Holding

The President of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal may constitution a Special Bench under section 255(3) as an administrative power, without a judicial reference, and such a decision is not subject to writ jurisdiction under Article 226 except in cases of mala‑fide.

Summary

Three income‑tax appeals before the Hyderabad Bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) involved a common question of law under section 115‑J of the Income Tax Act. The President of the ITAT, exercising his power under section 255(3), constituted a Special Bench of three members to hear the appeals, which were decided in favour of the assessees. The Revenue challenged the Special Bench and the Tribunal’s refusal to grant further adjournment before the High Court, which held that the President could not form a Special Bench without a judicial reference and that the Tribunal had breached natural‑justice principles. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the President’s power to constitute a Special Bench is an administrative power that may be exercised suo motu and is not limited to a judicial order, and that such a decision is not reviewable under Article 226 except in cases of mala‑fide. While the Court noted the High Court’s prima facie view on the adjournment issue, it declined to decide it as the matter was pending in separate SLPs. Consequently, the High Court’s order was set aside, the ITAT’s appeals were allowed, and the writ petitions were dismissed, leaving the interpretation of section 115‑J open for determination in the delinked cases.

Issues considered

Whether the Special Bench of the ITAT violated principles of natural justice by refusing an adjournment sought by the Revenue.
Whether the President of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal is legally competent to constitute a Special Bench under section 255(3) without a judicial order.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. 226
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 115-J, s. 255

Subjects

Income Tax Appellate TribunalSpecial BenchSection 255Section 115-JAdministrative powerNatural justiceArticle 226Regulation 98‑A

Judgment

y
L

J. -

A THE INCOME TAX APPELLATE TRIBUNAL, HYDERABAD
SPECIAL BENCH, HYDERABAD
v.
THE DEPUTY COMMISSIONER OF INCOME-TAX (ASSTTS.)
III, HYDERABAD, ANDHRA PRADESH AND ORS.
B JANUARY 17, 1996 ...-
[B.P. JEEVAN REDDY ANDS. B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.]
•
Income Tax Act, 1961 :
c S.255 and Regulation 98-A of Regulations framed under s.255(5)-ln-
come Tax Appellate Tribunal-President-Power to constitute Special Bench
Held, Power of President to co1utitute Special Bench wider sub-sec(l) read j

with sub-section (3) of s.255 is an administrative power which can be veer- ~

cised even suo motu in appropriate cases-This power is independent of
D reference by Judicial order of a Bench of Tribunal under Regulation 98-A.

Constitution of India

Article 226-Held, in writ furisdiction High Court cannot sit in appeal
over administrative decision of the President of the Income Tax Appellate
E T1ibu11a/ to constitute a Special Bench crcept in crtraordinary cases wherein
the order is shown to be a ma/a fide one.

Practice and Procedure :

Income Tax Appellate Tribunal-Grant of adjoumments to parties and
F accepting their written submissions-Pmpeiiety of-Explained.

The assessee-companies, respondents no. 2 is each of the instant
appeals, filed three tax appeals before the Hyderabad Bench of the Income
Tax Appellate Tribunal. A common issue of interpretation of s. 115-J of
]
the Income Tax Act, 1961 was involved in the said appeals which were
G placed for hearing before a S1iecial Bench of the Tribunal. The Special
Bench decided the appeals in favour of the assessees. The Revenue chal·
lenged the said judgment by filing three writ petitions before the High
Court. The High Court, while allowing the writ petitions of the Revenue,
held that in the absence of a reference by a judicial order by the Bench of
.
H the Tribunal, the President of the Tribunal was not justified in constituting
•
630
l.T. APPLT. TRBL. v. DY. COMMR. OF!. TAX (ASSTTS.) lII 631

the Special Bench for deciding the appeals of the respondent-assessees; A
and that the Tribunal was not justified in refusing adjournment as was
prayed for by the Revenue. The Tribunal filed the present appeals against
the decision of the High Court on the aforesaid two points whereas the
assessees also filed separate appeals against the decision of the High
Court on construction of s. 115-J of the Act. The appeals filed by the
B
assessees were delinked and were directed to be dealt with separately from
the present appeals filed by the Tribunal.

In the present appeals, the Tribunal as also the Revenue filed
affidavits indicating the manner in which the three appeals of the respon-
dents-assessees came to be listed before the Special Bench of the Tribunal. C
It was stated that the Tax Bar Association of Andhra Pradesh addressed
\
a letter dated 25.7.1992 to the President of the Income Tax Appellate
Tribunal requesting him to refer to a Special Bench the question of correct
interpretation of s.115-J of the Income-Tax Act. Thereafter two Senior
Members of the Tribunal, by a D.O. Letter dated 25.9.1992, requested D
President of the Tribunal to constitute a Special Bench to decide the four
matters enumerated in the said letter involving the common issue of
interpretation of s.115-J of the Act. The President agreed with the Mem-
bers of the Tribunal and constituted a Special Bench, before which nine
matters, including the four matters enumerated in the D.O. letter dated
25.9.1992 and the tax appeals of the three respondents-assessees giving rise E
to the instant appeals, were placed for hearing. When the arguments were
concluded and jndgment was reserved, the counsel for the four matters
enumerated in D.O. letter dated 25.9.1992 prayed for releasing those cases,
on the ground that the same involved some additional issnes which were
not specifially covered by the reference. The Special Bench released those F
four matters observing that it was not necessary for the Bench to go into
other points and once the main questions referred to in the matters were
decided the said judgment would abide the other cases also, and delivered
the judgment in the tax appeals of the respondents-assessees.

Disposing of the appeals preferred by the Income Tax Appellate G
Tribunal, this Court

HELD 1.1. The High Court erred in holding that a Special Bench
can be constituted by the President of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
only pursuant to a judicial order and not in exercise of his administrative H
632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R.

