concluded, it may be common to all the cases but at the same
time offences are different at different places, by different accused
persons. As and when a separate offence is committed, it becomes
punishable and the substantive charge which has to be taken is
c that of the offence under the P.C. Act etc. There was conspiracy
hatched which was continuing one and has resulted into various
offences. It was joined from time to time by different accused
persons, so whenever an offence is committed in continuation of
the conspiracy, it would be punishable separately for different
periods as envisaged in Section 212(2), obviously, there have to
D
be separate trials. Thus, it. cannot be said to be a case of double
jeopardy at all. It cannot be said that for the same offence the
accused persons are being tried again. [Para 35] [664-E-H; 665-
A-D]
1.8 The modus operandi being the same would not make it
E
a single offence when the offences are separate. Commission of
offence pursuant to a conspiracy has to be punished. If conspiracy
is furthered into several distinct offences there have to be
separate trials. There may be a situation where in furtherance of
general conspiracy, offences take place in various parts of India
F and several persons are killed at different times. Each trial has
· to be separately held and the accused to be punished separately
for the offence committed in furtherance of conspiracy. In case
there is only one trial for such conspiracy for separate offences,
it would enable the accused person to go. scotfree and commit
number of offences which is not the intendment oflaw. The concept
G is of 'same offence' under Article 20(2) and Section 300 Cr.P.C.
In case. distinct offences are being committed there has to be
independent trial for each of such offence based on such
conspiracy and in the case of misappropriation as statutorily
mandated, there should not be joinder of charges in one trial for
H more than one year except as provided in ·section 219. One general
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 635
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV

conspiracy from 1988 to 1996 led to various offences as such A
there have to be different trials for each of snch offence based
upon conspiracy in which different persons have 1Jarticipated at
different times at different places for completion of the offence.
[Para 39][671-C-F]
1.9 It is apparent that it is premature to raise the plea of B
issue of estoppel before evidence is recorded for different sets
of accusations of different offences for different periods. Then it
is difficult to say that prosecution would be bound by the finding
in a previous trial on a similar issue of fact and there may not be
any contradiction if the periods are different and with respect to
culpability for different periods and without fear of contradiction, c
separate findings can be recorded. In what manner the duty has
been carried on for different periods would be the question of
fact in each case and there is no question of double jeopardy in
such a case. [Para 49][677-C-D)
1.10 The same Judge had taken a different view in Dr. R's D
case on the basis of same facts, and same question of law in the'
same cases. Judicial discipline requires that such a blatant
contradiction in such an important matter should have been
avoided. The order passed in the case of .Dr. R was on sound
basis and though the court had noted that there was some E.
overlapping of facts but the offences were different, it, however,
has taken a different view in the impugned order for the reasons
which are not understandable. The court ought to have been careful
while dealing with such matters and consistency is the hallmark
of the court due to which people have faith in the system and it is
not open to1he court to take a different view in the same matter " F
with reference to different accused persons in the same facts and
same case. Such inconsistent decision-making ought to have been
avoided at all costs so as to ensure credibility of the system. The
impugned orders are palpably illegal, faulty and contrary to the
basic principles of law and Judge has ignored large number of G
binding decisions of this Court while giving impermissible benefit
to the accused persons and delayed the case for several years.
Interference bad been made at the advanced stage of the case
which was wholly unwarranted and uncalled for. Let now amends
be made by expediting the trial without any further hindrance
H·
636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A from any quarter. [Para 50] [677-E-H; 678-A]
State of Bihar & Anr. v. Ranchi Zila Samta Party & Anr.
[1996] 3 SCR 663 : (1996) 3 sec 682; CBI. AHD,
Patna v. Bra} Bhushan Prasad & Ors. [2001] 3 Suppl.
SCR 627 : (2001) 9 SCC 432: Lalu Prasad alias Lalu
B Prasad Yadav v. State through CBI (A.HD.), Ranchi,
Jharkhand [2003] 2 Suppl. SCR 1032 : (2003) 11 SCC
786; Laloo Prasad @ Laloo Prasad Yadav v. State of
Jharkhand (2002) 9 SCC 372; T. T. Anthony v. State of
Kera/a (2~01) 6 SCC 181; Amitbhai Anilchandra Shah
v. CB.I. [2013] 6 .SCR 623 : (2013) 6 sec 348; Sidh
c Nath Awasthi v. Emperor 1920 ILR 17; Natwar Lal
Sakar Lal Mody v. The State of Bombay 26 (1984) DLT
64; Ranchhod Lal v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1965
SC 1248 : [1965] SCR 283; A P v. Cheemalapti
Ganeswara Rao & Anr. [1964] 3 SCR 297; Sardar
D Sardul Singh Caveeshar v. State -of Maharashtra (1964]
2 SCR 378; State of Bombay v. S.L. Apte [1961] 3 SCR
107; Gopal Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar [1971] 2
SCR 619 : (1970) 2 SCC905; Ram Lal Narang " Slate
(Delhi Administration)~(l979) 2 SCC 322; Mohd.
Hussain Umar Kochra etc. v. KS. Dalipsinghji & Anr.
E
AIR 1970 SC 45 : [1969] 3 SCR 130; Manipur
Administration, Manipur v. Thokchom Bira Singh AIR
1965 SC 87 : [1964] SCR 123; Assistant Collector of
Customs, Bombay & Anr. v. L.R.Melwani AIR 1970 SC
962 : [1969] SCR 438; Pritam Singh v. The Stale of
F Punjab AIR 1956 SC 415; Emperor v. Jhabbar Mull
Lakkar (1922) ILR 49 Cal 924; State of Bombay v.
Umarsaheb Buransaheb lnamdar AIR 1962 SC 1153 :
[1962] Suppl. SCR .711; Gopal Prasad Sinha v. State
of Bihar [1971] 2 SCR 619; Masur Khan v. Stale of
U.P. [1974] 1 SCR 793; Ravinder Singh v. Sukhbir
G Singh [2013] 1 SCR 243 : (2013) 9 SCC 245 - referred
to. '· .

S. Swamirathnam v. State of Madras AIR 1957 SC 340;
Mohd. Hussain Umar Kochra etc. v. KS. Dalipsinghji
& Anr. AIR 1970 SC 45: [1969] 3 SCR 130; Srichand
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 637
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV

K. Khetwani v. The State of Maharashtra AIR 1967 SC A
450 : [1967) SCR 595 - distinguished.
Emperor v. Jhabbar Mull Lakkar 1922 ILR 49 Cal 924
- disapproved.
R. v. Griffith 1965 (2) AER 448; Sambasivan v. Public
Prosecutor (1950) AC 458; Mills v. Cooper (1967) 2 B
QB 459; R. v. Humph1ys (1976) 2 AER 497 - referred
to.
2.1 There is a delay of 113, 157 and 222 days in filing the
respective appeals by the CBI. The applications have been filed
for condonation of delay on account of the departmental, c
administrative procedures involved in for filing the special leave
petition. It w.as submitted that unlike the private litigant the .
matters relating to the Government are required to be considered
at various levels and then only a decision is taken to file special
leave petition and the process of referring the particular file from D
a
one department to another is time consuming process and
decisions hav~ to be taken collectively. In view of the averments
made in the applications, delay has been sufficiently explained
and considering the facts and circumstances of the case, gravamen
of matter and also the divergent views taken by the same Judge
of the High Court in the same case vis-a-vis different accused E
persons on same question, it is the duty of this Court not to throw
away petition on the ground of delay. The explanation offered by
the CBI of movement of file so as to condone the delay so as to
subserve the ends of justice, deserves to be accepted. It is
. regrettable that majority of the special leave petitions file4 in F
this Court are barred by limitation not only on behalf of the
Government but also by the other private litigants. Not only that
the SLP's are preferred with the delay but in refiling also enormous
time is consumed and this Court in order to advance substantial
justice is not throwing away cases only on limitation. (Paras 51,
55) (678-B-C; 679-F-H; 680-A) G

2.2 Sufficiency of cause has to be judged in ·a pragmatic
riianner so as to advance cause of justice. No doubt about it that
litigants are·supposed to act with circumspection within limitation
and that there should not be delay a'lld !aches and State machinery
H
638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A should not be differentiated vis-a-vis with the private individual
in the matter of filing the appeals, petitions etc., however, in the
facts and circumstances of the case and considering the averments
in the applications, it is appropriate to condone the delay in filing
the appeals in this Court. [Para 56)(680-B-C]
B 2.3 This Court. is surprised at the conduct of the CBI in
such important matters how such delay could take place. The
CBI ought to have bee1i careful in filing the Special Leave
Petitions within limitation considering the factual matrix of the
case. The criticism made by the counsel for respondent is not
wh'olly unjustified. CBI ought to be guided by its Manual. It is
c expected of it to be more vigilant. It has failed to live up to its
reputation. In the instant case, lethargy on its part is intolerable.
If CBI fails' to act timely, peoples' faith would be shaken in its
effectiveness. The Director of CBI to look into the matter and
saddle the responsibility on a concerned person. In important
D cases Director, CBI should devise· methodology which should
not be cumbersome as reflected in these cases, otherwise in
future, Director, CBI cannot escape the responsibility for delay
in such cases to be formed as deliberate one, which is intolerable.
Being the head of the institution it was the responsibility of the
Director, CBI to ensure that appeals were filed within limitation.
E There should not have been delay in filing special leave petitions
at all. [Para 57)(680-D-F]
Postmaster General & Ors. v. Living Media India Ltd.
&Anr. (2012) 3 SCC 503; Sta.te of UP th1: Exe. Engineer
v. Amar Nath Yadav (2014) 2 SCC 422; Ajit Singh
F Thakur & Anr. v. State of Gujarat [1981] 2 SCR 509-:
1981 (1) SCC 495; Pundlik Jalam Patil {DJ by Lrs. v.
Exe. Engg. Jalgaon Medium Project & Anr. [2008] 15
SCR 135 : (2008) 17 SCC 448; Binod Bihari Singh v.
Union of India [1992) 3 Suppl; SCR 468 : (1993) 1
G SCC 572; Vineet Narain & Ors. v. Union of India &
Anr. [1997] 6 Suppl. SCR 595 : (1998) 1 SCC 226;
Japani Sahoo v. Chandra Sekhar Mohanty [2007] 8
SCR 582 : (2007) 7 SCC 394; Sajjan Kumar v. Union
of India [2010] 11 SCR 669 : (2010) 9 SCC 368; State
of Tamil Nadu v. M Suresh Rajan [2014] 1 SCR 135 :
H
~TATE OF IBARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v'. LALU . 639
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV

