Holding

The State Government could not exercise revisional jurisdiction under Section 115 of the Haryana Co‑operative Societies Act, 1984 where an appeal under Section 114 was pending, rendering the revision petition ultra vires and the State’s order void.

Summary

The Shahabad Cooperative Sugar Mills Ltd., a cooperative society, dismissed its Chief Accounts Officer (respondent No.3) on misconduct charges after an ex parte enquiry. The employee appealed the dismissal to the Registrar under the Punjab Co‑operative Societies Act, 1961, which was dismissed, and then filed a revision before the Haryana State Government under Section 115 of the Haryana Co‑operative Societies Act, 1984, which was allowed. The Supreme Court examined whether the State Government had jurisdiction to entertain the revision when an appeal under Section 114 of the Haryana Act was pending, whether the revisional power could be exercised suo motu, and whether the Punjab and Haryana Acts were in pari materia. It held that the Haryana Act vests revisional power solely in the State Government, but that power cannot be exercised if an appeal lies before it; consequently the revision was ultra vires and the State’s order was void. The Court directed the matter to be arbitrated by the Registrar under Section 102 of the Haryana Act and allowed the appeal.

Issues considered

Whether the State Government under the Haryana Co‑operative Societies Act, 1984, could exercise revisional jurisdiction under Section 115 when an appeal under Section 114 was pending.
Whether the State Government may exercise its revisional power suo motu or only on an application of a party to a reference under Section 102.
Whether the Punjab Co‑operative Societies Act, 1961, is in pari materia with the Haryana Act for the purpose of determining jurisdiction.
Whether the doctrine of stare decisis binds the Court to earlier decisions on revisional jurisdiction.
Whether the High Court’s order allowing the revision was a nullity (coram non judice).
Whether the dispute should be referred to arbitration under Section 102 of the Haryana Act.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 136, s. Article 142
Haryana Co-operative Societies Act, 1984s. 102, s. 103, s. 114, s. 115
Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881s. 138
Punjab Co-operative Societies Act, 1961s. 68, s. 69

Subjects

cooperative societyrevisional jurisdictionappealarbitrationHaryana Co-operative Societies ActPunjab Co-operative Societies Actstare decisiscoram non judicedisciplinary proceedingsemployee dismissal

Judgment

THE SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD. A
v.
SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. AND ORS

NOVEMBER 10,2006

[S.B. SINHA AND DALVEER BHANDARI, JJ.] B

Haryana Co-operative Societies Act, 1984-Sections 114 and 115-
Employee ofmill registered as cooperative society-Dismissal after enquiry-
His appeal to Registrar, Cooperative Societies under section 114 of Punjab C
Co-operative Societies Act, 1961 dismissed-However, his revision against
that before State Government under Section 115 ofAct of 1984 was allowed-
High Court holding that State Government had revisional jurisdiction-
Correctness of-Held-Under Act of 1984, only State Government was entitled
to hear appeal against order of Registrar, and also had revisional power, it
could not exercise the latter if an appeal lay before it-Employee having D
preferred appeal before Registrar and not invoke arbitration under Section
102 of Act of 1984 against award wherefrom appeal lay before State,
revision was not maintainable-A fortiori, that power could not be said to
be exercised by State suo motu, more so where power is exercised suo motu,
it has to be stated so -Employee himself having taken recourse to appeal E
before Registrar, he could not latter say it was not maintainable.

Haryana Co-operative Societies Act, 1984-Punjab Co-operative
Societies Act, 1961-Held-These two acts are not in pari material-They
contain different provisions-Purport and object of revisional jurisdiction of
State Government under the Haryana Act is in effect and substance different F
from those of Punjab Act.

Doctrine-Stare decisis-App/icability Oj ·-Held-It does not contain
an inflexible rule-It is not applicable where two statutes are not in pari
materia
G
Maxims-Coram non judice-Order passed without jurisdiction.