.A.. power. (646-G·H]

1.2. The President's power under sub-section (1) read with sub·
section (3) of Section 255 to constitute Benches or for that matter Special
Benches is an administrative power. It is obvious that the President in this
connection may even act suo motu if it is brought to his notice that any
B important point is pending for decision in a matter which requires to be
decided by a larger Bench. If the President acting on such information and
in bona fide exercise of his powers constitutes a larger Bench or a Special
Bench for deciding a matter it cannot be said that he acts ultra vires his
powers or functions entrusted to him by the legislature under Section
C 255(1) read with Section 255(3) of the Income Tax Act. (646-E·G]

1.3. The President's power under sub-section (1) read with sub· sec·
)
tion (3) of s.255 of the Act is independent of the provisions of Regulation
98-A of the Regulations framed under S.255(5) of the Act conferring juris·
diction on a Bench of the Tribunal in an appropriate pending matter to pass
D a judicial order and make a reference to the President of the Tribunal to
constitute a Special Bench. But such a situation had never arisen on the
facts of the present case. The two Members had recommended to the
President to constitute a Special Bench for resolving the controversy center·
ing round the construction of Section 115-J of the Income Tax Act by their
E communication dated 25th September 1992. Though styled as a reference
under Section 255(3) of the Act, it was merely a recommendation for invok·
ing the administrative powers of the President under Section 255(3) for
constituting a Special Bench. It was certainly not a reference under Section
255(3) read with Regulation 98-A. (647-H; 648-A; 647-A·C]

F 2.1. The High Court in exercise of its power under Section 226 of the
Constitution cannot sit in appeal over the administrative decision of the
President who might have felt that the case was of all India importance
and was required to be •lecided by a larger Bench of three Members. Such
an administrative order is not open to scrutiny under Article 226 of the
G Constitution of India except in extra ordinary cases wherein the order is
shown to be mala fide one. (647-C·D]

2.2. In the instant case, the Revenue did not make any allegation
against the President or the Tribunal. It may be that the President of the
Tax Bar Association might have initially moved in the matter or it may be
H that the two Members of the Tribunal might have suggested to the Presi·
'
) LT APPLT. TRBL. v. DY. COMMR. OF!. TAX (ASSTTS.) III 633
l

dent of the Tribunal to place the four matters before a Special Bench. A

- . Admittedly, there was a conflict of opinion between the decision of a Single
Member of the Madras Bench and that of a Division Bench of the
Hyderabad Bench of the Tribunal. Being so apprised of the situation, if
the President felt that the tax appeals moved by the respondent·assessees
involved the same points and were required to be thrashed out by a Special
B
Bench, there was no reason for holding that constitution of the Special
Bench by the President for deciding the present three matters was an
illegal or unjudicious exercise or an exercise based on whims and fancies
of the President. In making such observation the High Court appears to
t
have been uncharitable to the President of the Tribunal. [647-D·G]
c
3.1. Since the decision of the High Court on the merits of the
controversy centering round the construction of Section llS·J of the
Income Tax Act is already pending scrutiny of this Court in the delinked
appeals filed by the assessees, it would not be lit to go further into the
question of failure of principles of natural justice at the stage of hearing D
before the Special Bench of the Tribunal. [638·F·G]
\

3.2. However, prima facie, the view of the High Court that the
Tribunal on the peculiar facts of the case was not justified in insisting on
hearing the matter and even not taking the written submissions on record E
as tried to be furnished on behalf of the Revenue and thus had adopted
an unjustified stand, appears to be well sustained. It is no doubt true that
the matter was adjourned on 11 occasions earlier. It is also true that when
a senior counsel is not available to argue an adjourned matter for which
a Special Bench is constituted at Hyderabad where the President had to F
come from Delhi and another member had to come from Bombay, the
Revenue should have taken all care to see that some alternative arrange·
men! was made so that the matter may not get unduly prolonged and
indefinitely adjourned and that in such situations the Special Bench of the
Tribunal could have legitimately required the Revenue to make alternative
arrangement for getting the matter argued. But for that purpose a short G
adjournment of a day or two could have been granted when the departmen·
tal representative who was incharge of the matter was ·admitted to a
I( nursing home. In any case written submissions could have been taken on
record and considered by the Tribunal instead of totally brushing them
aside. [638·G·H, 639-A·C] H
634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 s.c.R.y ·

A 4. In the facts and circumstances of the case, there is no doubt that
the President of the Tribunal in bona fide exercise of his administrative
power constituted the Special Bench for deciding the tax appeals relating
to the present proceedings. Consequently the observation of the High J ·-
Court that the Special Bench was constituted act the whims and fancies of
B the President for deciding the said appeals is unjustified and unsus·
tainable; and therefore, the judgment and order of the High Court as
regards the two points agitated before this Court on behalf of the income
Tax Appellate Tribunal are quashed and set aside. So far as the question
of true construction of s.115·J of the Act is concerned, the·same is kept
open in the delinked appeals .of the assessees. [650-C·F]
c
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 2039-41
of 1996.

From the Judgment and Order dated 31.2.93 of the Andhra Prasesh
High Court in W.P. Nos. 5408, 6102-41of1993.
D
A. Subba Rao and A.D.N. Rao for the Appellant.
J
B.B. Ahuja, S.N. Terdol, B.Sathish, P. Parmeswaran and B.S. Ahuja
for the Respondents.

E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. MAJMUDAR, J. Leave granted in all these petitions.

By consent of learned advocates of parties the appeals are heard
finally and are being disposed of by this common judgment. These appeals
F are taken out by Incqrne '.fax Appellate Tribunal (referred to as 'the
Appellate Tribunal') which is up in arms against the Income Tax Depart-
ment. In a way these are unusual cases wherein the Tribunal has to voice
a grievance against the Income Tax Department .in connection with its
functioning as such. A [ew relevant background facts are required to be
G noted at the outset to highlight the grievance of the appellant ·Appellate
Tribunal.