(2014) 11 SCC 709; Indian Oil Corporation Ltd. & Ors. A
v. Subrata Borah Chowlek, etc. 12010] 13 SCR 776 :
(2010) 14 SCC 419; State of Nagaland v. Lipok AO &
Ors. [2005) 3 SCR 108 : (2005) 3 SCC 752 - referred
to.
3. The impugned judgments passed by the High Court are B
set aside. The trial court is directed to expedite the trial and to
conclude the same within the stipulated period.[Para 581(680-G]
Case Law Reference
[1996) 3 SCR 663 ·- referred to Pari:t2
[2001) 3 Suppl. SCR 627 referred to Para2 c
[2003) 2 Suppl. SCR 1032 referred to Paras
(2002) 9 sec 372 referred to Para 14
(2001) 6 sec 181 referred to Para 15
[2013) 6 SCR 623 referred to Para 15
1920 ILR 17 referred to Para 15 D
26 (1984) DLT 64 referred to Para 24
[1965] SCR 283 referred to Para25
[1964] 3 SCR 297 referred to Para 27
(1964] 2 SCR 378 referred to Para28
[1961) 3 SCR 107 .referred to Para 28 E
[1971) 2 SCR 619 referred to Para 29
(1979) 2 sec 322 referred to Para 32
AIR 1957 SC 340 distinguished Para 36
[1967) SCR 595 distinguished Para 37
[1969) 3 SCR 130 · distinguished Para 38 F
(1969) 3 SCR 130 referred to Para 38
[1964) SCR 123 referred to Para 40
{1969) SCR 438 referred to Para 40
(1950) AC 458 referred to Para 40
AIR 1956 SC 415 · referred to Para 41 G
1922 ILR 49 Cal 924 disapproved Para 42
[1962] Suppl. SCR 711 referred to Para 43
[1971] 2 SCR 619 referred to Para 44
[1974] 1 SCR 793 referred to Para 46
H
640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A 12013] 1 SCR 243 referred to Para 48
(2012) 3 SCC 503 referred to Para 52
(2014) 2 SCC 422 referred to Para 52
J1981J 2 SCR 509 referred to Para 53
120081 15 SCR 135 referred to Para 53
B [1992] 3 Suppl. SCR 468 referred to Para 53
[1997] 6 Suppl. SCR 595 referred to Para.53
120071 8 SCR 582 referred to Para 54
120101 11 SCR 669 referred to Para 54
J2014J 1 SCR 135 referred to Para 54
C 120101 13 SCR 776 referred to Para 54
J2005J 3 SCR 108 referred to Para 54
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
No. 394 of2017.
From the Judgment and Order dated 14.11.2014 of the High Court
D of Jharkhand at' Ranchi in Cr!. M. P. No. 1811 of 2014
WITH
Cr!. A. Nos. 393 and 395 of2017.
Ranjit Kumar, SG, Tushar Mehta, ASG, Ms. Vibha Datta Makhija,
Sr. Adv., R. S. Jena, Kumar Parimal, Ms. Binu Tamta, T. A. Khan,
E Mukesh Kumar Maroria, D. Shavaish, Advs. for the Appellant.
· Ram Jethmalani, Surendra Singh, Chitranjan Sinha, Dharnidhar
Jha, Sr. Advs., Adit S. Pujari, Surabhi Dhar, K. Awasthi, Senthil
Jagadeesan, D.S. Parmar, Susheel Tamar, Chirag Madan, Ajay Awasthi,
Ms. Kavitta Sharma, Ms. Abha R. Sharma, Nityanand Jha, R. K. Mishra,
F Fauzia Shakil, Nikhil Ranjan, Snehasish. Mukherjee, Advs. for the
Respondent.
The Judgment of the Com1 was delivered by
ARUN MISHRA, J. I. The appeals arise out of three separate
judgments and orders oflearned Single Judge of High Court.of Jharkhand
G
at Ranchi discharging three accused persons namely; Lalu Prasad Yadav,
Sajal Chakraborty and Dr. Jagannath Mishra on the ground of their
conviction in one of the criminal cases arising out of fodder scam of
erstwhile State ofBihar. Applying the provision under Article 20(2) of
the Constitution oflndia and Section 300 of Code of Criminal Procedure,
H . 1973 (for short 'the Cr.PC'), the High Court has quashed RC No.64A/96
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, ·CBI v. LALU 641
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

against Lalu Prasad Yadav, four cases against Dr. Jagannath Mishra A
being RC Nos.64A/96, 47A/96, 68A/96 and 38A/96 and two cases against
Sajal Chakraborty being RC Nos.20A/96 and 68A/96 on the ground that
they have been convicted in one of the cases for offences involving the
same ingredients with respect to Chaibasa treasury.
2. In the wake oflarge scale defalcation of public funds, fraudulent B
transactions and fabrication ofaccounts in Animal Husbandry Department
of State of Bihar popularly known as fodder scam, Central Bureau of
Investigation (for short, 'the CBI') investigation had been ordered by
this Court in State of Bihar & Am: 1( Ranchi Zila Samta Party & Anr.
(1996) 3 sec 682 to investigate corruption in public administratio~
misconduct by the bureaucracy, fabrication of official records, c
misappropriation of public funds by an independent agency. This Cou11
directed CBI to do investigation and inform the Chief Justice of Patna
High Court. On the re-orgnisation of the State of Bihar by virtue of
Bihar Re-organisation Act, 2000, States of Bihar and Jharkhand were
formed. Question arose with respect to the place of trial of cases i.e. D
whether in State of Bihar or State of Jharkhand. A Full Bench of High
Court of Patna took the view that none of the 36 cases which were of
Jharkhand to be transferred to Jharkhand. CBI preferred appeals before
this Court as well as Dr. R.K. Rana. Total 64 cases had been registered
relating to Bihar Fodder Scam. 52 cases involved withdrawal of huge
sums of money from Government treasuries falling within Jharkhand E
State and in 36 out of 52 cases charge-sheet had been filed by CBI
·before the appointed day. This Court opined that the only court which
has the jurisdiction to try offences under Prevention of Corruption Act is
the Court of Special Judge appointed for areas withi1i which such offences
were committed. This Comi in CBI, AHD, Patna v. Braj Bhushan F
Prasad & Ors. (2001) 9 SCC 432 has laid down thus:
"33. For that purpose it is useful to look at Section 3( I) of the
PC Act. It empowers the Government to appoint a Special Judge
to try two categories of offences. The first is, "any offence
punishable under this Act" and the second is, "any conspiracy to G
commit or any attempt to commit or any abetment of any of the
offences specified" in the first category. So when a cou11 has
jurisdiction to try the offencuunishable under the PC Act on
the basis of the place where such offence was committed. the
allied offences such as conspiracy. attempt or abetment to commit
H
642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

that offence are only to be linked with the main offence. When
the main offence is committed and is required to be tried, it is
.rather inconceivable that jurisdiction of the court will be
determined on the basis of where the conspiracy or attempt or
abetment of such main offence was committed. It is only when
the main offence was not committed, but only the conspiracy to
B
commit that offence or the attempt or the abetment of it alone
was committed, then the question would arise whether the Court
of the Special Judge within whose area such conspiracy etc.
was committed could try the_ case. For our purpose it is
unnecessary to consider that aspect because the charges proceed
c on the assumption that the main offence 'was committed."
(Emphasis Supplied)
, 3. This Court in Bra} Bhushan Prasad (supra) has laid down
that so far as offences under section 13( I)( c) and 13( I)(d) are concerned,
the place where the offences were committed could easily be identified
D as the place where the treasury concerned was situate and laid down
thus:
"37. Thus, when it is ce11ain where exactly the offence under
Section 13 of the PC Act was committed it is an unnecessa1y
exercise to ponder over the other areas wherein certain allied
E activities, such as conspiracy or preparation, or even the prefatoiy
or incidental acts were done, including the consequences that
ensued." (Emphasis Supplied)

"42. Thus, ifthe PC Act has stipulated any place for trial of the
F offence under that Act the provisions of the Code would stand
displaced to that extent in regard to the pla~e of trial. We have,
therefore, no doubtthat when the offence is under Section 13( I)(c)
or Section 13(.l)(d) of the PC Act the sole determinative factor ·
regarding the court having jurisdiction is'the place where the
G offence was committed."
(Emphasis Supplied)
4. With respect to adoption of evidence in various cases as
evidence with respect to conspiracy was to be common, this Court has
___ observed in Bra} Bhushan Prasad (supra) thus :
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 643
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

"50. To avoid the confusion and repetition of the exercise, we A
make it clear that the evidence already recorded in any of the 36
cases will be treated as evidence recorded by the proper court
having jurisdiction. In other words, the Special Judge need not
call the witnesses already examined ovet again for repetition of
what has already come on record."
B
This Court has clearly observed that the place of trial has to be on
the basis of commission of offence where the defalcation has been made
and not on the basis of place of conspiracy. Submission to the contrary
had been negatived.
5. Subsequently, prayer was made for amalgamation of six cases c
which were pending before Special Courts in the State of Jharkhand.
Matter was considered by this Comt with respect to joint trial of cases
including RC Nos.20A/96 and 64A/96 which were pending before the
Special Judge at Patna. This Court considered the matter iri Lalu Prasad
alias Latu Prasad Yadav v. State through CBI (A.HD.), Ranchi,
Jharkhand (2003) 11 SCC 786. It was urged on behalf of Lalu Prasad D
Yadav, Dr. Jagannath Mishra and others that it was a case of only a
single conspiracy and therefore there should be amalgamation of trials
as per the provisions contained in section 223 Cr.PC. This Court opined
that charges were not framed at that stage. It is for trial court to decide
the prayer for joint trial. There were large number of accused persons. E
It was also observed that main offence was under the PC Act and
conspiracy was an allied offence. This Court laid down thus :
"11. .... Thus it has already been held, by a three-Judge Bench
of this Court, that the main offences were under the Prevention
of Corruption Act. It has been held that the offence of conspiracy F
is an allied offence to th~ main offence under the Prevention of
Corruption Act. The cases are before the Special Judges because
the main offences are under the Prevention of Corruption Act.
The main offence under the Prevention of Corruption Act in
each case is in respect of the alleged transaction in that case. As
conspiracy is only an allied offence, it cannot be said that the G
alleged overt acts are in the course of the same transaction. We
are bound by this decision. In any case we see no reason to take
a different view. As it has already been held that the charge of
conspiracy is only an allied charge and that the main charges
(under the Prevention of Corruption Act) are in respect of H
644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 3 S.C.R.

A separate and distinct acts i.e. monies siphoned out of different
treasuries at different times, we fail to see as to how these cases
could be amalgamated."
"14. Before we part it must be mentioned that it had been
complained that the appellants would be forcetl to hear the same
B evidence 5/6 times. Ifthe appellants or any of them feel aggrieved
by this and if they so desire, they may apply to the Special Judges
that evidence recorded ·in one case and documents marked as
an exhibit in one case be used as evidence in other cases also.
This would obviate their having to hear the same evidence in 5/
6 different cases. We are sure that if such an application is made,
c the same will be considered by the Special Judge on its merit,
after hearing all the other accused". (Emphasis Supplied)
This Court had noted the grievance that accused persons would
be forced to hear the same evidence 5-6 times, but ordered that they
may apply to the Special Judges that evidence recorded in one case and
D the document marked as an exhibit in one case be used as evidence in
other cases also.
6. Lalu Prasad Yadav was prosecuted and convicted in RC
No.20(A)/96 with respect to aforesaid period 1.4.1994 to 31.1.1995
relating to Cha.ibasa treasury. The charges had been framed for
E commission of offence of criminal conspiracy punishable under section
1208 read with sections409, 420, 467, 468, 471, 477, 477 A of the Indian
Penal Code, 1860 (for short, 'the IPC') and section 13(1)(c) read with
section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (for short 'the
PC Act') where defalcation/general conspiracy was alleged between
F 1988 and 1996 and included various treasuries of erstwhile State ofBihar.
However, in RC No.20(A)/96 with respect to Chaibasa treasury, the
specific charge was with respect to the period 1.4.1994 to 31.1.1995 for
facilitating dishonest and fraudulent withdrawal of Government funds to
the tune ofRs.37,70,39,743/-. The case RCNo.64(A)/96 which is quashed
relates to Deoghar whereas the amount misappropriated is Rs.85 lakhs
G as against actual allotment of funds for district ofRs.4, 73,400/- with the
help of250 vouchers and 17 fake allotment letters. Misappropriation is
alleged for the period 1991 to 1994. There are 38 accused persons and
one of them is Lalu Prasad Yadav.
7. In the case against Dr. Jagannath Mishra l\e has been sonvicted.
H in RC No.20(A)/96 with respect to Chaibasa treasury in respect of
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 645
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAY [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