Respondent no.3 was appointed as Chief Accounts officer with appellant,
a mill registered as cooperative society. Charge"'.sheet was issued to him on
the ground that he had committed misconduct. Based on report of Enquiry
979 H
980 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A Officer who ;looked into the correctness of the said charges, he was dismissed
from service by order Qf Board of Directors of appellant. His appeal therefrom
to Registrar, Cooperative Societies under Section 114 of Punjab Co-operative
Societies Act, 1961, was dismissed. However, his revision petition against that
before the State Government in terms of Section 115 of the Haryana Co-
operative Societies Act, 1984, which had Some into existence subsequently,
B was allowed. Writ petition of appellant was disriiissed by High Court holding
that the State Government was entitled to exercise its revisional jurisdiction
and the enquiry was not properly conducted. Hence the present appeal.

Appellant contended that State Government could not exercise its
C revisional jurisdiction in the facts and circumstances of the case.

Respondent no 3 contended that (i) the State Government had l'ev.isional
power which it could exercise suo motu or on application ·Ofa party (ii) in the
alternative, if it is held that his revision petition was not maintainable, his
appeal before Registrar was not maintainable (iii) as the High Court itself
D had earlier quashed the First Information Report lodged against him, the
present appeal under dis..:retionary jurisdiction of this Court under Article
136 of the Constitution of India, 1952 should 1not be entertained.

Allowing .the appeal, the Court

E HELD 1.1. Under the Haryana Act, an appeal and revision is maintainable
from an Award made by an Arbitrator appointed in terms of Section 102 of
the Act. The party to a reference under Section 102 would mean a party to
arbitration for reference~ Section 114 provides for a appeal from an award
which may be.passed by the Arbitrator appointed in terms of Section 103 of
F the Act. [991-B, CJ

1.2. Wherea~ an appeal against an order passed by the Additional
Registrar unaer the Punjab Act is maintainable before the Registrar, under
the Haryana Act it would be maintainable only before the State Government.
Revisional power under the Punjab Act is vested both in the Registrar as also
G the State Government,_ whereas under the Haryana Act the revisional power
is vested only in the State Government. !991-D, E)

t.3. The State cannot exercise its revisional jurisdiction if an appeal
Ues before it. Ifan appeal lies, a revision would not lie. Admittedly, the 3rd
respondent preferred an appeal before the Registrar. Such an appeal was
H purported to have been filed from an order passed by the Board. The 3rd
SHAHABAO COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD.'· SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. 981

respondent did not invoke the provision for arbitration. The disputes and A
differences between the Society and an employee is referable to arbitration
in terms of Section 102 of the Haryana Act. An appeal is maintainable against
and award of the Arbitrator before the State. On this ground alone the revision
petition was not maintainable. (991-F, G)

A.M Chengalvaroya Chetty v. The Collector of Madras & Ors. AIR B
(1965)1\'lad.376,approved
1.4. lfthe revision application was not maintainable, a fortiori, suo motu
power could not also be exercised. Even otherwise if suo motu power is to be
exercised, it has to be stated so. Therefore, the order of the State Government
having been passed without jurisdiction was a coram non judice. C
19921-C, D; 993-B)
Shan/car Ramchandra Abhyankar v. Krishnaji Dattatraya Bapat, AIR
(1970) SC 1 and D.N. Roy & Ors. v. State of Bihar & Ors., AIR (1971) SC
1045, relied on
D
MD, Army Welfare Housing Organisation v. Sumangal Services (P) ltd.,
(2004) 9 SCC 619, Zahira Habibullah, Sheikh & Anr. v. State of Gujarat &
Ors., (2004) 4 SCC 158, Harshad Chiman Lal Modi v. DLF Universal Ltd. &
Anr., (2005) 7 SCC 791 and Gyanmandir Mahavidhyalaya Sanity v. Udailal
Jaroli & Anr., (2005) 10 SCC 603, referred to
E
Hardial Singh, Manager, the Shahabad Farmers Co-operative
Marketing-cum-Processing Society Ltd. v. State of Haryana through Secretary,
Co-Operative Societies, Haryana Chandigarh and Ors., (1975) SLR 55,
Amritsa1: Central Co-Operative Bank Ltd., Amritsar & Anr. V: State of Punjab
& Ors., (1971) PLJ 572, approved
F
Jaswant Singh v. The State of Punjab & Ors., (1986) Punjab Legal
Reports and Statutes (Vol.I) 314, Gurnam Kaur v. State ofPunjab etc., (1992)
102 PLR 746, Punjab State Handloom Weavers Apex Society Ltd. v. State of
Punjab & Ors., (1996) lPLR(Vol. 112) 83. disapproved