Background Facts
'JI
Mis. Surana Steels Pvt. Ltd., M/s. Binjusaria Metal Box Co. Pvt. Ltd.
H and M/s. Agroha Extraction Ltd., who are respondents nos.2 in each of
\

1 LT. APPLT. TRBL '·DY. COMMR. OFl TAX (ASSTIS.) III (S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.) 635

these appeals are the concerned assessees. They were appellants in three A
income tax appeals before the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Hyderabad.
The Special Bench thereof disposed of all the three appeals by common
- I
order dated 4th February 1993 as they involved consideration of common
question of law relating to the construction of Section 115-J of the Income
Tax Act, 1961 (hereinafter referred to as 'Income Tax Act').
B
This decision of the Special Bench resulted in three writ petitions
moved by the Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax, Hyderabad before the
High Court of Andhra Pradesh. The assessee-respondents nos. 2 in each
of these appeals had succeeded before the Special Bench of the Appellate
Tribunal on the construction of Section 115-J of the Income Tax Act. C
However, Income Tax Reference No. 126 of 1992 which was pending in
the High Court also pertained to the very same question centering round
the construction of Section 115-J and was, therefore, clubbed with the
aforesaid three writ petitions moved by the Deputy Commissioner of
Income Tax against the common order of the Special Bench dated 4th D
February 1993. All these matters were heard by a Division Bench of the
High Court consisting of V. Sivaraman Nair and S.V. Maruthi, JJ. The
Division Bench of the High Court by its common order dated 31st Decem-
ber 1993 allowed the three writ petitions moved by the Veputy Commis-
sioner of Income Tax and answered the Reference in favour of the
Revenue and against the assessees. The Appellate Tribunal being ag- E
grieved by the findings reached by the High Court in the writ petitions has
filed the aforesaid appeals before this Court on obtaining leave under
Article 136 of the Constitution of India. The dissatisfied assessees have
filed separate Special Leave Petitions Nos. 12446 and 12835 of 1994. By an
order dated 8th August 1994 in the special leave petitions moved by the F
Appellate Tribunal a bench of this Court consisting of one of us, Jeevan
Reddy, J. and Sen J., issued notice and directed that pending further
orders, the judgment, in so far as it holds that constitution of a Special
Bench consisting of three or more members by the President of Income
Tax Appellate Tribunal can be done only and by virtue of a judicial order,
is suspended, while notice was also issued and interim relief was granted G
on condition in the assessee's Special Leave Petition No. 12446 of 1994
arising from the very same common judgment of the High Court.
\
By a later order dated 3rd April 1995, however, Special Leave
Petitions Nos. 12054-56 of 1994 moved by the Income Tax Appellate H
636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R. y
A Tribunal were delinked from other matters. That is how the assessees'
Special Leave Petitions are now no longer a part of the present group and
we are concerned, in the present proceeciings, with the three appeals
arising out of Special Leave Petition Nos. 12054-56 of 1994 moved by the
Income Tax Appellate Tribunal against the common order of the Division
Bench of the High Court in the aforesaid three writ petitions. Consequent-
B
ly, ·we will not be concerned, in these proceedings, with the question of
construction of Section 115-J of the Income Tax Act and the merits of the
decision of the High Court on this point. We will, therefore, only consider,
in these proceedings, the grievances voiced on behalf of the Appellate
Tribunal by its learned counsel Shri Subba Rao.
c
Rival Co11te11tio11s
•
Shri Sobba Rao, learned counsel appearing for the appellant-
Tribunal contended t.hat the High Court had patently erred in law in taking
the view that the President of the Income Tax Appellant Tribunal had no
D jurisdiction to constitute a Special Bench for hearing the appeals of the
respondent-assessees. He submitted that the Division Bench of the High
Court had misconstrued and misinterpreted the relevant statutory
provisions of the Income Tax Act as well as the regulations in this connec-
tion. According to Shri Subba Rao the High Co'!rt had wrongly assumed
E that Special Bench can be constituted by the President only on the basis
of a judicial order and not in exercise of his powers under sub-section (3)
of Section 255 of the Income Tax Act. According to the learned counsel
the High Court had equally erred in taking the view that on the facts of
the present case the Special Bench was constituted on the whims and
fancies of the President and there was no reason for constituting such a
F Bench. He also further contended that the High Court was equally in error
when it held that the Tribunal had committed a breach of the principles
of n.atural justice in not granting adjournment as asked for by learned
coun,sel for the Revenue. That on the facts of the present case enough
latitude was shown by the Tribunal in adjourning the matters at the
G instance of the learned counsel for the Revenue on 11 past occasions and,
therefore, there was no violation of principles of natural justice when
further adjournment was refused and the matter was heard by the Special
Bench.

Shri Ahuja, learned senior counsel appearing for the respondent-
H Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax on the other hand submitted that on
1.T. APPLT. TRBL v. DY. COMMR OF I. TAX (ASS1TS.) III [S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.) 637

the facts of the present case the High Court rightly took the view that A
Special Bench was constituted by the President of Tribunal without any
rhyme or reason and in any case the Tribunal had committed breach of
basic principles of natural justice in refusing adjournment in the appeals
posted for hearing before the Special Bench when the departmental rep-
resentative who was incharge of the matter had taken ill and had to be B
hospitalised and that the previous adjournments which were granted before
the constitution of the Special Bench were only 8 in number and that had ·
nothing to do with the situation in which the department found itself under
circumstances beyond its control when the learned counsel for the Revenue
was busy in the High Court in tax matters before the Tax Bench and the
departmental representative had suddenly taken ill and had to be C
hospitalised. That these were circumstances which called for a judicious
and a liberal approach on the part of the Tribunal. That even the written
submissions which were tendered on behalf of the Revenue were not
permitted to be taken on record and, therefore, the High Court was right
in taking the view that the Tribunal in deciding the Special Bench matter D
had committed breach of basic principles of natural justice.