misappropriation of Rs.3 7. 70 crores for the period 1994-95 whereas the · A
prosecution has been quashed with respect to RCNo.38(A)/96 relating·
to misappropriation ofRs.3.76 crores from Dumka treasury as against
actual allotment ofRs.1.5 lakhs with the help of96 fake vouchers in the
financial year 1995-96. In case RCNo.47(A)/96 misappropriation alleged
is that ofRs.139 .3 5 crores against actual allotment of Rs.1,97,90,000 by
8
fake vouchers numbering 4845,502 fake allotment orders and 2367 fake
supply orders in financial years 1991 to 1995. RC No.68(A)/96 relates
to Chaibasa treasury regarding misappropriation of Rs.37.62 crores
against actual allotment of Rs.7.10 lakhs with the help of 49S fake
vouchers, 67 fake allotment letters and 3870 fake supply orders during
the financial year 1992-93. c·
8. Sajal Chakraborty had been convicted by Trial Corn1 in RC
No.5 l(A)/96 relating to Chaibasa treasury regarding Rs.39.92 crores
misappropriation against actual allotment ofRs.4,09,750/-with the help
of 580 vouchers, 4789 fake supply orders for the financial year 1993-94
on 14.7 .2008 but acquitted by the High Court in appeal. The prosecution D
has been quashed vis a vis Sajal Chakraborty in RC No.20(A)/96 relating
to Chaibasa Treasury and RC No.68(A)/96 relating to Chaibasa Treasury
for misappropriation ofRs.3 7.62 crores during the financial year 1992-93.
9. It was submitted on behalfofCBlthatthough the same learned
Judge of the High Court has quashed the proceedings in the aforesaid E
cases with respect to Lalu Prasad Yadav, Dr. Jagannath Mishra and
Sajal Chakraborty owing to their conviction in one of the cases, however,
with respect to accused Dr. R.K. Rana, the same Judge in criminal W.P.
No.226/2011 has declined to quash the criminal prosecution in pending
six other cases owing to his conviction in RC No.22A/96. Prayer for
quashing·of criminal prosecution in RC Nos.20A/96, 33A/96, 38A/96, F
47 A/96, 64A/96 and 68A/96 had been declined but the same very cases
have been quashed by taking a contrary view in the impugned judgment .
and order.
I0. It was submitted by Shri Ranjit Kumar, learned Solicitor
General appearing for CBI that as the offences relate to different G
treasuries for different financial years, for different amounts running
into several crores with the help of different fake allotment letters, supply
orders, different falsification of books of accounts, different suppliers,
.Article 20(2) of Constitution of India is not attracted as the offences
cannot be said to be the same. Similarly the provisions of section 300 H
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A Cr.PC are not attracted. They are different offences and transactions.
Reliance has been placed upon section ·2 I2(2) of the Cr.PC so as to
contend that the period of charge for offence of misappropriation shall
not exceed one year. There has to be different trials for different periods.
Reference has also been made to sections 2 I9, 220 and 221 of Cr.PC.
There is difference between the same kind and the same offence. In
B
different treasuries, distinct offences have been committed though of
same kind by different sets of accused persons. There have to be separate
charges for distinct offences and, therefore separate trials are required
to be held. Principle of issue estoppel would not arise as parties are
different, duties were differentfor different times. Judgment of conviction
c has also been placed on record by CBI.
I 1. Prayer has also been made to condone the delay in filing the
appeals in this Court for which reliance has been placed upon the
affidavits/explanation which has been offered. Thus, it was urged that
sufficient ground has been made out so as to condone the delay.
D 12. It was submitted by Shri Ram Jethmalani, learned senior
counsel appearing on behalf of respondent Lalu Prasad Yadav that the
delay has not been satisfactorily explained. There is no sufficient cause
so as to condone the delay. CBI has acted in flagrant violation of the
provisions contained in CBI Manual. Thus, no case is made out so as to
E condone the delay..
13. It was contended by Shri Surendra Singh,_,...leari;ied
..... - senior
counsel on behalf ofLalu Prasad Yadav that the charge for conspiracy
against Lalli Prasad Yadav with respect to cases at Chaibasa, Patna,
- Ranchi, Bhagalpur l,!nd other places ofBihar, Calcutta and Delhi, was
F not specific to the period of defalcation. The charges were general for
the period from 1988 to 1996. Thus, it was submitted that evidence has
been adduced with respect to the general conspiracy between 1988 and
1996 which included the Treasuries in question in the cases where
prosecution has been quashed. It was not the case put up under section
313 Cr.PC that there was separate conspiracy for the period I .4. I994 to
G 30.1.1995. In RC No.64(A)/96 similar charges for conspiracy for the
years I988 to 1996 at Deoghar, Dumka, Ranchi, Patna and other places
had been framed. In pursuance thereof an amount of Rs.89,27, I64.15/-
has been withdrawn from Deogarh Treasury. As the conspiracy for
Chaibasa and Deogarh is the same the evidence has already been
H adduced in the case relating to Chaibasa treasury. Thus for one and the
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 647
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, f.]

same conspiracy respondent Lalu Prasad Yadav cannot be tried ove·r · A
again in view of Article 20(2) and section 300 Cr.PC. It was further
contended that the respondent is being prosecuted in two separate cases
arising out of the Chaibasa Treasury namely R.C. No.68 (A)/1996 and
R.C. No.20 (A)/1996. The first is when the money was siphoned out of
the Treasury in 1992-93 and the second is for the period from 1.4.1994
B
to 30.1.1995 when the money was withdrawn from the Treasury. In
other-words, it is the prosecution case itself that between 1992-1995
money was being regularly siphoned out of the Chaibasa Treasury. The
charge for conspiracy also states that the conspiracy was from 1990-
1997. This is further proof of the fact that the conspiracy referred to by
the prosecution for the Treasuries of Chaibasa and Deogarh is one and c
the same conspiracy and not different or distinct conspiracies. Counsel
!ias also attracted our attention to the charges pertaining to the Treasuries
ofDumka (R.C. 38 (A)/1996) and Doranda (R.S. 47A)/1996. The
charges framed for withdrawal of money from these two treasuries is
from 1988-1996 and 1990-1996 respectively anCi the period of conspiracy,
D
has been shown from 1990-1997 and 1991-1996 respectively.
14. It was also urged by Shri Surendra Singh, learned senior
counsel that as per prosecution itself, there was a single conspiracy that
started in the year 1988 and continued till 1996. The result ofinvestigation
in RC 20(A)/96 and RC 64(A)/96 conclusively proves that there was a
E - ' . ~ - f--..
single conspiracy with respect to defalcation at various Treasuries. Once
accused has been punished for the conspiracy for the period 1988 to
1996 he cannot be punished again for the same offence. Without much
ado and more evidence, the trial of the accused for offence under section
120B IPC is barred by Article 20(2) and section 300 Cr.PC. It was also
urged that there was a core group of 20 common accused in all the F
prosecutions i.e. nine politicians and eleven senior administrative officers
who allegedly hatched the main con~iracy to siphon off the funds from
treasuries earmarked for Animal Husbandry Department of erstwhile
State of Bihar. The modus operandi employed by the conspirators was
identical for all the treasuries and funds were siphoned off a§.;rnd when
an opportunity occurred. Since there is no evidence that ..separate G
conspiracies were hatched to defalcate the funds from different treasuries
at different points of time second prosecution is not permissible.
Reference has been made to Laloo Prasad@ Laloo Prasad Yadav v.
State of Jharkhand (2002) 9 SCC 372 so as to contend that there was
single general conspiracy, the offences of withdrawal of money from H
'-~

648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 3 S.C.R.

A different treasuries.including the treasuries of Cl1aibasa and Deogarh
were merely offshoots of the main conspiracy as observed by this Cou1i
while granting bail to Lalu Prasad Yadav. Learned senior counsel has
also relied upon dec'ision in Mohd. Hussain Umar Kochra etc. v. K.S.
Dalipsinghji & Anr. ATR 1970 sc· 45, Srichand K. Khetll'ani v. The
State of Maharashtra AIR 1967 SC 450; and S. Swamirathnam v.
B
State of Madras AIR 1957 SC 340 so as to point out that the case of
single general conspiracy is opposed to a number of separate conspiracies.
Since there was a single conspiracy in the instant case, accused cannot
betried and punished for defalcations made in different periods separately.
So far as treasury payment is concerned there is no evidence against
c Lalu Prasad Yadav. Besides, it is a case where there is no evidence
against the accused.
15. It was submitted"by Shri Adit S. Pujari, learned counsel
appearing on behalf of Sajal Chakraborty, that the main case set up
against the respondent is that he did not take any steps to find out the
D cause of heavy withdrawal of Rs.50.56 lakhs on a single day by co-
accused Dr. B.N. Sharma. He was Deputy Commissioner, Chaibasa
from September, 1992 to July, 1995. He did not exercise control to prevent
misappropriation of Government funds from Chaibasa treasury. The
formal charge is identical in RC Nos.5 l(A), 20(A) and 68(A). It was
further alleged by the prosecution that the accused had developed a
E nexus with co-accused persons and had obtained from co-accused as a
reward for services rendered - a laptop and two printers for himself.
The accused Sajal Chakraborty was convicted by the. trial court for
certain offences under sections 409, 420, 465, 467, 468,471, 477A !PC.
His conviction has been ultimately set aside by the High Court of
F Jharkhand vi de judgment and order dated 3.8.2012 in Criminal Appeal
No.979 of2009 in which it has been held that there was no mechanism
with the Deputy Commissioner to check illegal withdrawal from treasury.
Copy of allotment letter of funds to different departments was not sent
to the petitiOner. There was no other evidence direct or circumstantial to
establish that the accused did certain acts for facilitating other accused
G ·to draw money illegally. There is no evidence ofnexus or· association vis
a vis the other accused. No one had seen installation of laptop and
computer in the residence ofthe accused and so the allegation ofreceiving
the same was also discarded. Learned counsel has placed reliance upon
T.T. Anthony v. State of Kera/a (2001) 6 SCC 181, Amitbhai
H Anilchandra Shah v. CB.I. (2013) 6 SCC 348. He has also referred
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 649
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARON MISHRA, J.]

to section 212. Cr.PC. FIR relating to Chaibasa is for same transactiotJS
though for different financial years but for the bar under section 212(2)
Cr.PC, it would have constituted one offence, as such section 300(1)
would apply. In similar circumstances in Emperor v. Jhabbar Mull
Lakkar I 922 ILR 924, Sidh Nath Awasthi v. Emperor 1920 !LR I 7,
prosecution in subsequent cases had been quashed. Section 220( 1) Cr.PC
8
would apply to the present case. In fact series of acts formed the same
fransaction. Thus there cannot be subsequent trial. Ingredients of offence
in all the 3 cases are the same as such there cannot be different trials. It
was also submitted that the principle of issue estoppel is attracted. Same
issues cannot be agitated afresh in the cases 'which are settled by prior
litigation. The issue of estoppel stands merged in the principles of Autrefois c
acquit and Autrefois convict enshrined in Article 20(2) and section 300
Cr.PC.
16. The main question for consideration is whether in view of
Article 20(2) of Constitution oflndia and section 300 Cr.PC, it is a case
of prosecution and punishment for the "same offence" more than once. D
No doubt about it that the general conspiracy had.been hatched as alleged
for the period 1988 tG 1996 but defalcations are from different treasuries
for different financial years by exceeding the amount of each year which
was allocated for Animal Husbandry Department for each of the district
for the purpose of animal husband1y. The amount involved is different,
fake vouchers, fake i!llotment letters, fake supply orders had been E
prepared with the help of different sets of accused persons. Though
there is one general conspiracy, offences are distinct for different periods.
Question arises whether there is one general· conspiracy pursuant to
which various defalcations of different amounts have been made running
into several years from different treasuries, by different sets of accused F
persons. Whether there could have been only one trial or more than one.
Whether legal requirement is for one trial or mo're than one in such
cases. Article 20(2) of the Constitution is extracted hereunder :
"20. (2) No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the
same offence more than once." G
17. Article 20(2) says that no person shall be prosecuted and
punished for the same offence more than once. This is called the doctrine
of double jeopardy. The objective of the Article is to avoid harassment,
which may be caused by successive criminal proceedings, where the
person has committed only one crime. There is a law maxim related to H
650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A this, nemo debet bis vexari. This means that no man shall be put twice
in peril for the same offence. There are two aspects of doctrine of
jeopardy viz. Autrefois convict and Autrefois acquit. Autrefois convict
means that the person has been previously convicted in respect of the
same offence. Autrefois acquit means that the person has been acquitted
on a same charge on which he is being prosecuted. Constitution bars
B
double punishment forthe same offence. The conviction for such offence
does not bar for subsequent trial and conviction for another offence and
it does not matter even if some ingredients of these two offences are
common.
Section 300 Cr.P.C. is extracted hereunder :
c
"Section 300. Person once convicted or acquitted not to
be tried for same offence.-
(I) A person who has once been tried by a Court of competent
jurisdiction for an offence and convicted or acquitted of such
D offence shall, while such conviction or acquittal remains in force,
not be liable to be tried again for the same offence, nor on the
same facts for any other offence for which a different charge
fi;.om the one made against him might have been made under
sub-section (1) of section 221, or for which he might have been
convicted under sub- section (2) thereof.
E
(2) A person acquitted or convicted of any offence may be
afterwards tried, with the consent of the State Government, for
any distinct offence for which a separate charge might have
been made against him at the former trial under sub- section (I)
of section 220.
F
(3) A p~rson convicted of any offence constituted by any act
causing consequences which, together with such act, constituted
, a different offence from that of which he was convicted, may
be afterwards tried for such last- mentioned offence, if the
consequences had not happened, or were not known to the Court
G . to have happened, at the time when he was convicted.
(4) A person acquitted or convicted of any offence constituted
by any acts may, notwithstanding such acquittal or conviction,
be subsequently charged with, and tried for, any other offence
constituted by the same acts which he may have committed if
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 651
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