1.5. The 3rd respondent himself took recourse to the remedy of appeal G
before the Registrar. Having taken recourse to the said remedy and having
himself invoked Appellate jurisdiction before the Registrar, it does not lie in
his mouth to contend that no appeal was maintainable. Before the revisional
authority he primarily questioned the order passed by the disciplinary
Authority, as also order passed by the Appellate Authority. It had never been H
982 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A the contention of the 3rd respondent that the revision application filed by him
directly agsinst the order passed by the Board of Directors. No. revision
application would have even then been maintainable. Even if it would be so, the
appellant was entitled to raise the contention that having regard to the
provisions of Section 102 of the Haryana Act, an appeal or a revision was not
B maintainable. (992-A, BJ
2.1. The doctrine of stare decisis does not contain an inflexible rule.
(993-F)
State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind and Ors., (2001] 1 SCC, 4 followed
State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab Jamal and Ors., (2005]
c 8 sec 534, referred to
2.2. The Punjab Act And Haryana act are not in pari materia. They
contain different provisions. The purport and object of the revisional
jurisdiction of the State Government under the Haryana Act is in effect and
substance are different from those of the Punjab Act. (993-F)
D
S. B Brahmanand and Ors. v. K. R. Muthugopal (Dead) and Ors., 12005)
12 SCC 764, Shri Sant Sadguru Janardan Swami (Moingiri Maharaj)
Sahakari Dugdha Utpadak Sanstha and Anr. v. State of Maharashtra and
Ors., (200118 SCC 509, held inapplicable
E 3.1. The High Court was right in opining that it would be wholly
inequitable at this stage to remand the matter back to the enquiry officer.
(994-G; 995-AI
3.2. The 3rd respondent has already joined his services pursuant to the
judgment of the High Court. He, in the meanwhile, has also superannuated.
F The questions as to whether during the interregnum he had been gainfully
employed or not; or his resignation was rightly refused to be accepted and
despite submission of resignation, he did not, in fact, get a job and never joined
anywhere else, should be determined by an appropriate authority. In exercise
of jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution of India, it is directed
that the Registrar of Co-operative Societies should arbitrate in the matter
G and exercise its jurisdiction under Section 102 of the Haryana Act, as ifthe
3rd respondent has invoked the said jurisdiction. [995-C, D, El
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4773 of2006.

From the final Order dated 12. 9 .2005 of the High Court of Punjab and
H Haryana at Chandigarh in C. W.P. No. 19569/2003.
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS Lm. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. (S.B. SINHA. J.J 983

Vinay Garg for the Appellant. A
J.L. Gupta, Anu Gupta, Nidhi Gupta, Gouri Kanna Das and Rajesh Singh
for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B
S.B. SINHA, J. Leave granted.

Interpretation of Section 115 of the Haryana Co-operative Societies Act,
1984 (for short, 'the Haryana Act') calls for consideration in this appeal which
arises out of a judgment and order dated 12.9.2005 passed by the Punjab &
Haryana High Court in Civil Writ Petition No.19569 of2003. C
Appellant is a cooperative society registered under the Co-operative
Societies Act. Respondent was appointed as Chief Accounts Officer in the
Appellant mill. On the ground that he has committed misconduct, two charge-
sheets were issued to him containing the following charges :
D
"(a) He failed to check and control the Mill accounts, which resulted
into issuance of false receipts of cheques/cash/demand drafts
thus putting the Mill into financial losses.
(b) Failing to control the Mills Funds resulting into crores of rupees
lying in cash credit limit thus putting the Mill to huge financial E
losses.
(c) Removal of official records from the office for personal use.
(d) Approval of tour programme of Security Guards for the months
ofDecember,.1995, January, 1996 and February, 1996 without his
signatures. F
(e) Availing of leave from 23.3.95 to 25.3.96 on false pretexts.
(f) Verifying that Smt. Veena Shanna was an employee of the Mill
entitling her to get benefits, whereas she has never been the
employee of the Mill.
G
(g) Did not attend the hearing of Courts in criminal complaints filed
on behalf of the Mill under section 138 of Negotiable Instruments
\ Act.
(h) lnspite of rejection of his leave, still remained absent from duty
w.e.f. 18.5.96 to 25.5.96." H
984 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A An Enqui1y Officer was appointed to enquire into the correctness or
otherwise of the said charges. Before the said Enquiry Officer, Appellant
herein examined two witnesses on 18.11.1996 and 23.12.1996, who were also
cross-examined by the respondent No.3 herein. Resignation was tendered by
Respondent No.3 on 13.2.1997. Admittedly, the same had not been accepted
B on the ground that disciplinary proceedings had already been initiated against
him. Non-acceptance of the said resignation was communicated to him by a
letter dated 1.3.1997. In his letter dated 4.3.1997 a contention was raised by
him that he had already relinquished his charge. In view of termination of
contract of employment, only one month's salary is required to be deducted
from the amounts due to him. He, further, by a letter dated 1.7.1997, stated
C that after tendering resignation he had got another job of much higher status
and salary and he was not interested in the job of the Mill any more.