In view of the aforesaid rival contentions, the following points, arise
''J for our determination.

Point No. 1 E
Whether the Special Bench of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal
had committed breach of principles of natural justice and had denied
reasonable opportunity to the Income Tax Department to put forward its
case in the appeals taken up for decision by the Special Bench.
F
Point No. 2

Whether the President of the Tribunal was legally competent to
constitute a Special Bench for hearing the three appeals moved by respon-
dent No. 2 assessees in these three cases and whether the Special Bench
was validly constituted. G
We shall deal with the aforesaid points one by one.

Point No. 1

So far as this point is concerned the High Court in the impugned H
638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R.

A judgment at page 31 has noted that it was true that the matter was
adjourned at the instance of the departmental representative from time to
lime on 11 occasions from 28.10.1992 upto 4.1.1993. However, on 4.1.1993
when the matter was posted for hearing before the Special Bench Shti H.
Srinivasulu \Vho was appointed a<; designated officer to argue the matter
before the Special Bench fell sick. It was also not disputed that he was
B shifted to Hyderabad Nursing Home and the doctors had advised him rest
for four weeks. It was also true that Shri Mani, another Deputy Commis-
sioner, who was appointed to assist Shri Srinivasulu was ready to argue the
matter and in fact he argued the matter to the best of his ability. However,
in view of the complicated nature of the case and the heavy revenue
C involved in the matters and also keeping in view the fact that any decision
rendered by the Special Bench of the Tribunal will have an all India effect,
to supplement the arguments of Shri Mani, the department sought pennis-
sion of the Tribunal to file Written submissions and it is not disputed that
the Tribunal did not permit the departmental representative to file those
written submissions. On these facts the High Court took the view that the
D Tribunal was not justified in not adjourning the matter and in insisting to
hear the matter. Now we may state at this stage that even though on merits
the Revenue lost before the Special Bench of the Income Tax Appellate
Tribunal the High Court in writ petitions heard the department fully on
the merits of the question, namely, the construction of Section 115-J of
the Income Tax Act and held in favour of the Revenue and against the
E assessee. Thus the Revenue had not only full opportunity to put forward
its case before the High Court in the writ petitions but had succeeded
therein. Under the circumstances the question of violation of principles of
natural justice by the Tribunal pales into insignificance and, therefore, we
do not deem it fit to pronounce upon that question finally. We have already
F noted that the decision of the Division Bench of the High Court on the
merits of the controversy centering round the construction of Section 115-J
of the Income Tax Act is already pending scrutiny of this Court in the
delinked special leave petitions moved by the assessees and this Court is
going to decide that question on merits. Under these circumstances we do
not think it fit to delve deep into the question of fail'Ure of principles of
G natural justice at the stage of hearing before the Special Bench of the
Tribunal. However, in passing we may observe that prima fade, the view
of the High Court that the Tribunal on the peculiar facts of the case was
not justified in insisting on hearing the matter and even not taking the
written submission on record as tried to be furnished on ·behalf of the
Revenue and thus had adopted an unjustified stand, appears to be well
H
lT. APPLT. TRBL '· DY. COMMR. OF!. TAX (ASSITS.) Ill (S.B. MAJMUDAR. J.] 639

sustained. It is no doubt true that the matter was adjourned on 11 occasions A
earlier. It is also true that when a senior counsel is not available to argue
an adjourned matter for which a Special Bench is constituted at Hyderabad
where the President had to come from Delhi and the another members had
to come from Bombay, the Revenue should have taken all care to see that
some alternative arrangement was made so that the matter may not get
unduly prolonged and indefinitely adjourned and that in such situations the B
Special Bench of the Tribunal could have legitimately required the
Revenue to make alternative arrangement for getting the matter argued.
But for that purpose a short adjournment of a day or two could have been
granted when the departmental representative who was incharge of the
matter was admitted to a nursing home. In any case written submissions C
could have been taken on record and considered by the Tribunal instead
of totally brushing them aside. However, as noted earlier as ultimately the
Revenue has not suffered till date and its viewpoint has been accepted by
the High Court on the construction of Section 115-J of the Income Tax Act
we do not dilate on this question any further. That disposes of the first
point. D
(·
Point No. 2

So far as this point is concerned it is necessary to have a look at the
relevant facts as emerging on the record of the case which resulted in the
constitution of the Special Bench by the President of the Appellate E
Tribunal. In the counter filed by Shri Kalu Ram Meena, Deputy Commis-
sioner of Income Tax, Hyderabad in the present proceedings the back-
ground facts leading to the formation of the Special Bench by the President
have been stated. It is averred that the Tax Bar Association of Andhra
Pradesh addressed a letter to the President on 25th July 1992 requesting F
him to refer the matter of correct interpretation of Section 115- J to a
Special Bench to have uniformity of the decisions on the point. The request
in the letter was as follows :

"In the wake of the divergent opm10ns expressed by different
Benches of the Tribunal and also in view of language in which Sec. G
115-J is couched, the members of AP. Tax Bar Association have
felt the need to request your goodself to refer the matter to a
Special Bench to have uniformity in the decisions on this point.
The Governing Body has received various representations to this
effect from our members. May we, therefore, request your goodself H
640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] 1 S.C.R. y
A to consider the request of constituting a Special Bench to decide
the issue relating to the interpretation of the word u/s 115-J and
oblige.