the Court by which he was first tried was not competent to tiy A
the offence with which he is subsequently charged.
(5) A person discharged under section 258 shall not be tried again
for the same offence except with the consent of the Court by
which he was discharged or of any other Court to which the
first-1nentioned Court is subordinate. B
(6) Nothing in this section shall affect the provisions of section
26 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, (I 0 of 1897) or of section
188 of this Code."
'·'
18. Section 300 refers to sections 220 and 221 Cr.PC. No doubt it
appears that a person who has been convicted or acquitted of the "same c
offence" cannot be tried again considering the aforesaid provisions.
Section 220( 1) provides that if one series of acts is so connected together
as to form the same transaction, more offences than one are committed
by the same person, he may be charged with and tried at one trial for
every such offence. Section 220( I) is extracted hereunder : D
"220. Trial for more than one offence.-( I) If, in one series
of acts so connected together as to form the same transaction,
more offences than one are committed by the same person, he
may be charged with, and tried at one trial for, every such
offence." E
19. Section 221 (I) is applicable where it is doubtful what offence
has been committed. When a single act or .series of acts is of such a
nature that it is doubtful which of several offences the facts which can
be proved would constitute, the accused may be charged with having
committed all or any of such offences and such charges can be tried F
together.
20. Chapter XVII deals with the form of charges. Section 212
deals with contents of charge, e.g., particulars of time, place and person.
Section 212 is extracted hereunder :
"212. Particulars as to time, place and person.-(!) The G
charge shall contain such particulars as to the time and place of
the alleged offence, and the person (ifany) against whom, or the
thing (if any) in respect of which, it was committed, as are ·~

reasonably sufficient to give the accused notice of the matter
with which he is charged. ·--H
652 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A (2) When the accused is charged with criminal breach of trust
or dishonest misappropriation of money or other movable
property, It shall be sufficient to specify the gross sum or, as the
case may be, describe the movable property in respect of which
the offence is alleged to have been committed, and the dates
between which the offence is alleged to have been committed,
B
without specifying particular items or exact dates, and the charge
so framed shall be deemed to be a charge of one offence within
the meaning of section 219;
Provided that the time included between the first and last of
such dates shall not exceed one year." (Emphasis Supplied)
c
21. When the accused is charged with criminal breach of trust or
dishonest appropriation of money or other immovable property, it shall
be sufficient to specifythe gross sum or describe the moveable property
in respect of which offence is alleged to have been committed, and the
dates between which the offence is alleged to have been committed,
D without specifying particular items of exact dates, and the charge so
framed shall be deemed to be a charge of one offence within the meaning
of section 219 provided that the time included between the first and last
of such dates shall not exceed one year. A charge shall contain such
particulars as to time and place of the alleged offence and time period
E shall not exceed one year. Time period and place of the offence is material
iri 'Such cases.
22.Section 219 Cr.PC provides that three offences of same kind
within a year may be charged together. When a person is accused of
more offences than one of the same kind committed within a period of
. F , ., one year, he may be charged with, and tried at one trial for, any number
of them not exceeding three for same kind of offence under section
219( 1). Section 219 is reproduced hereunder :
"S.219. Three offences of same kind within year may be
charged together.-
G (!)When a person is accused of more offences than one of the
same kind committed within the space of twelve months from
the first to the last of such offences, whether in respect of the
same person or not, he may be charged with, and tried at one
trial for, any number of them not exceeding three.
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 653
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

(2) Offences are of the same kind when they are punishable A
with the same amount of punishment under the same section of
the Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860 ) or of any special or local ·
law:
·· Provided that, for the purposes of this section, an offence
punishable under section 379 of the Indian Penal Code (45 of B
1860) shall be deemed to be an offence of the same kind as an
offence punishable under section 380 of the said Code, and that
an offence punishable under any section of the said Code, or of
any special or local law, shall be deemed to be an offence of the
same kind as an attempt to commit such offence, when such an
attempt is an offence.'.' c
23. It is apparent from section 212 read with section 219 that
there have to be separate trials for different years covering the period of
more than one year. Same kind of offence is a different thing than the
"same offence" for the purpose of sections 2 I 9, 220 or 300. The scheme
oflaw is clear that separate charges for distinct offences must be framed D
separately and they cannot be clubbed together for more than one year.
24. This Court in Natwar Lal Sakar Lal Mody v. The State of
Bombay 26 ( 1984) DLT 64 considered the question ofjoint trial of persons
and offences for conspiracy as per provisions contained in section 239( d)
of the old Cr.PC. This Court has laid down that separate trial is the rule E
and joint trial is an exception. Joint trial would be an irregular exercise of
discretion if a court allows innumerable offences spread over a long
period of time and committed by a large number of persons to be under
the protecting wings of an all-embracing conspiracy, and if each or some
of the offences can be separately tried, it would be appropriate and F
lawful. Joint trial prolongs the trial and causes wasteofju<jicial time and
complicates the matter which might otherwise be simple, and it would
confuse the accused and cause prejudice to them. Court should not be
overzealous to provide a cover of conspiracy for a number of offences
unless it is satisfied that the persons who committed separate offences
were patties to the conspiracy and committed the separate acts pursuant G
to conspiracy. This Court has laid down thus :
· "11. This discussion leads us to the following legal position.
Separate trial is the rule and joint trial is an exception. While ·
Section 239 of the Code of Criminal Procedure allows a joint
H
654 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A trial of person and offences within defined limits, it is within the
discretion of the Court to permit such a joint trial or not, having
regard to the circumstances of e11ch case. It would certainly be
an irregular exercise of discretion if a Court allows an innumerable
number of offences spread over a long period of time and
committed by a large number of persons under the protecting
B
wing of all-embracing conspiracy, if each or some of the offences
can legitimately and properly form the subject-matter of a separate
trial; such a joint trial would undoubtedly prolong the trial and
would be a cause of unnecessary waste ofjudicial time. It would
complicate matters which might otherwise be simple; it would
c confuse accused and cause prejudice to them, for more often
than not accused who have taken part in one of the minor offences
might have not only to undergo the long strain of protracted trial,
but there might also be the likelihood of the impact of the evidence
adduced in respect of other accused on the evidence adduced
against him working to his detriment. Nor can it be said that
D
such an omnibus charge or charges would always be in favour
of the prosecution for the confusion introduced in the charges
and consequently in the evidence may ultimately benefit some
of the accused, as a clear case against one or other of the accused
may be complicated or confused by the attempt to put it in a
E proper place in a larger setting. A Cgurt should not be overzealous
to provide a cover of conspiracy for a nlllnber of offences unless
it is~clearly satisfied on the material placed before it that there is
evidence to prove prima facie that the persons who committed
fil<j2arate offences were parties to the conspiracy and they
committed the separate acts attributed to them pursuant to the
F
object of the said conspiracy." (Emphasis Supplied)
25. This Court in Ranchhod Lal 1( State of Madhya Pradesh
AIR 1965 SC 1248 has also considered the question of joint trial in the
case of criminal breach of trust. It has been observed that normal rule is
that there should be a charge for each distinct offence. Court is authorized
G to lump up the various items with respect to which criminal breach of
trust was committed and to mention the total amount misappropriated
. within a year in the charge. When so done, the charge is deemed to be
the charge of one offence. This Court has laid down that a separate trial
with respect to each distinct offence of criminal breach of trust with
H
·-,-·~---·

STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 655
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

respect to an individual item is the correct mode of proceeding with the A
trial of an offence of criminal breach of trust. This Court has laid ddwn
thus:
"(14.) Section 222, Cr. P.C. reads:
"(I) The charge shall contain such particulars as to the time and
place of the alleged offence, and ·the person (if any) against B
whom, or the thing (ifany) in respect of which, it was committed,
as are reasonably sufficient to give the accused notice of the
matter with which he is charged.
(2) When the accused is charged with criminal breach of trust
or dishonest misappropriation of money, it shall be sufficient to c
specify the gross sum in respect of which the offence is alleged
to have been committed, and the dates between which the
offence is alleged to have been committed, without specifying
particular items or exact dates, and the charge so framed shall
be deemed to be a charge of one offence within the meaning of D
S.234:
Provided that the time included between the first and last of
such dates shall not exceed one year."
Sub-section (2) is an exception to meet a certain contingency
and is not the normal rule with respect of framing of a charge in E
cases of criminal breach of trust. The normal rule is that there
should be a charge for each distinct offence as provided in S.
233 of the Code. S. 222 mentions what the contents of the charge
should be. It is only when it may not be possible to specify exactly
particular items with respect to which criminal breach of trust
F
took place or the exact date on which the individual items were
misappropriated or in some similar contingency, that the Court is
authorised to lump up the various items with respect to which
criminal breach of trust was committed and to mention the total
amount misappropriated with a year in the charge. When so
done, the charge is deemed to'be the charge of one offence. If G
several distinct items with respect to which criminal breach of
trust has been committed are not so lumped together, no illegality
is committed in the trial of those offences. In fact a separate
trial with respect to each distinct offence of criminal breach of
trust with respect to an individual item is the correct mode of
H
656 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A proceeding with the trial of an offence of criminal breach of
trust.
(15.) Learned counsel for the appellant also relied on S. 234,
Code of Criminal Procedure and urged that three offences of
criminal breach of trust could have been tried at one trial as sec.
B 234 provides that when a person is accused of more offences
than one of the same kind committed within the space of twelve
months from the first to the last of such offences, whether in
respect of the same person or not, he may be charged with, and
tried at one trial for any number of them not exceeding three.
This again is an enabling provision and is an exception to sec.
c 233, Code of Criminal Procedure If each of the several offences
is tried separately, there is noth.ing illegal about it. It may also be
mentioned that the total number of items charged in the four
cases exceeded three.
(16.) Lastly, reference was made, on behalf of the appellant to
D sec. 235, Code of Criminal Procedure and it was urged that all
these offences were committed in the course of the same
transaction, and therefore, they should have been tried at one
trial. Assuming, without deciding, that these offences could be
said to have been committed in the course of the same
E transaction, the separate trial of the appellant for certain specific
offences is not illegal. This section too is an enabling section."
26. In R. v. Griffith 1965 (2) AER 448 it has been laid down that
a conspiracy should be tried separately to substantive counts. The Court
of Appeal in England has laid down thus :
F "9. The practice of adding what may be called a rolled up
conspiracy charge to a number of counts of substantive offences
has become common. We express the very strong hope that
this practice will now cease and that the courts will never again
have to struggle with this type of case, where it becomes almost
G impossible to explain to ajurythat evidence inadmissible against
the accused on the substantive count may be admissible against
him on the conspiracy count once he is shown to be a conspirator.
We do no believe that most juries can ever really understand the
subtleties of the situation. In our judgment, except in simple
cases, a conspiracy count (if one is needed at all) should be tried
H separately to substantive counts."
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 657
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