However, there existed a dispute as to whether the 3rd respondent had
found an alternative job or not.

D It is not in dispute that the 3rd respondent did not attend the proceedings
of enquiry on several days. He contends that no notice was served on him
and furthermore as he was put under arrest and therefore, he could not attend.
In his absence the Enquiry Officer proceeded to hold the enquiry ex parte.
A report was submitted by the Enquiry Officer on 2 I .10.1997. The Board of
Directors issued a notice requiring the 3rd respondent to show cause as to
E why he should not be dismissed from service. The contention of the 3rd
respondent in this behalf was that despite request, neither a copy of the
enquiry report nor the copies of the depositions of witnesses, who were
examined as ex parte by the Enquiry Officer, had been supplied. He was
dismissed from service by an order dated 26.12.1998. Relying on or on the
F basis of Section I 14 of the Punjab Act, an appeal was filed before the
Registrar, Cooperative Societies, which was dismissed by an order dated
9.2.2001. A revision petition filed thereagainst before the State Government
purported to be in terms of Section 115 of the said Act was allowed by an
order dated 29.10.2003, holding:

G "(a) The iilquiry was fixed on 9.7.97, 12.7.97, 16.7.97 and 25.7.97. It
is difficult to believe that notices would have been received by
the Respondent herein by post in time.
(It is important to note here that 25.07.97 was fixed on the personal
request of the Respondent himself. So far as 09.07.97, 12.07.97
H & 19.07.97 the date of hearing is concerned, Respondent No.3 in
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SU(oAR MILLS LTD. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. !S.B. SINHA. I.) 985

his letter dated 13.8.97 has himself stated that he could not attend A
the hearing on 9.7.97, 12.7.97 and 16.7.97 as he was out of station.)

(b) The Inquiry Report is non-speaking report and the entire evidence
has not been considered.

(A perusal of the Enquiry Report would show that it runs into
a number of pages discussing each and every evidence including B
the examination and cross-examination of the witnesses.)

(c) Since F.I.R. has been quashed, as such one of the charges of the
charge-sheet stands dropped."

Aggrieved by and dissatisfied therewith, Appellant filed a writ petition C
before the High Court, which has been dismissed by reason of the impugned
judgment.

The principal contention raised before the High Court as also before us
is that the State Government acted illegally and without jurisdiction in
entertaining the revision application filed by the 3rd respondent herein. D
Mr. Vinay Garg, learned counsel appearing on behalf of Appellant would
submit that the State Government could not exercise its revisional jurisdiction
in the facts and circumstances of the case and thus, the order impugned
before the High Court, was a nullity, being wholly illegal and without jurisdiction,
and thus, the High Court committed a mamfest error in dismissing the writ E
petition.

Mr. Jawahar Lal Gupta, learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of
the 3rd respondent, on the other hand, urged that as the power of the State
Government to exercise its revisional power could have been exercised suo F
motu, it is immaterial as to whether the same was entertained at the instance
of the 3rd respondent or otherwise. Reliance in this behalf has been placed
on Gurnam Kaur v. State of Pwyab & Ors., (I 992) PLJ 658 and The Punjab
State Handloom Weavers Apex Society Ltd. v. The State of Punjab & Ors.,
(1995) PLJ 546.
G
It was further urged that from a perusal of the orders passed by the
State of Haryana as also by the High Court it would appear that the 3rd
respondent was made a scapegoat in the entire matter as the First Information
Report was lodged against the Managing Director of the Cooperative Society.
Our attention was moreover drawn to the fact that the High Court had even
quashed the First Information Report lodged as against the 3rd respondent H
986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A and in that view of the matter, this Court should not exercise its discretionary
jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution of India.