After the receipt of the above letter, the President forwarded the
same to the Senior Member of the Income-tax Appellate Tribunal,
B Hyderabad Bench, Hyderabad directing him to contact the mem-
bers of the Bar and suggest to him how far he feels the need of
constituting a Special Bench. On that the Senior Member
alongwith the Accountant Member after due consultation with the
Bar suggested constitution of the Special Bench and the reason
c for the constitution of the Special Bench is stated in reference
dated 25.9.1992 forwarded to the President, which reads thus : ·

'After noting conflicting decisions on the interpretation of Section
115-J and also after going through the several articles published
in 50 Taxman 659 (Magazine Section) 47 Taxman 133 (Magazine
D Section) 48 Truanan 347 (Magazine Section) and 49 Truanan 49
and 133 (Magazine Section) and having noticed diametrically op-
posite views expressed in two decisions of the Tribunal-one
reported in 39 I.T.D. 432 Butwelded Tools (P) Ltd. v. Asst!.
Commissioner of Income-tax and the opposite decision rendered
E by the Hyderabad Bench in V.V. Trans Investment (P) Ltd. v.
Income-tax Officer, (42 !TD 242) we are of the opinion in order to
secure uniformity in judicial decisions and prevent judicial Chaos
and in order to avoid uncertainties on such a vital point of public
importance, constitution of a Full Bench is very essential to resolve
the following questions :
F
(1) Whether depreciation and loss should necessarily be present
for purpose of adjustment while computing book profit u/s
115-J of the l.T. Act read with 205(1) proviso (b) of the
Companies Act?
G (2) For purpose of computing book profits under sec. 115J of the
l.T. Act read with Section 205(1) proviso (d) of the Com-
panies Act whether depreciation include loss?

(3) If an assessee had nol incurred losses in previous years but
H only had unabsorbed depreciation claim, the claim for deduc-
LT. APPLT. TRBL>-. DY. COMMR. OF I. TAX (ASSTIS.) III lS.B. MAJ MUD AR. J. J · 641

tion under Section 115-J(l)(iv) would not be available to such A
an assessee?

( 4) In a case where there is profit in a year but after adjustment
of depreciation it results in a loss, can no adjustment in book
profit under sec. 115-J of the IT Act be allowed.'
B
This reference was made on 25.9.1992 in the prescribed form and
it was sent alongwith covering letter dated 25.9.92 to the President
of the I.T.A.T. at Delhi. Thereupon the President !TAT had
accepted the reference and constituted a Special Bench vide letter
No. F.16-LG (ANTZ-Sectt) 92 dated 1.10.1992. C
The aforesaid stand taken in the counter shows that the President
' appeared to have acted in the light of the reference dated 25th September
1992 made by two senior members of the Tribunal. It is also true that the
President was requested by the Tax Bar Association of Andhra Pradesh to
constitute a Special Bench for resolving the question in controversy. How- D
ever, when we turn to the reference letter dated 25.9.1992 which has been
brought on record of these proceedings as an annexure to the Special
Leave Petition as Annexure 'A', we find that the reference purports to be
under Section 255(3) of the Income Tax Act by two members Shri T.V.
Rajagopala Rao and Shri Chander Singh and they have suggested that the E
Special Bench of the Tribunal may be constitution for deciding the follow-
ing four matters :

1. LT.A. No. 1045/Hyd/91 Hagglunds Lenision Ltd. Dy.
(Asstt. Year : 1989-90) Commissioner of Income Tax (Assts),
Sp!. Range- 4, Hyderabad. F
2. LT.A. No. 138/Hyd/92 Novopan India Ltd., Hyderabad v. Dy.
Conunissioner of Inconie Tax (Ass ts),
Sp/. Range-4 Hyderabad.

3. I.T.A. Nos. 797 & Andhra P1inters Ltd. Vijayawada v. Dy.
798/Hyd./92 (Assts. Years Conunissioner of Inco1ne Tax, Sp/. G
: 1988-89 & 1989-90) Range, Vijayawada.

4. LT.A. No. 812/Hyd/92 S1i Raja Rajeswari Paper Mills Ltd. v.
(Asst Year: 1989-90) Dy. Commissioner of Income Tax, Sp!.
Range, Vijayawada.
H
."41
y

642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R. -;
'
A It is also interesting to note that it is this D.O. letter of the Accountant
Member and the Judicial Member dated 25th September 1992 to which the
President agreed and by his order in the light of the said D.O. the President
constituted a Special Bench. That is clearly indicated by communication
dated 1st October 1992 addressed by Assistant Registrar of the Income tax
Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi to Shri T.V. Rajagopala Rao, Member,
B Income Tax Appellate Tribunal, Hyderabad. The said communication is at
Annexure 'B' to the S.L.P. at page 135 of the Paper Book. It is also brought
l
on the record of this case that one of the members of the Tribunal, namely
Shri Chander Singh who was a signatory to the reference dated 25.9.1992
had earlier taken the view by his order dated 30th July 1992 that this
c question was not required to be referred for decision to the Special Bench.
But even that apart even though he might have subsequently changed his
view and recommended constitution of a Special Bench for resolving the ,.
questions involved centering round construction of Section 115-J of the
Income Tax Act in company of Shri T.V. Rajagopala Rao, Judicial Member
only four listed matters were suggested to be placed before Special Bench
~
...
D
for decision. However, the Special Bench was constituted by the President
not for deciding these four matters but for deciding the three tax appeals
being LT.A. Nos. 1845/Hyd/90, 811/Hyd/92 and 822/Hyd/92 which were
moved by the present three assessee-respondents in these proceedings and
it is that decision of the Special Bench in these appeals that has resulted
E in the present proceedings. We wanted, therefore, to know from the
learned counsel for the appellant as to how the aforesaid three income tax
appeals of the present three respondent-assessees were placed before the
Special Bench by the President when the President had agreed to the
suggestion of the members of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal for
F placing four other appeals whi~h were listed in the reference of 25th
September 1992 for being placed before the Special Bench. In this connec-
tion by our order dated 1st December 1995 the required details were asked
for from the appellant-Tribunal. We shall deal with the material supplied
by the Tribunal pursuant to our aforesaid order a little later.
-1-
G In the background of the aforesaid facts the High Court took the
view that on the facts and circumstances of the case the President of the
Tribunal was not justified in constituting the Special Bene~. for deciding
the appeals of the aforesaid three respondents. The High Court has taken
the view that the President had to exercise his discretion judiciously and
H judicially and it may not be exercised at whims and fancies of the President.
643
•.., I.T. APPLT. TRBb. DY. COMMR. OF I. TAX (ASSITS.) lU (S.B. MAJMUDAR, J.J