27. In State of A P v. Cheemalapti Ganeswara Rao & Anr. A
(1964) 3 SCR297this Court dealt with misjoinderofparties under section
239 ofthe old Cr.P.C. This Court with respect to 'same transaction' has
observed thus :
"! 0. Whether a tra,nsaction can be regarded as the same would
necessarily depend upon the particular facts of each case and it B
seems to us to be a difficult task to undertake a definition of that
which the Legislature has deliberately left undefined. We have
not come across a single decision of any Court which the
Legislature has embarked upon the difficult task of defining the
expression. But it is generally thought that where there is
proximity of time or place or unity of purpose and design or c
continuity of action in respect of a series of acts, it may be possible
to infer that they form part of the same transaction. It is, however,
not necessary that every one of these elements should co-exist
for a transaction to be regarded as the same."
Further, it was held that: D

"Where, however, several offences are alleged to have been
committed by several accused persons it may be more reasonable
to follow the normal rule of separate trials. But here, again, if
those offences are alleged not be wholly unconnected but as
forming part of the same transaction the only consideration that E
will justify separate trials would be the embarrassment or difficulty
caused to the accused persons in defending themselves."
(Emphasis supplied)
WI1en several offences are alleged to have been committed by
·several accused persons this Court has laid down that normal rule is of F
separate trials.
28. In Sardar Sardul Singh Caveeshar v. State of Maharashtra ·
(1964) 2 SCR 378, this Court considered the question of conspiracy in a
case where the accused had first defrauded one Jupiter company and
thereafter another company called Empire. Argument was raised that G
once having been convicted of conspiracy qua the Jupiter case, he could ·
not be convicted qua company called Empire. This Court relying upon
judgment in State of Bombay v. SL. Apte (1961) 3 SCR 107 has laid
down thus:
H
658 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A "In the present case, applying the test laid down by this Court,
the two conspiracies are not the same offence: the Jupiter
conspiracy came to an end when its funds were misappropriated.
The Empire conspiracy was hatched subsequently, though its
object had an intimate connection with the Jupiter in that the
fraud of the Empire was conceived and executed to cover up
B
the fraud of the Jupiter. The two conspiracies are distinct
offences. It cannot even be said that some of the ingredients of
both the conspiracies are the same. The facts constituting the
Jupiter conspiracy are not the ingredients of the offence of the
Empir~ conspiracy, but only afford a motive for the latter offence.
c Motive is not an ingredient of an offence. The proof of motive
helps a Court in coming to a correct conclusion when there is no
direct evidence. Where there is direct offence for implicating
an accused in an offence, the absence of proof of motive is not
material. The ingredients of both the offences are totally different
and they do not form the same offence within the meaning of
D
Art.20(2) of the Constitution and, therefore, that Article has no
relevance to the present case."
29. In Gopal Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar ( 1970) 2 SCC 905
offence was committed between two different periods when the accused
was working as Cashier. On the basis of acquittal in the first offence,
E
plea of issue estoppel was raised for the second period during trial. This
Court had rejected the submission thus:
"7. In our opinion, the High Court came to the correct conclusion.
The basic principle underlying the rule of issue-estoppel is that
the same issue of fact and law must have been detennined in
F the previous litigation. The question then arises: Was itthe same
issue of fact which was determined in the earlier case? A person
may be acting as a cashier at one period and may not be acting
as a cashier at another period, especially as in this case it was
found that the appellant had never been appointed as a cashier.
G He was a temporary senior accounts clerk who was alleged to
be doing the work of a cashier. If there is any likelihood of facts
or conditions changing during the two periods which are under
consideration then it is difficult to say that the prosecution would
be bound by the finding in a previous trial on a similar issue of
fact. It seems to us that the later finding must necessarily be in
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 659
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

contradiction of the previous determination. There can be no A
such contradiction ifthe periods are different and the facts relating
to the carrying on of the duties of a cashier are
different."(Emphasis supplied)
30. It is pertinent to mention here that this Court in this very case
has negatived the contention ofjoint trials and amalgamation of trials in B
the aforesaid decisions. When parties are different, issue of estoppel
would not arise. The substantive offence is that ofdefalcation. Conspiracy
was an allied offence to the substantive offence.
31. Section 218 deals with separate charges for distinct offences.
Section 219 quoted above, provides that three offences of the same kind c
can be clubbed in one trial committed within one year. Section 220 speaks
of trial for more than one offence if it is the same transaction. Jn the
instant case it cannot be said that defalcation is same transaction as the
transactions are in different treasuries for different years, different
amounts, different allotment letters, supply orders and suppliers. Thus
the provision of section 221 is not attracted in the instant case. There D
are different sets of accused persons in different cases with respect to
defalcation.
32. There may be a conspiracy in general one and a separate
one. There may be larger conspiracy and smaller conspiracy which may
develop in successive stages involving different accused persons. In the E
instant case defalcations have been made in various years by combination
of different accused persons. Thus, there can be separate trials on the
basis of law laid down by this Court in Ram Lal Narang v. State (Delhi
Administration) (1979) 2 SCC 322 wherein this Court has laid down
thus: F
"11. ....The offences alleged in the first case were Section 120-
B read with Section 420 and Section 406, Indian Penal Code,
while the offences alleged in the second case were Section 120-
B read with Section 411, Indian Penal Code and Section 25 of
the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 .......... We are clear, G
in the present case, that the conspiracies which are the subject-
matter of the two cases cannot be said to be identical though the
conspiracy which is the subject-matter of the first case may,
perhaps, be said to have turned out to be part of the conspiracy
which is the subject-matter of the second case. As we mentioned
H
660 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [20 I 7] 3 S.C.R.

A earlier, when investigation commenced in FIR. R.C. 4 of I 976,
apart from the circumstance that the property involved was the
same, the link between the conspiracy to cheat and to
misappropriate and the conspiracy to dispose of the stolen
property was not known." ·
B 33. In the instant case, offences are not the same offence. There
can be different trials for the same offence if tried under two different
enactments altogether and comprised of two different offences under
different Acts/statutes without violation of the provisions of Article 20(2)
or Section 300 Cr.PC. This Couti has decided the issue in various cases:-
c (a) Jn Kharkan & Ors. v. The State of U.P.. (1964) 4 SCR 673
this Comi has laid down thus :
"Even ifthe two incidents could be viewed as connected
so as to form parts of one transaction it is obvious that the
offences were distinct and required different charges. The
D assault on Tikam in fulfilment of the common object of the
unlawful assembly was over when the unlawful assembly
proceeded to the house ofTikam to loot it. The new common
object to beat Puran was formed at a time when the common
object in respect ofTikam had been fully worked out and even
ifthe two incidents could be taken to be connected by unity of
E time and place (which they were not), the offences were distinct
and required separate charges. The learned Sessions Judge
was right in breaking up the single charge framed by the
magistrate and ordering separate trials. In this view the prior
acquittal cannot create a bar in respect of the conviction herein
F reached." (Emphasis Supplied)
(b) In Maqboot Hussain v. The State of Bombay (1953) SCR
730 this Court has laid down thus:
"Appellant had smuggled gold into India and was booked u/s
167(8) of the Sea Customs Act, .1878 and subsequently when
G no one came t.o cl~im the gold, he was charged 11 /8 8 OfFERA.
He challenged this as violation of Art. 20(2). The Court analysed
the scope of Att. 20(2) and held that the "prosecution" must
be before a court oflaw or judicial tribunal. The plea of double
jeopardy was discarded as it was held that the Customs
authorities were not a judicial tribunal or court. For double
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 661
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV (ARUN MISHRA, J.]

jeopardy, the test is whether the former offence and the offence A
now charged have the same ingredients in the sense that the
facts constituting the one are sufficient to justify a conviction
of the other and not that the facts relied on by the prosecution
are the same in the two trials."
(c) In State of Bombay v. S.L. Apte (1961) 3 SCR 107 a B
Constitution Bench of this Court has laid down as to the issue
regarding.conviction under section 409 IPC and section 105 of
Insurance Act. The submission of double jeopardy was repelled
with respect to offences under section 11 of !PC and section
105 of Insurance Act. It was held that the offences under both
the Acts are distinct due to their ingredients. So as to constitute
c
double jeopardy two offences should be identical.
(d) In T.S. Baliah v. T.S. RenRachari ( 1969) 3 SCR 65, appellant
was sought to be prosecuted under section 177 IPC and section
52 oflncome Tax Act, 1922 for furnishing wrong information in
his tax returns. On consideration of section 26 of General Clauses D
Act, this Court held that the provision did not provide a bar on
trial and conviction for the same offence under more than one
enactment in case ingredients of offences are distinct. It only
barred double punishment and not double conviction.
(e) In V.K. ARarwal v. Vasantraj B. Bhatia (1988) 3 SCC 467 E
,the question arose whether acquittal of an accused charged with
having committed the offence punishable under section 111 read
with section 135 of Customs Act, 1969 created a legal bar to the
accused, subsequently being prosecuted under section 85 of the
Gold (Control) Act, 1968. It was held that the ingredients of F
offence under each of the enactments were quite different. The
Court applied the test developed in Maqbool Hussain (supra)
and held the two offences to be different in scope and contents
of their ingredients. The Court also relied upon S.L. Apte's decision
(supra) and observed that what is necessary is to analyse the
ingredients of the two offences and not the allegations made in G
two complaints. No doubt about it that there can be separate
offences but ingredients would remain same under penal provision
but that would also not make out a case of violating the provisions
of Article 20(2) of the Constitution and Section 300 Cr.P.C.
H
662 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A (f) In case ingredients of the offences to be tried separately
arise out of the same offence, there can be separate trials under
two enactments, ifthe ingredients constituting two offences are
different under different Acts, there is no bar for separate trials.
In State of Bihar v. Murad Ali Khan & Ors. ( 1988) 4 SCC 655
it was held:
B
"The expression "any act or omission which constitutes any
offence under this Act" in Section 56 of the Wild Life
(Protection) Act, 1972 merely imports the idea that the same
act or omission might constitute an offence under another law
and could be tried under such other law or laws also. Further
c held that, ifthere are two distinct and separate offences with
different ingredients under two different enactments. a double
punishment is not barred. The same set of facts can constitute
offences under two different laws. An act or an omission can
amount to and constitute an offence under the IPC and at the
D same time constitute an offence under any other law."
(g) In State of Rajasthan v. Hat Singh & Ors. (2003) 2 SCC
152 this Court was dealing with vires of Rajasthan Sati
(Prevention) Act, 1987. It was urged that sections 5 and 6 of
new Sati Act were overlapping. It was held that with regard to
E Article 20(2) that subsequent trial or a prosecution and punishment
are not barred if the ingredients of two offences are distinct.
There can be separate offences from same set of facts and
hence no double jeopardy.
(h) In Monica Bedi v. State of Andhra Pradesh (2011) I SCC
F 284 this Court considered the meaning of the expression "same
offence" employed in Article 20(2) and observed that second
prosecution and conviction must be for the same offence. If the
offences are distinct, there is no question of the rule as to double
jeopardy being applicable. This Court has observed thus :

G
"26. What is the meaning of the expression used in Article
20(2) "for the same offence"? What is prohibited under Article
20(2) is, that the second prosecution and conviction must be
for the same offence. If the offences are distinct, there is no
question of the rule as to double jeopardy being applicable .....
xxxxx
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 663
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.j'