Haryana Act was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to
the cooperative societies. It is a self-contained Code. It received the assent
of the President oflndia on 20th September, 2004. Chapter XV of the Haryana
B Act provides for settlement of disputes.

Section I 02 thereof contains a non obstante clause in terms whereof if
any dispute touching the constitution, establishment management or the
business of a cooperative society between the society or its committee and
any past committee, any officer, agent or employee or any past officer, agent
C or employee or the nominee, heirs or legal representatives of any deceased
officer, agent of employee of the society arises, the same shall be referred to
the arbitration of the Registrar for decision and no court shall have any
jurisdiction to entertain any suit or other proceedings in respect of such
dispute. In terms of Section I 03 of the said Act, the Registrar is empowered
D to either decide the matter himself or transfer the same to any person who
has been vested by the Government with the power in that behalf.

Chapter XVIII of the Act provides for appeals and revision. Section 114
provides for appeal in relation to a decision or award made under Section 103
of the Act. Admittedly, the appeal preferred by the 3rd respondent was
E detennined by an Additional Registrar. Clause (c) of Sub-Section (2) of
section 114 provides that an appeal against any decisiori or order made by
the Additional Registrar or Registrar under Sub-Section (I) shall lie to the
Government.

Section 115 of the Act provides for a revisional power of the Government
F in the following terms :
"115. Revision-The Government may suo motu or on an application
of a party to a reference under Section I 02, call for and examine the
record of any proceedings in which no appeal lies to the Government
under Section I I 4 for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality
G or propriety of any decision or order passed and if in any case it shall
appear to the Government that any such decision or order should be
modified, annulled or revised, the Government may, after giving the
persons affected thereby an opportunity of being heard, pass such
order thereon as it may deem fit."
H
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORP. iS.B. SINHA. I.I 987

We would hereafter notice the provisions of the Punjab Co-operative A
Societies Act, 1961 (Punjab Act), which are said to be in pari materia to the
Haryana Act. Section 68 of the Punjab Act provides for appeals. By reason
of Clause (c) of Sub-Section (2) of Section 68, however, against an order made
by the Additional Registrar an appeal lies to the Registrar. Section 69
provides for a revisional jurisdiction both in the State Government as also the B
Registrar in the following terms :

"69. The State Government and the Registrar may, suo motu or on the
application of a party to a reference, call for and examine the record
of any proceedings in which no appeal under Section 68 lies to the
Government or the Registrar, as the case may be, for the purpose of C
satisfying itself or himself as to the legality or propriety of any
decision or order passed and if in any case it appears to the Government
or the Registrar that any such decision or order should be modified,
annulled or revised, the Government or the Registrar, as the case may
be, may, after giving persons affected thereby an opportunity of being D
heard, pass such order thereon as it or he may deem fit.

Interpretation of Section 69 of the Punjab Act came up for consideration
in some cases before the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The earliest one
being a decision rendered by a Division Bench of the said Court on 24.12.1970
in Hardial Singh, Manager, the Shahabad Farmers Co-operative Marketing- E
cum-Processing Society Ltd. v. State of Haryana through Secretary, Co-
operative Societies, Haryana, Chandigarh & Ors., (1975) I SLR 55, wherein
it was opined :

"This section gives revisio~al powers to the State Government in
cases where no appeal lies under section 68 of the Act and the power F
is exercisable either suo motu or on the application of a party to a
reference. There is no dispute that the State Government did not act
suo motu but passed the impugned order on the application of the
Manager. From the plain reading of this section, it is clear that such
an application could be filed only by a party to a reference. In the G
instant case, admittedly there was no question of the reference of any
dispute for decision to any authority under the Act. The Society or
the Manager were not parties to any such reference. It was a simple
case where the petitioner-Society took disciplinary action against the
Manager (Petitioner) who filed an appeal under rule 36 of the Rules
on which the Joint Registrar passed an order on 5th March, 1970." H
988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A A learned Single Judge followed the decision in Amritsar Central Co-
operative Bank Ltd, Amritsar & Anr. v. State of Punjab & Ors. (1971) PLJ
572.