~ The High Court has further observed that in the present case there was no A
conflict at all between 39 !TD 432 (Butwelded Tools (P) Ltd. v. Asst.
Commissioner of Income Tax) and 42 !TD 242 (V.V. Trans-Investment (P)
Ltd. v. Income Tax Officer) and that there was no reason for the President
to constitution Special Bench. The High Court has also made the following
observations in this connection at page 41 of its judgment :
B
. "....As already stated, the power to constitute a Special Bench
under Section 255(3) of the Act shall be exercised judiciously and
judicially and the discretion cannot be exercised arbitrarily at the
whims and fancies of the authority vested with such power.
c
We see considerable force in the submission of counsel for the
petitioner that unless reference is made in a judicial order by
" Bench of the Tribunal pointing out the reasons for constitution of
a Special Bench, the President of the Income Tax Tribunal, was
"'· not competent to constitute a special Bench. In the present case, D
admittedly, none of the Benches of the Tribunal had made any
reference by a judicial order when the question came up for
consideration and the conflict of decisions of the coordinate
Benches was adverted to. The procedure adopted in this case
seems to us to be curious. On receipt of a representation by the
~
Tax Bar Association, the President. of the Tribunal invited com- E
ments from the senior member for a Hyderabad Bench of the
Tribunal. It is more curious that the very same member who had
rendered judgment which was reported in (42) !TD 242 replied to
the President suggesting the constitution of the Special Bench.
Counsel for the petitioner submits that in the facts and circumstan- F
ces of the case that was but a command performance at the
instance of the President. He submits further that since there was
no judicial order requesting for a reference of any question to a
Special Bench, the constitution of the same was not justified. We
4- see considerable force in the submission, since a Court or a judicial
tribunal is expected to discharge their judicial functions by passing
G
judicial orders and not by intra-departmental Communications.
We also see force in the submission of counsel that had the matter
been posted for hearing on the Judicial side, the Department
would have had an opportunity to project its views before the
Hyderabad Bench deliberated upon the alleged conflict of H
y

644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996) 1 S.C.R.

A authorities, rather than depending on views expressed .in articles
and journals as reason for constitution of a Special Bench."

In our view the aforesaid decision of the High Court to the effect
that the President of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal cannot constitute
a Special Bench save and except under a judicial order cannot be sus-
B tained on the scheme of the Act and the relevant regulations. The reasons
are obvious.

Section 255 of the Income Tax Act deals with the procedure of
Appellate Tribunal. The said Section along with relevant sub-sections
C thereof reads as under :

"255. 1. The powers and functions of the Appellate Tribunal may
be exercised and discharged by Benches constituted by the Presi-
.dent of the Appellate Tribunal from among the members thereof.

D 2. Subject to the provisions contained in sub-section (3), a
Bench shall consist of one judicial member and one accountant
member.

3. The President or any other member of the Appellate
Tribunal authorised in this behalf by the Central Government may,
E sitting singly, dispose of any case which has been allotted to the
Bench of which he is a member and which pertains to an assessee
whose total income as computed by the Assessing Officer in the
case does not exceed one lakh rupees and the President may, for
the disposal of any particular case, constitute a Special Bench
F consistmg of three or more members, one of whom shall necessarily
be a judicial member and one an accountant member.

4. If the members of a Bench differ in opinion on any point,
the point shall be decided accordmg to the opinion of the majority,
if there is a majority, but if the members are equally divided, they
G shall state the point or points on which they differ, and the case
shall be referred by the President of the Appellate Tribunal for
hearing on such point or points by one or more of the other
members of the Appellate Tribunal, and such point or points shall
be decided according to the opinion of the majority of the members
H of the Appellate Tribunal who have heard the case, including those
LT.APPLT TRBL. '·DY. COMMR OFI. TAX (AS~>TJ'S.) Hl[S.B. MAJMUDAR,J.J 645

who first heard it. A
i
5. Subject to the. provisions of this Act, the Appellate Tribunal
shall have power to regulate its own procedure and the procedure
of Benches thereof in all matters arising out of the exercise of its
powers or of the discharge of its functions, including the places at
which the Benches shall hold their sittings." B
I
f • Now a mere look at sub-section (1) shows that it is the administrative
function of the President to constitute benches from amongst the members
of the Tribunal for exercising the powers and functions of the Appellate
Tribunal: Similarly sub-section (3) empowers the President for disposal of
any particular case to constitute a Special Bench consisting of three or
c
more members one of whom shall necessarily be a judicial member and
one an accountant member. The functions entrusted under sub-sections (1)
and (3) of Section 255 to the President of the Appellate Tribunal are
., obviously administrative functions. They have nothing to do with exercise
of any judicial power. It is of course true that as per sub-section (5) the D
Appellate Tribunal can regulate its own procedure and the procedure of
benches and for that purpose can frame appropriate regulations. In exer-
cise of that power the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal has framed regula-
tions. The relevant regulation for the present purpose is Regulation 98(A).
It reads as under :
E
~
"Regulation 98(A)

With a view to bring about uniformity in the procedure for refer-
ence of cases to President l.T.A.T. for constitution of Special
Benches consisting of three or more members inst~uctions have F
been issued from time to time. For making such reference the
' concerned bench should pass the order similar to order of Tribunal
"the reference shall be made by the bench as far as possible" in
the proforma as appended in XIX(B).