29. It is thus clear that the same facts may give rise to different A
prosecutions and punishment and in such an event the
protection afforded by Article 20(2) is not available. It is settled
law that a person can be prosecuted and punished more than
once even on substantially same facts provided the ingredients
of both the offences are totally different and they did not form
B
the same offence."
(i) In Sangeetaben Mahendrabhai Patel v. State of MP. (2012)
7 SCC 621, with respect to double jeopardy, this Court has laid
down thus:
"33. In view of the above, the law is well settled that in order c
to attract the provisions ofArticle 20(2) of the Constitution i.e.
doctrine of autrefois acquit or Section 300 Code of Criminal
Procedure. or Section 71 Indian Penal Code or Section 26 of
General Clauses Act, ingredients of the offences in the earlier
case as well as in the latter case must be the same and not
different. The test to ascertain whether the two offences are D
the same is not identity of the allegations but the identity of the
ingredients of the offence. Motive for committing offence
cannot be termed as ingredients of offences to determine the
issue. The plea of autrefois acquit is not proved unless it is
shown that the judgment of acquittal in the previous charge E
necessarily involves an acquittal of the latter charge."
.(;j).In State of Rajasthan v. Bhagwan Das Agrawal (2013) 16
SCC 574 there were 3 FIRs. registered with respect to illegal
supply of explosives. Charge was under the Explosives Act. This
Com1 held that the nature and manner of the offences committed F
by the accused persons were not identical but were different,
and as such F!Rs. were not relating to the same offence as
different acts happened in different places. As such the provisions
contained in section 186 Cr.PC would not apply.
(k) In State of NCT of Delhi v. Sanjay etc. (2014) 9 SCC 772 G
this Court considered the maxim "nemo debet bis vexari pro
una et eadem causa" i.e. no man shall be put in jeopardy twice
for one and the same offence. In case ingredients are different
there can be separate trial for the same offence also. This Court
has laid do.wn thus :
H
664 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A "52. It is well known principle that the rule against double
jeopardy is based on a maxim nemo debet bis vexari pro una
et eadem causa, which means no man shall be put in jeopardy
twice for one and the same offence. Artie le 20 of the
Constitution provides that no person shall be prosecuted or
punished for the offence more than once. However, it is also
B
settled that a subsequent trial or a prosecution and punishment
has no bar ifthe ingredients of the two offences are distinct."
34. In the light of aforesaid discussion, it is appropriate to consider
the submissions raised by Shri Surendra Singh, learned senior counsel
appearing on behalf ofLalu Prasad Yadav. It was submitted by learned
·C
senior counsel that since the conspiracy was between 1988 and 1996
which included the period of 1994-1995, the conviction has been made
on the charge of conspiracy from 1988 to 1996 which included all the
treasuries of the erstwhile State ofBihar. There was no charge of separate
conspiracy. Charges being similar in the cases which have been quashed.
D No case is made out for trial under section 120-B. Same and identical
circuinstances are being relied upon by the prosecution. There are no
new or additional circumstances in the cases which have been quashed.
The conspiracies referred to are one and the same and not different
conspiracies. Thus, in view of the trial which had concluded, there cannot.
be further trial on the charge of conspiracy.
E
35. We are unable to accept the submissions raised by learned
senior counsel. Though there was one general charge of conspiracy,
which \Vas allied in nature, the charge was qualified with the substantive
charge of defalcation of a paiticular sum from a particular treasury in
particular time period. The charge has to be taken in substance for the
F purpose of defalcation from a particular treasury in a particular financial
year exceeding the allocation made for the purpose of animal husbandry
on the basis of fake vouchers, fake supply orders etc. The sanctions
made in Budget were separate for each and every year. This Court has
already dealt with this matter when the prayers for amalgamation and
G joint trial had been made and in view of the position of law and various
provisions discussed above, we are of the opinion that separate trials
which are being made are in accordance with provisions oflaw otherwise
it would have prejudiced the accused persons considering the different
defalcations from different treasuries at different times with different
documents. Whatever could be combined has already been done. Each
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 665
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

defalcation would constitute an independent offence. Thus, by no stretch, A
it can be held to be in violation of Article 20(2) of the Constitution or
Section 300 Cr.P.C. Separate trials in such cases is the very intendment
oflaw. There is no room to raise such a grievance. Though evidence of
general conspiracy has been adduced in cases which have been
concluded, it may be common to all the cases but at the same time
B
offences are different at different places, by different accused persons.
As and when a separate offence is committed, it becomes punishable
and the substantive charge which has to be taken is that of the offence
under the P.C. Act etc. There was conspiracy hatched which was
continuing one and has resulted into various offences. It was joined from
time to time by different accused persons, so whenever an offence is c
committed in continuation of the conspiracy, it would be punishable
separately for different periods as envisaged in section 212(2), obviously,
there have to be separate trials. Thus it cannot be said to be a case of
double jeopardy at all. It cannot be said that for.the same offence the
accused persons are being tried again.
D
36. Learned senior counsel has relied upon the decision of this
Court in S. S11'a111irath11a111 (sipra) in which the charge disclosed one
single conspiracy, although spread over several years. There was only
one object of the conspiracy, and that was cheating members of the
public. The fact that in the course of years others joined the conspiracy
E
or that several incidents of cheating took place in pursuance of the
conspiracy, does not change the conspiracy and does not split up a single
conspiracy into several conspiracies. The accused persons raised the
submission as to misjoinder of the charges. This Court has dealt with the
matter thus :
"2. Both the courts below, relying on the oral and documentary F
evidence in the case, held it as a fact that there had been a
conspiracy during 'the years 1945-48 to cheat members of the
public between some of the accused and the approvers
Ramaswami Mudaliar and Vellayam Pillai examined as P. Ws.
91 ai1d 61 respectively. The method adopted for cheating was to G
persuade such members of the public, as could be persuaded, to
part with their money to purchase counterfeit Rs. 5 currency
notes at half their face value and after having obtained their
money to decamp with it. When a member of the public handed
over his money, at a certain stage, one pf the conspirators
H
666 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017) 3 S.C.R.

A pretending to be a Police Officer would arrest the man who had
the box containing their money and take him away with the box.
The victim was thus deprived of his money without even having
a single counterfeit currency note in his possession in exchange
of the genuine money paid by him. We have scrutinized with
care the judgments of the Sessions Judge and the learned Judge
B
of the High Court and find that they were amply justified, having
regard to the state of the evidence on the record, in coming to
the conclusion that the case of the prosecution concerning the
existence of the conspiracy as charged to cheat the members of
the public, had been proved. We are unable to find any special
c circumstance, arising from the evidence on the record, which
would justify our interference with the finding of fact arrived at
by the comts below. Indeed, the evidence is overwhelming and
convincing to prove the case of the prOS\:CUtion that there had
been a conspiracy in the relevant years to cheat the members of
the public between some of the accused and the aforesaid
D
approvers.
7. On behalf of the appellant Abu Bucker it was contended that
there has been misjoinder of charges on the ground that several
conspiracies, distinct from each other, had been lumped together
and tried at one trial. The Advocate for Swamirathnam, however,
E did not put forward this submission. We have examined the charge
carefully and find no ground for accepting the contention raised.
The charge as framed, discloses one single conspiracy, although
spread over several years. There was--only one object of the
conspiracy and that was to client members of the public. The
F fact that in the course of years others joined the conspiracy or
that several incidents of cheating took place in pursuance of the
conspiracy did not change the conspiracy & did not spilt up a
single conspiracy into several conspiracies. It was suggested
that although the modus operandi may hove been the same, the
several instances of cheating were not part of the same
G transaction. Reliance was placed on the case ofSharputji Sorabj i
v. Emperor : AIR 1936 Born 154 and on the case of Choragudi
Venkatadari In re !LR 33 Mad 592. These cases are not in point.
In the Bombay case no charge of conspiracy had been framed
and the decision in the Madras case was given before
H Section 120-B, was introduced into the Indian Penal Code. In
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 667
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

. the present case, the instances ofcheating were in pursuance of A
the conspiracy and were therefore pru1s of the same tra11saction."
It is apparent from the aforesaid decision that this Court did not
consider various provisions and question of double jeopardy did not arise
for consideration. It was held in the facts that there was no prejudice to
the accused persons. There was no misjoinder of the charges. On facts B
the case has no application and cannot be said to be an authority on
ArtiCJe 20 of the Constitution and section 300 Cr.PC.
37. In Srichand K Khetwani's case (supra), accused were tried
for an offence punishable under section 120-B read with section 409
and section 5(2) read with section 5(1 )(d) of the P.C. Act. They were all c
convicted by the trial court. The conviction of the appellants was upheld.
·The prosecution case was that in pursuance of the conspiracy, a number
of licences in the nanie of several companies which had no existence
were prepared, some of them were actually issued and that two of those
licences issued were in the name of M.L. Trading Co., Bombay and
were delivered to appellant by Prabhakar Karmik. The Court held that D
the appellant received the licences issued in the name of the fictitious
firm, therefore the appellant was a member of the conspiracy with which
he was charged. Charge was framed for commission of offence
punishable under section 120-B IPC read with §~ction, 5(2) of PC Act.
The charge framed described the conspiracy to be agreeing of the various E
persons, including the persons not put on trial, to do or cause to be done,
illegal acts. The charge of conspiracy was not that the conspiracy was
entered into with each bogus individual firm for the benefit of that firm
.alone in connection with the issue oflicences to that particular firm. The
charge was that out of the profits made from acts done in furtherance of
the conspiracy, all the persons in the conspiracy were to benefit. This F
Court observed that the conspiracy was a general conspiracy to keep on
issuing licence in the names of fictitious firms and to share the benefits
arising out of those licences when no real independent person was the
licensee. This Court held that it was not a case of conspiracy with respect
to licences issued to one fictitious company. This Court has laid down G
thus:
"The finding that the various finns to whom licences were issued
were fictitious is not questioned. The conspiracy \Vas a general
conspiracy to keep on issuing licences in the names of fictitious
· firms and to share the benefits arising out of those licences when H
668 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A no real independent person was the licensee. The various
members of the conspiracy other than ttfe two public servants
must have joined with the full knowledge of the modus operandi
of the conspiracy and with the intention and object of sharing the
profits arising out of the acts of the conspirators. We do not
therefore see that the mere fact that licences were issued in the
B
names of eight different companies make out the case against
the appellant and the other conspirators to be a case of eight
different conspiracies each with respect to the licences issued
to one particular fictitious company."
It is apparent that the case is quite distinguishable. In the instant
c case different accused persons exist with the help of whom amount has
been withdrawn in different years. It is not a case that only a few persons
had benefited each and every year, when the facts are juxtaposed. Thus,
it would be a case of different offences. The decision has no application
and this Court was not concerned with the provisions of Article 20 or
D section 300 Cr.PC and other provisions relating to separate trial contained
in the Cr.P.C.
38. Another decision relied upon by learned senior counsel is
Mohd. Hussain Umar Kochra etc. v. K.S. Dalipsinghji & Anr. AIR
1970 SC 45. The facts indicate that 40 accused persons were at Bombay
E and other places from 1.11.1956 to 2.2.1959 and were parties to a
continuing criminal conspiracy, to acquire possession of, carry, remove
deposit harbor, keep concealed and deal in gold and knowingly to be
concerned in fraudulent evasion of duty chargeable on gold am;t of the
. _prohibition and restriction applicable thereto and committed an offence
.-- :.Under section l 20B IPC read with section 167 (81) of Sea Customs Act,
F 1878. On other counts the accused persons were charged individually
with offences punishable under section 167. The scheme was that
necessary finances would be arranged, remittances to foreign countries
would be made through Murad, gold would be sent by air from foreign
countries to Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta and other airports and the smuggled
G gold would be sold in India. There were several transactions of smuggling.
In 1957, other accused persons joined the conspiracy. From February,
1958, seven or eight consignments of gold concealed in the rear left
bathroom of the aircrafts were sent from Lori to Bombay. On 1.2.1959
the Rani of Jhansi consignment of gold was searched by customs officers
at the Santacruz airport Bombay and the gold was seized. It was urged
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 669
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

before this Court by the accused persons that evidence disclosed number ·A
of conspiracies and charge of general conspiracy was not proved. It
was not a case of common conspiracy. This Court has laid down thus:
"15. As to the second question the contention was that the
evidence disclosed a number of separate conspiracies and that
the charge of general conspiracy was not proved. Criminal B
conspiracy as defined in Section I 20A of the I.P.C. is an
agreement by two or more persons to do or cause to be done an
illegal act or an act which is not illegal by illegal means. The
agreement and the breach attracted to it the provisions .Or
Section 167(81) of is the gist of the offence. In order to constitute
a single general conspiracy there ~ust be a common design and c
a common intention ofall to work in furtherance of the common
design. Each conspirator pfays his separate part in one integrated
and united effort to achieve the con;mon purpose. Each one is
aware that he has a part to play in a general conspiracy though
he may not know all its secrets or the means by which the D
common purpose is to be accomplished. The evil scheme may
be promoted by a few, some may drop out and some may join at
a later stage, but the conspiracy continues until it is broken up.
The conspiracy may develop in successive stages. There may
be a general plan to accomplish the common design by such
E
means as may from time to time be found expedient. New
techniques may be invented and new means may be devised for
advancement of the common plan. A general conspiracy inust
be distinguished from a number of separate conspiracies having
a similar general purpose. Where different groups ofpersons
co-operate towards their separate ends without any privity with F
each other each combination constitutes a separate conspiracy.
The common intention of the conspirators then is to work forthe
furtherance of the common design of his group only. The cases
illustrate the distinction between a single general conspiracy and
a number of unrelated conspiracies. In S.K. Khetwani v. State
G
of Maharashtra ,S. Swaminatham v. State Madras the Court
found a single general conspiracy while in R. v. Griffiths [1965]
2 All E.R. 448 the Court found a number of unrelated and
separate conspiracies.
.~.. -~-