A different note, however, was struck in Jaswant Singh v. The State of
Punjab & Ors. (1986) Punjab Legal Reports and Statutes (Vol.I) 314 S.S.
B Sandhawalia, J., (as the learned Chief Justice, then was) opined that the State
Government can exercise its jurisdiction suo motu even if an application is
filed by a person aggrieved, stating :

"A bare reference to the above said provision would show that
the revisional authority can among other things apart always act suo-
c motu. Mr. Kaushal very fairly conceded that if the State Government
so acts, there would be no defect of jurisdiction or objection to the
same. I hence fail to see how the position would become diametrically
different ifthe matter is brought to the notice of the revisional authority
(which is clothed with wide powers) by one of the parties to the
D dispute. The State Government is not a natural person and has no
personal knowledge of its own and matters are thus brought to its
notice either directly by its employees or by others and no fatality can
attach to an order on the hyper-technical ground that if the State
Government had acted suo motu, its action would have been
E unassailable but merely because the action is taken on proceedings
brought to its notice by another the self-same action would become
totally vitiated."

A Full Bench of the Punjab & Haryana High Court in Gurnam Kaur v.
State ofPunjab etc., (1992) PLJ 658 : 1992 (l 02) PLR 746] overruled Hardial
F Singh (supra), stating :

" ....... The opening words of Section 69 reproduced above with respect
to "suo motu" or "on application of the parties to the reference" are
explanatory in nature. They are neither superfluous nor redundant.
Even in the absence of phraseology used in the remaining context of
G the provision referred to above still would clothe the Revisional
Authority to exercise the power as would be seen from such like
provisions in different statutes, reference to which would be made
later. It is immaterial when revisional power is exercised as to whether,
the action was initiated at the instance of interested party or suo
H motu. The order passed would be within jurisdiction. This exercise
of powers is not dependent on the action of the party concerned.
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD.'· SPECIAL SECRETARY TD GOVT. OF HARV ANA CORPN.1s.a. SINHA. l.J 989

This view expressed in Hardial Singh 's case (supra) that since action A
was not initiated by the competent party concerned the same could
not be treated valid exercise of jurisdiction under Section 69 of the
Act, reproduced above, is not tenable in law. Even ifthe action was
taken by a party who was not aggrieved, in other words not a person
competent, the exercise of powers in modifying, annulling or revising
the order of the subordinate authority will not be without jurisdiction." B
The said decision was followed by a Division Bench of the Punjab &
Haryana High Court in Punjab State Handloom Weavers Apex Society Ltd
v. State of Punjab & Ors., (1995) PU 546: 1996-1 PLR (Vol.112) 83], stating:

"A perusal of the above provision shows that the State Government C
as well as the Registrar have been empowered to examine the legality
or propriety of any decision or order passed by a Society. They can
do so either suo motu or on the application of a party to a reference.
The power is not subject to any provision of the rules or the bye-
laws. It is in the nature of a supervisory jurisdiction conferred on the D
government and the Registrar. In the very nature of things where an
order has been passed by the Registrar, the power vests in the State
Government."

The decision of the High Court rests on the latter category of the
decisions, referred hereinbefore. E
The revisional jurisdiction is akin to the appellate jurisdiction.

In Shankar Ramchandra Abhyankar v. Krishnaji Dattatraya Bapat,
AIR (1970) SC I, this Court held:

"It would appear that their lordships of the Privy Council regarded F
the revisional jurisdiction to be a part and parcel of the appellate
jurisdiction of the High Court. This is what was said in Nagendra
Nath Dey v. Suresh Chandra Dey, 59 Ind.App. 283 at p.287=(AIR 1932
PC 165 at p.167):