APPENDIX XIX (B) G
• • INCOME TAX APPELLATE TRIBUNAL

PROFORMA FOR MAKING REFERENCE BY A BENCH TO
THE PRESIDENT, !TAT FOR CONSTITUTION OF SPECIAL
BENCH. H
y
646 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1996] 1 S.C.R.

A 'We the members of ....................... Bench(es) at ................. ..
(Station) are of the opinion that the appeal(s) No. (s) ................... ..
in the matter of ............................ which were posted for hearing
before us on .................. is/are fit and ·proper appeal(s) which
should be heard by a Special Bench consisting of three/or
............................ members of the Tribunal. We accordingly forward
B
the records of the appeal(.,) mentioned above lo the Pr"''ident of
the Tribunal and request him to constitute a Special Bench for the
reasons given below : . '
'
Reasons in· brief :
c Signature : 1.

2.

Note : 1. This form should be sent to the President of the (

D Tribunal in duplicate, alongwith the observations of the
Vice President of the concerned Zone.

Note : 2. Document/materials in support of the reasons for con-
stitution of a Special Bench should be enclosed."'

E The aforesaid regulation shows that the concerned Bench which is
seized of the matter may in exercise of its judicial function in appropriate
case make ~ reference to the President to constitute a Special Bench. The
exercise of that function by the Bench of the Tribunal hearing the matter
is of course a judicial function but so far as the President's power under
Sub-section (1) read with sub-section (3) of Section 255 to constitute
F Benches or for that matter Special Benches is concerned the said power is >

an adminL,trative power. It is obvious that the President in this connection
may even act suo motu if it is brought to his notice that any important point
is pending for decision in a matter which requires to be decided by a larger
bench. If the President acting on such information and in bona fide exercise
G of his powers constitutes a larger bench or a Special Bench for deciding a
matter it cannot be said that he acts ultra vires his powers or functions
entrusted to him by the legislature under Section 255(1) read with Section •
255(3) of the Income Tax Act. Consequently, the Division Bench of the
High Court with respect was in error when it took the view that a Special
Bench can be constituted by the President only pursuant to a judicial order
H and not in exercise of his administrative powers. It is of course true that in
LT. APPLT. TRBL. '- DY. COMMR. OF!. TAX (ASSTTS.) Ill [S.B. MAJMUDAR. J.] 647

\ . any pending matter before a bench of two learned members, if it is felt by A
1 the learned members that a Special Bench is required to be constituted,
they can pass a judicial order in the light of the procedure laid down by
Regulation 98(A). But such a situation had never arisen on the facts of the
present case. We have already seen above that the two learned members
had recommended to the President to constitute a Special Bench for
resolving the controversy centering round the construction of Section 115-J B
of the Inroome Tax Act by their communication dated 25th September 1992.
That was styled as a reference under Section 255(3) of the Income Tax Act.
It was merely a recommendation for invoking the administrative powers of
the President under Section 255(3) for constituting Special Bench. It was
certainly not a reference. under Section 255(3) read with Regulation 98(A).
We fail to appreciate how the High Court in exercise of its power under
c
Section 226 of the Constitution could sit in appeal or judgment over the
administrative decision of the President who might have felt that the case
was of all India importance and was required to be decided by a larger
Bench of three members. Such an administrative order is not open to
scrutiny under Article 226 of the Constitution of India except in extraordi- D
nary cases wherein the order is shown to be a malafaide one. No such
allegation was made by the Department against the President of the
Tribunal on the facts of the present case. It may be that the President of
the Tax Bar Association might have initially moved in the matter or it may
be that the two learned members of the Tribunal might have suggested to
the President to place listed four matter before a Special Bench. But being E
so apprised of the situation if the President felt that the present three
matters moved by the concerned three respondents in these proceedings
involved the same points and which were required to be thrashed out by a
Special Bench we do not see any reason for holding that the constitution
of a Special bench by the President for deciding present three matters was F
an illegal or unjudicious exercise or an exercise based on whims and fancies
of the President. The Division Bench of the High Court on the facts of this
case appears to have been uncharitable to the President of the Tribunal
when it observed as aforesaid. It is also difficult for us to appreciate how
the High Court could persuade itself to hold that when none of the
Benches of the Tribunal had made any reference by judicial order the G
President of the Income Tax Tribunal was not competent to constitute a

• Special Bench. As we have already noted above Special Benches .can be
constituted by the President both in exercise of his administrative powers
under Section 255(1) read with Section 255(3) as also on the basis of a
judicial order passed by any bench of the Tribunal making a reference to H
y
648 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996) 1 S.C.R.

A the President in that connection under Regulation 98{A). But it is not as
. I
if that such a reference by the members under Regulation 98(A) by passing '
a judicial order is the only mode and manner in which the President can
be moved to constitute a Special Bench. Even independent of such a
reference on the judicial side lhe President can in an appropriate case even
suo motu may move in the matter and can constitute a Special Bench of
B course on appropriate and germane grounds. It is, however, true that the
President in exercise of its administrative powers under Sect~n 255(3)
I
cannot just constitute a Special Bench without any rhyme or reason. Such
an adminisirative exercise can be demonstrated to be unreasonable, capri-
•
cious or malafide on a given set of facts. But in our view present case was
C not of that type. There was a conflict of opinion between two Benches of
the Tribunal, namely, Madras and Hyderabad Bench. It is, however, true
that Madras Bench decision was by a single member while the Hyderabad
Bench decision was by a Division Bench. Still it could not be said that there
was no conflict of decisions between two benches of the Tribunal. That
itself constituted a rational and valid ground for the President to act in
D exercise of his administrative powers to constitute a Special Bench if he
thought it fit to do so. Such an exercise on the facts of the present case
cannot be styled as an arbitrary or whimsical or fanciful one as wrongly
and uncharitably assumed by the Division Bench of the High Court.