·16. In the present case, there was··a ·single general conspiracy to
H

-.
670 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A smuggle gold into India from foreign countries. The scheme was
operated by a gang of international crooks. The net was ·spread
. over Bombay, Geneva, Beirut and Bahrein. Yusuf Merchant and
Pedro Fernand.es supplied the brain power, Murad Asharanoff
remitted the funds; Lakshmandas Kochra and Rabiyabai supplied
the finances, Pedro Fernadez and the Shuhaibar brothers sent
B
the gold from Geneva and the Middle East, carriers brought the
gold hidden in jackets, mechanics concealed and removed gold
·from aircrafts and others helped in contacting the carriers and
disposing of the gold. Yusuf, Pedro and Murad and Lakshmandas
were permanent members bf the conspiracy. They were joined
c later by Kochra, the Shuhaibar brothers and Lori and other
associates. The original scheme was to bring the gold from
Geneva. The nefarious design was extended to smuggling of
gold from the Middle East. There can be no doubt that the
continuous smuggling of gold sent by Pedro from Geneva during
February 1956 to February 1958 formed part of a single
D
conspiracy. The settlement of account between Yusuf and Pedro
at Beirut did not end the original conspiracy. There can also be
no doubt that the smuggling of gold from Beirut by the Shuhaibar
brothers and from Bahrein by their agent Lori were different
phases of the same conspiracy. The main argunient was that the
E despatch of gold from Geneva was the result of one conspiracy
and that the despatch of gold from the Middle East was the
result of another separate and unrelated conspiracy. The courts
below held, and in our opinion rightly, that there was a single
general conspiracy embracing all the activities. Pedro had a share
in the profits of the smuggling from Geneva. He got also a share
F
ofYusuf's profits from tQ; smuggling of the Middle East gold.
Apparently Shuhaibar brothers and Lori had no share in the profits
from the smuggling of the Geneva gold but they attached
themselves to the general conspiracy originally devised by Yusuf
and Pedro with knowledge of its scheme and purpose and took
G advantage of its existing organization for obtaining finances from
Kochra and Rabiyabai and for remittances of funds by Yusuf.
Each conspirator profited from the general scheme and each
one of them played his own part in the general conspiracy. The
second contention is rejected."
H
STATE OF JHARK:HANb THROUGH SP, CBI v. LAL.{) 671
PRASAD @LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

This Court has distinguished general conspiracy from number of A
separate conspiracies having a similar general purpose. Where different ·
groups of persons co-operate towards their separate ends without any
· privity with each other, each combination cot1stitutes a separate·
conspiracy. It was held that in the case there was single general conspiracy
to smuggle gold into India from foreign· countries. The contention raised
B
was that separate conspiracies were raised by the accused in the facts
of the s'aid case. The facts are quite different in the instant case. The
question which has come up for consideration did not arise in the aforesaid
decision and this Court has held that there was no prejudice caused to
the accused persons by not making separate trials.
39. The modus operandi being the same would not make it a c
single offence when the offences are separate. Commission of offence
· pursuant to a conspiracy has to be punished. If conspiracy is furthered
iqto several distinct offences there have to be separate trials. There
may be a situation where in furtherance of general c01ispiracy, offences
take place in various parts. pf India and several persons are killed at D
different times. Each trial has to be separately held and the accused to
be punished separately for the offence committed in furtherance of
conspiracy. In case there is only one trial for such conspiracy for separate
offences, it would enable the accused person to go scotfree and commit
number of offerices which is not the intendment of law. The concept is
of 'same offence' under ArtiCJe 20(2) and section 300 Cr.PC. Jn case E
distinct offences are being committed there has to be independentJrial
for each of such offence based on such conspiracy and 'in the case of
misappropriation as statutorily mandated, there should not be joinder of
charges in one trial for more than one year except as provided in section
219. One gen er.al conspiracy from 1988 to 1996 has led to various F
offences as such there have to be different trials for each of such offence
based upon conspiracy in which different persons have participated at
different times at different places for completion of the offence. Whatever
could be combined has already been done. Thus we find no merit in the
submissions made by learned senior counsel appearirig on behalf of
accu~ed persons.
G

40. It was also submitted by learned counsel appearing on behalf .
of Sajal Chakraborty that the principle of issue estoppel i.s attracted to ·
criminal trial and has relied upon decision in Manipur Administra(ion,

H
672 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A Manipur v. 'f_hokchom Bira Singh AIR 1965 SC 87 in which it has
been observed that the rule of issue estoppel in a criminal trial is that
where an issue of fact has been tried by a competent court on a former
occasion and afinding has been reached in favour of an accused, such
a finding would constitute estoppel against the prosecution. Said principle
has been merged with the principle of Autrefois acquit as enshrined in
B
section 300 Cr.PC. Learned counsel has also relied upon Assistant
Collector qf Customs, Bombay & Am: v. L.R.Melwani AIR 1970 SC
962 in which this Court has observed that the issue estoppel rule is but a
facet of the doctrine of Autrefois acquit. He has also referred to the
decision of Supreme Court of the Federation of Malaya in Sambasivan
c v. Public Prosecutor, reported in ( 1950) AC 458, where two charges
were framed for carrying a firearm and being in possession of ammunition
the appellant being acquitted on the second charge but being subject to a
second trial for the first charge, the Privy Council held that :
"The.effect ofa verdict ofacquittal pronounced by a competent
D court on a lawful charge and after a lawful trial is not completely
stated by saying that the person acquitted cannot be tried again
for the same offence. To that it must be added that the verdict
is binding and conclusive in all subsequent proceedings between
the parties to the adjudication." (Emphasis Supplied)
E 41. In Manipur Administration (supra) this Court has affirmed
the decision in Pritam Singh v. The State qf Punjab AIR 1956 SC 415
which in turn relied upon decision in Sambasivan (supra). Thus it was
contended that CBI is barred from adducing evidence in respect of the
allegatio11s for which the respondent Sajal Chakraborty has been
subsequently acquitted by the High Court and the conviction recorded
F by the trial court has been set aside. Finding had been recorded by the
High Court that there was no mechanism with the respondent to check
illegal withdrawal from treasury. Receiving of laptop and illegal
gratification has not been proved as a reward and the accused did not
take any step to find out causes of heavy withdrawal ofRs.50.56 lakhs
G in a single day by co-accused Dr. B.N. Sharma. Learned counsel has
further submitted that earlier there was no such practice to send the
yearly allocation information to the Deputy Commissioner. Thus the CBI
cannot try the accused on the basis of same allegations de nova. There
is no role of the accused in preparation of different fake bills. The
prosecution of the respondent is for the same offence in RC 20A/96 and
H
STATE OF JHARKHAND.THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 673
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

RC 68A/96 for which he has already been acquitted in RC No.5 IA/96. A
Learned counsel had also submitted that for each separate bill, separate
FIR should have been registered in case CBI stand is accepted. It was
a series of acts forming part of the same transaction. It is unclear as to
which of the several offences related to each bill during the tenure as
District Collector was committed. Thus, there ought to be one trial only.
B
Section 212 of Cr.PC does not cover those facts where the offence of
criminal breach of trust has been clubbed with the offence of criminal
conspiracy under section 120-B IPC.
42. Learned counsel has referred to decision in Emperor y.
Jhabbar Mull Lakkar reported in ( 1922) ILR 49 Cal 924 wherein the
Court has laid down thus : c
"6. lt is conceded by the earned Counsel for the prosecution that
the evidence which would be given in respect of the present
charges, would be identical with the evidence given against the
accused at the last Sessions, and the earned Counsel further
informed me that the matter of the alleged false entries was D
investigated at the trial before my learned brother Mr. Justice
Walmsley and the Jury. In other words, it was a part of the
prosecution case, at the trial at the last Sessions, that the: accused
had made the alleged false entries in the book for the purpose of
a carrying out the alleged misappropriation, and with the intention· E
of concealing his alleged breach of trust.
7. Since the case was argued last Friday I have considered the
·matter, and I have come to the conclusion that, on the facts of
this case, the accused ought not to be put on his trial in respect
of these charges. Ifhe were so tried, in my judgment, it would in F
effect amount to trying him again for the same offences as those
upon winch he has already been tried and acquitted by the Jury,
although the charges now before the Court are framed in a
different manner.
8. Apart from this, I am not at present satisfied that, if it had G
been thought advisable to lay beforelhe Court at the trial at the
last Sessions, the facts as constituting offence under Section
477 A as well as offences under Section 408, a form of procedure
could not have been adopted for the purpose of carrying out
such object. ·
H
674 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A 9. Under these circumstances, in my judgment, it would not b:
right to put the accused man on his trial for the second time in
respect of the same evidence and in respect of the same matters
upon which he has already been unanimously acquitted by the
J.Jrry." (Emphasis Supplied)
B . The said decision has no application to facts of the cases.
43. The counsel has referred to State of Bombay v. Umarsaheb
Buransaheb lnamdar AIR 1962 SC 1153 dealing with the bar in section
222 of Cr.PC, 1898 corresponding to section 212 of Cr.P.C., 1973 and
section 235 ofold Code corresponding to section 220 ofCr.P.C. in which
c this Court has observed :
"6. The charge could have been split up into two charges, one
with respect to the offence of criminal breach of trust committed
with respect to be amount embezzled between March 6, 1949
and March 5, 1950 and the other with respect to the amount
D embezzled between March 6, 1950 and June 30, 1950. The two
offences of criminal breach of trust could have been tried together
in the present case; as the offences were said to have been
committed in pursuance ofthe criminal conspiracy entered into
by the accused. All the offences committed in pursuance of the
conspiracy are committed in the course of the same transaction
E and therefore can be tried together at one trial, in view of sub-s.
(I) of s. 235 of the Code which provides that if in one series of
acts so connected together as to form the same transaction, more
offences than one are committed by the same person, he may
be charged with and tried at one trial for every such offence. It
F is therefore clear that no prejudice was caused to the accused
by the defect in the charge." (Emphasis Supplied)
The question of amalgamation and joint trial had already been
concluded by this Court. The question of Autrefois acquit (double
jeopardy) was not involved in the aforesaid decision:
44. Gopal Prasad Sinha v. State of Bihar (1971) 2 SCR 619
G
has als9 been relied upon for 'issue of estoppel. The Court has laid
down:·
"The basic principle underlying the rule of issue-estoppel is that
the same of fact and law must have been determined in the
previous litigation. The question then arises : Was it the same
H issue of fact which was determined in the earlier case ?A person
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 675
PRASAD@ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