E It is now time for us to deal with one apparent inconsistency under-
lying the order of the President of the Tribunal, constituting the Special
Bench, which was highlighted by learned counsel for respondent-Revenue.
As noted earlier the President of the Tribunal does not seem to have acted
suo motu simply relying upon the recommendations of the Income Tax Bar
Association, Hyderabad for constituting a Special Bench for deciding the
F controversy in issue. He seems to have obtained opinion of senior members
of the Tribunal and in the light of their recommendations contained in the
communication dated 25.9.1992 th_e Special Bench was constituted for
hearing the appeals of the present three respondents. It is also true that
the members had recommended placing before the Special Bench four
G listed matters, which did not include the appeals of these present three
respondents. Thus the order constituting Special Bench appeared to be
inconsistent with the recommendations of the members of the Tribunal. In
this connection further details as noted earlier were sought for from the
Appellate Tribunal by our order dated 1st December 1995. It is in the light
H of what the Tribunal has stated in response to our order dated 1st Decem-
l.T. APPLT lRBL. v. DY. COMMR. OFI. TAX (ASSTIS.) Jll (S.B. MAJMUDAR. J.( 649

':i ber 1995 that we now proceed to deal with this aspect of the matter. A

Pursuant to oUJ order dated 1.12.1995, an affidavit has been filed by
Shri Kishan Rao, Asstt. Registrar, who worked as Asstt. Registrar, Income
Tax Appellate Tribunal Bench at Hyderabad at the relevant time. In the
said affidavit, he has clarified that on receipt of letter dated 28.7.1992 B
addressed by the President of Income Tax Tribunal to Shri T. V.
I
.., t Rajagopala Rao, Member, Tribunal, Bench at Hyderabad, the learned
Member Shri Rajagopala Rao, by his letter dated 25.9.1992 addressed to
then President of the Tribunal Shri G. Krishnamurthy, stated that after
verifying the files, he felt the justness of the demand made by the Bar and
that he discussed the matter with the learned brother Member Shri G. c
Krishnamurthy and formulated the questions referable to the Full Bench,
that it was true that in the said letter of reference foUJ matters were
mentione:I but it is further pointed out that on receipt of the said letter a
~ circular was issued by the Tribunal to all other 18 Benches of the Tribunal
intimating that the Special Bench of Income Tax Appellate Tribunal. D
Hyderabad Bench-A was being constituted to consider the questions which
were mentioned in the circular. A copy of the circular is annexed to the
affidavit as Annexure-V. This circular shows that all the four matters which
were sought to be referred to the Special Bench by reference letter of
25.9.1992 by two Members of the Tribunal were sought to be placed before
the Special Bench. In addition thereto is found at serial no. 6 Income Tax E
-' Appeal No. 1845/Hyd/90 which is one of the matters in the present
proceedings which was disposed of by the Special Bench. It is thereafter
that nine cases in which common question of construction of Section 115-J
read with Section 143(1)(a) of the Income Tax Act was involved were
placed before the Special Bench. The cause list of cases posted for hearing F
before the Special Bench at Hyderabad is annexed as Annexure-VI to the
affidavit. It shows that the matters pertaining to the present proceedings
were placed for hearing before the Special Bench along with four matters
which have been mentioned in the reference letter dated 25.9.1992 of the
two Members of the Tribunal, namely, Shri T .V. Rajagopala Rao and Shri
.... Chander Singh. It is further clarified in the affidavit that arguments were G
concluded in all these appeals on 5.1. 1993 and judgment was reserved in
four cases to which reference was made. However, at the conclusion of the
arguments, the learned counsel in those four cases submitted that there
were some additional issues which were not specifically covered by the
questions which came up for decision before the Special Bench and hence H
650 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1996] 1 S.C.R.

A they requested that those appeals be released from Special Bench, and as ,
~
the Full Bench felt that it was not necessary for them to go into other points
and once the main questions referred to in the matters were decided, the
said judgment will abide the other case also, the said four cases were
released by the Special Bench to be heard by the Division Bench after
Judgment in Surana Steels case and others.
B
In view of the aforesaid affidavit based on the relevant events which
transpired prior to the constitution of the Special Bench, and in the light
' ~

of the relevant documentary evidence produced in support of the affidavit,
we have no doubt that the learned President in bona fide exercise of his
c administrative power constituted the Special Bench for deciding the In-
come Tax Appeals with which the present proceedings are concerned.
Consequently, the observation of the High Court that the Special Bench
was constituted at the whims and fancies of the President for deciding these
appeals must be held to be unjustified and unsustainable.
,
D In the light of the aforesaid discussion, therefore, point No. 2 must >
be decided in the affirmative.

In view of our conclusion on point no. 2' and as we have held that
point no. 1 does not survive for our decision as aforesaid, the judgment
and order rendered by the Division Bench of the High Court in the three
E writ ·petitions moved by the Deputy Commissioner of Income Tax on the
aforesaid two points are quashed and set aside. So far as the question about
true construction of Section 115-J is concerned, we keep it open for
decision in the delinked S.L.Ps. of the assessees. All the three appeals are >
allowed accordingly. The writ petitions before the High Court will stand
F dismissed to the aforesaid extent. On the facts and circumstances of the
case there will be no order as to costs all throughout.

R.P. Appeals disposed of.