may be acting as a cas.hier at one pe!·iod and may not be acting A
as a cashier at another period, especially as in this case it was
found that the appellant had never been appointed as a cashier..
He was a temporary senior accounts clerk who was alleged to
be doing the work of a cashier. If there is any likelihood of facts
or conditions changing during the two periods which are under
B
consideration then it is difficult to say thatthe prosecution.would
be bound by the finding in a previous trial on a similar issue of
fact. It seems to us that the later finding must necessarily be in
contradiction of the previous determination. There can be no
such contradiction ifthe periods are different and the facts relating
to the carrying on of the duties of a cashier are different." c
. (Emphasis Supplied)
Submission of issue of estoppel is based on presupposition that
there is no likelihood of facts or conditions changing in different years.
What would be the facts and conditions cannot be said before trial. Duty
was to be performed at different times. Thus, the decision is ofno utility. D
The decision does not support the cause espoused.
45. In the case of Mills v. Cooper ( 1967) 2 QB 459, the facts
were that the defendant was accused of illegally camping on the highway
under sec~ion 127 of the Highways Act, 1959. One of the primary
ingredients of such crime was being a' gipsy'. There were two complaints E
registered against him, albeit on. different dates. In the first case, he was
accused .of being a gipsy as on 22nd December, 1965 and he was
acquitted. In the second case, he was accused of being a gipsy and
illegally camping on 13th March, 1966. He took.the plea of issue estoppel.
Lord Parker, _CJ & Lord Diplock, J. saw it differently whilst disallowing
the plea of issue estoppel. They held that the second case came later in F
time and evidence with regard to his status as on the later date cannot
be estopped. Being a gipsy was not a pennanent disposition. Lord Diplock
held that issue estoppel, in criminal proceedings takes-the fonn of the
'rule against double jeopardy'. In that sense, issue estoppel is distinct
when applied to civil and criminal proceedings. In similar light, rejecting · G
the application of issue estoppel to the facts of that case, Lord Parker,
CJ held:
"I am by no means convinced, for reasons into which r find it
unnecessary to go, that the doctrine as applied in civil cases has any
application in criminal cases at all. I will, however, assume for the purposes
H
676 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A of this case that it has. Even so, I am satisfied that it has no application
in the present case, since the issue determined on the earlier occasion
was that the defendant was not a gipsy on December 22, 1965, whereas
the issue to be determined on the second occasion was whether he was
a gipsy on March 13, 1966."
B 46.0n the issue of estoppel, learned Solicitor General has relied
upon Masur Kban v. State of UP. (1974) I SCR 793 thus:
"The Appellant pleaded on the ground of i.ssue estoppel. The
issue was regarding his citizenship. Earlier, he had been
prosecuted by the SDM, Fatehpur u/s 14 of the Foreigners Act.
c He was then acquitted as not being a foreigner. Now he had
been detained under Paragraph 5 of the Foreigners (Internment)
Order, 1962. The Court dismissed the petition and therewith the
argument of issue estoppel: "Here again it is to be remembered
that the principle applies to two criminal proceedings and the
proceeding with which we are now concerned is not a critninal
D proceeding. We therefore hold that there is no substance in this
contention.
The petition is dismissed.
Whilst doing so, the Court retraced the jurisprudence on issue-
estoppel starting with the verdict of Lord MacDermott in
E Sambasivam v. Public, Prosecutor, Federation of Malaya, 1950
AC. 458 as well as Pritam Singh v. State of Punjab (AIR 1956
SC 415) and Manipur Admn. v. T. Bira Singh (Supra)."
47. With respect to issue of estoppel iri R. v. Humphrys ( 1976) 2
AER 497, Humphrys had previously been acquitted on a charge of driving
F a motorcycle whilst being disqualified to do so. During his trial he testified
that he hadn't at all driven a motorcycle during that year and he was
acquitted. Later, it was found that he had lied leading to a charge of
petjury. Their Lordships were then faced with two broad issues: first,
whether issue estoppel operated in criminal proceedings; second, even
if issue estoppel was not recognised by the criminal law, was the bringing
G of a charge of perjury prevented by the generality of the double jeopardy
doctrine? On the first issue, the one that was being addressed there, the
House was unequivocal in its view that issue estoppel had no place in
criminal proceedings.
48. In Ravinder Singh v. Sukhbir Singh (2013) 9 SCC 245, the
H appellant had come up in appeal against the High Court order dismissing
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBl v. LALU 67·7
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

his application for quashing of criminal proceedings initiated by R-1 under A
SC, ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. The dispute was over some
agriCultural land in Delhi over which multiple FI Rs. and writs were filed.
Counsel for the appellant pleaded on the grounds of issue estoppel stating.
that the issue had already been settled by the High Court. While allowing
the appeal, this Court then drew a distinction between 'issue-estoppel'
B
and 'double jeopardy' holding the former not to be a bar on a second
proceeding but merely acting as estoppel qua prior findings.
49. Thus, it is apparent that it is premature to raise the plea of
issue of estoppel before evidence is recorded for different sets of
accusations of different offences for different periods. Then it is difficult
to say that prosecution would be bound by the finding in a previous trial c
on a similar issue of fact and there may not be any contradiction ifthe
periods are different and with respect to culpability for different periods
and without fear of contradiction, separate findings can be recorded. In
what manner the duty has been carried on for different periods would
be the question of fact in each case and there is no question of double D
jeopardy in such a case.
50. We ai:e constrained to observe that the same learned Judge
had taken a different view in Dr. R.K. Rana's case on the basis of same
facts, and same question of law in the same cases. Judicial discipline
requires that such a blatant contradiction in such an important matter E
should have been avoided. The order passed in the case of Dr. R.K.
Rana was on sound basis and though the court had noted that there was
some overlapping of facts but the offences were different, it, however,
has taken a different view in the impugned order for the reasons which
are not understandable. The court ought to have been careful while
dealing with such matters and corisistency is the hallmark of the court F
due to which people have faith in the system and it is not open to the
court to take a different view in the same matter with reference to
different accused persons in the same facts and same case. Such
inconsistent decision-making ought to lu\Ve been avoided at all costs so
as to ensure credibility of the system. The impugned orders are palpably G
illegal, faulty and contrary to the basic principles of law and Judge has
ignored large number of binding decisions of this Court while giving
impermissible benefit to the accused persons and delayed the case for
several years. Interference had been made at the advanced stage of the
case which was wholly unwarranted and uncalled for. Let now amends
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678 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2017] 3 S.C.R.

A be made by expediting the trial without any further hindrance from any
quarter.
51. Coming to the question of delay, we find that there is a delay
of 113, 157 and 222 days in filing the respective appeals by the CBI.
Applications have been filed for condonation of delay on account of the
B departmental, administrative procedures involved in for filing the special
leave petition. It is submitted that unlike the private litigant the matters
relating to the Government are required to be considered at various levels
. and then only a decision is taken to file special leave petition. The process
ofref.erring the particu tar file from one department to another is a time
consuming process and decisions have to be taken collectively_,
c
52. It was submitted by Shri Ram Jethmalani, learned ~enior
counsel appearing on belialf of the respondents that delay of 157 days
has not been satisfactorily explained. The averments made in the
applications seeking condo11ation of delay are based upon earlier
authorities which no longer can be said to be good law. He has relied
D upon the decisions in Postnwster General & Ors. v. Living Media
India Ltd. & Am: (2012) 3 SCC 503 and State of UP thT: Exe. Engineer
v. Amar Nath Yadav (2014) 2 SCC 422. His submission is that Law of
Limitation binds everybody equally including the Government and defense
by the Government of impersonal machinery and inherited bureaucratic
E methodology cannot be accepted in view of the modern technology being
used and available; more so in the light of the aforesaid decisions. Delay
in moving files from one department to another is not sufficient explanation
for condoning abnormal delay. Condonation of delay is an exception
and should not be used as an anticipated benefit for the Government
department. The case was investigated by CBI from beginning to end
F and the CBI Manual provides mechanism for filing appeal expeditiously.
The CBI was bound by its Manual and in violation of the provisions
contained in· Manual without sufficient explanation, the delay cannot be
condoned.
53. Reliance was also placed on Aiit SinRh Thakur & Am: v.
G State ofGujarat 1981 (I) SCC 495, which has been approved in Pundlik
Jalam Patil (D) by Lrs. v. Exe. Engg. J(llgaon Medium Project &
Anr: (2008) I 7 SCC 448 that as per the conduct of the appellants they
are not entitled for condonation of delay, more so, in view of the decision
in Binod Bihari SinKh v. Union of India (1993) I SCC 572 as there
H was suppression as to when the judgment was applied or received. CBI
STATE OF JHARKHAND THROUGH SP, CBI v. LALU 679
PRASAD @ LALU PRASAD YADAV [ARUN MISHRA, J.]

Manual has a statutory force as held in Vineet Narain & Ors. v. Union A
of India & Anr. ( 1998) I SCC 226 and the-guidelines as to time frame
should have been strictly adhered to as ?bserved by this Coui1.
54. On the other hand, learned Solicitor General has submitted
that delay deserves to be condoned. He has relied upon the decision of
this Court in Japani Sahoo v. Chandra Sekhar Mohanty (2007) 7. B
sec 394 in which it has been observed that in serious offences, .
prosecution is done by the State and the court of law should not throw
a:way prosecution solely on the ground of delay. Mere delay in
approaching a court of law would not by itself afford a ground for
dismissing the case. He has also referred to Sajjan Kumar v. Union
ofIndia (2010) 9 SCC 368 to contend that a prosecution should not be c
quashed merely on the ground of the delay. The aforesaid decisions
cited of Japani Sahoo and Sajjan Kumar (supra) are :with respect to
the delay in institution of the case not with respect to sufficient cause in
filing of appeals. However, reliance on the State of Tamil Nodu v. M
Suresh Rajan (2014) 11 SCC 709 is apt in which the time consumed in D
taking opinion on change of Government was held to be sufficient cause
so as to condone the delay. Reliance has also been placed on i11dia11
Oil Corporation Ltd. & Ors. v. Su brata Borah Chowlek, etc. (20 I0)
14 sec 419 in which there was a delay in filing the appeals in which this
Court has observed that Section 5 owes no distinction between State
and citizen. The Court has to ensure that owing to some delay on part of E
the machinery, miscarriage of justice should not take place. It is also
contended that the power under Section S of the Limitation Act should
be exercised to advance substantial justice by placing reliance 011 State
of Nagaland v. Lipok AO & Ors. (2005) 3 SCC 752.
· 55. In view of the averments made in the applications we are F
satisfied that delay has been sufficiently explained and considering the
facts and circumstances of the case, gravamen of matter and also the
divergent views taken by the same Judge of the High Court in the same
case vis a vis different accused persons on same question, we consider
it our duty not to throw away petition on the ground of delay. The G
explanation offered by .the CBI of movement of file so as to condone the
delay so as to subserve the ends of justice, deserves to be accepted. No
doubt about it that the CBI ought to have acted with more circumspectim1
and ought to have followed the CBI Manual. It is regrettable th'lt we are
receiving majority of the special leave petitions filed in this Court barred
H
680 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2017) 3 S.C.R.

A by limitation not only on behalf of the Government but also by the other
private litigants. Not only that the special leave petitions are preferred
with the delay but in refiling also enormous time is consumed and this
Court in order to advance substantial justice is not throwing away cases
only on limitation.
B 56. Sufficiency of cause has to be judged in a pragmatic manner
so as to advance cause of justice. No doubt about it that litigants are
supposed to act with circumspection within limitation and that there should
not be delay and laches and State machinery should not be 'differentiated
vis a vis with the private individual in the matter of filing the appeals,
petitions etc., however, in the facts and circumstances of the case and
c considering the averments in the applications, we deem it appropriate to
condone the delay in filing the appeals in this court.
57. In this case, we are surprised at the conduct of the CBI in
such important matters how such delay could take place. The CBI•ot1ght
to have been careful in filing the Special Leave Petitions within limitation
D considering the factual matrix of the case. The criticism made by the
senior counsel for respondent is not wholly unjustified. CBI ought to be
guided by its Manual. It is expected ofit to be more vigilant. It has failed
to live up to its reputation. Jn the instant case, lethargy on its part is , ..

intolerable. IfCBI fails to act timely, peoples' faith will be shaken in its
E effectiveness. Let the Director of CBI look into the matter and saddle
the responsibility on a concerned person. In important cases Director,
CBI should devise methodology which should not be cumbersome as
reflected in these cases, otherwise in future, Director, CBI cannot escape
the responsibility for delay in such cases to be termed as deliberate one,
which is intolerable. Being the head of the institution it was the
F responsibility of the Director, CBI to ensure that appeals were filed within
limitation. There should not have been delay in filing special leave petitions
at all.
58. Resultantly, we set aside the impugned judgments and orders
passed by the High Court, allow the appeals and direct the trial court
..... G concerned to expedite the trial and to conclude the same as faras possible
within a period of nine months from today.

. Nidhi Jain Appeals allowed .