"There is no definition of appeal in the Code of Civil Procedure, G
but their Lordship have no doubt that any application by a party to
an Appellate Court, asking it to set aside or revise a decision of a
subordinate Court, is an appeal within the ordinary acceptation of the
term ...."
H
990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A Similarly in Raja of Ramnad v. Kamid Rowthen and Ors., 53 Ind App
74=(AIR 1926 PC 22) a civil revision petition was considered to be an
appropriate form of appeal from the judgment in a suit of small causes
nature. A full bench of the Madras High Court in P.P.P. Chidambara
Nadar v. C.P.A. Rama Nadar and Ors., A.LR. (193 7) Mad. 385 had to
decide whether with reference to Article 182(2) of the Limitation Act,
B 1908 the term "appeal" was used in a restrictive sense so as to exclude
revision petitions and the expression "appellate court" was to be
confined to a court exercising appellate, as opposed to, revisional
powers. After an exhaustive examination of the case law including the
decisions of the Privy Council mentioned above the full bench
c expressed the view that Article 182(2) applied to civil revisions as well
and not only to appeals in the narrow sense of that term as used in
the Civil Procedure Code. In Secretary of State for India in Council
v. British India Steam Navigation Company (1911) 13 Cal LJ. 90 and
order passed by the High Court in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction
under Section 115, Code of Civil Procedure, was held to be an order
D made or passed in appeal within the meaning of Section 39 of the
Letters Patent, Mookerji, J., who delivered the judgment of the division
bench referred to the observations of Lord We~tbury in Attorney
General v. Sil/em (1864) 10 HLC 704 and ofSubramania Ayyar, .'.,in
Chappan v. Moidin (1898) ILR 22 Mad. 68 at p.80 (FB) on the true
E nature of the right of appeal. Such a right was one of entering a
superior Court and invoking its aid and interposition to redress the
error of the court below. Two things which were required to constitute
appellate jurisdiction were the existence of the relation of superior and
inferior Court and the power on the part of the former to review
decisions of the latter. In the well known work of Story on Constitution
F (of United States) Vol. 2, Article 1761, it is stated that the essential
criterion of appellate jurisdiction is that it revises and corrects the
proceedings in a cause already instituted and· does not create that
cause. The appellate jurisdiction may be exercised in a variety of
forms and, indeed, in any form in which the legislature may choose
to prescribe. According to Article 1762 the most usual modes of
G
exercising appellate jurisdiction, at least those which are most known
in the Uriited States, are by a writ of error, or by an appeal, or by some
process of removal of a suit from an inferior tribunal. An appeal is a
process of civil law origin and removes a cause, entirely subjecting
the fact as well as the law, !o a review and a retrial. A writ of error
H
SHAHABAD COOPFRATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. IS.B. SINHA. I.I 991

is a process of common law origin, and it removes nothing for re- A
examination but the law. The former mode is usually adopted in cases
of equity and admiralty jurisdiction; the latter, in suits at common law
tried by a jury."

Provisions for appeal or revision provide for statutory remedies.
The Appellate Authority or the Revisional Authority can exercise its appellate B
or revisional jurisdiction provided it would be maintainable in law.

We have noticed hereinbefore the provisions of the Punjab Co-operative
Societies Act and Haryana Act. Relevant provisions of Haryana Act are
somewhat different from the Punjab Act. Under the Haryana Act, an appeal
and revision is maintainable from an Award made by an Arbitrator appointed C
in terms of Section l 02 of the Act. The party to a reference under Section
102 would mean a party to arbitration for reference. Section 103 provides for
an appeal from an award which may be passed by the Arbitrator appointed
in tenns of Section 103 of the Act. The party to reference under Section 102
wouJd mean a party to arbitration for reference. Section 114 provides for an D
appeal from an Award, which may be passed by the Arbitrator appointed in
tenns of Section 103 of the Act. It does not appear that there exists a similar
provision in the Punjab Act. Another difference of significance between the
two Acts is that whereas an appeal against an order passed by the Additi,mal
Registrar under the Punjab Act is maintainable before the Registrar, under the
Haryana Act it would be maintainable only before the State Government. E
Revisional power under the Punjab Act is vested both in the Registrar as also
the State Government, whereas under the Haryana Act the revisional power
is vested only in the State Government.

The State cannot exercise its revisional jurisdiction if an appeal lies F
before it. If an appeal lies, a revision would not lie. Admittedly, the 3rd
respondent preferred an appeal before the Registrar. Such an appeal was
purported to have been filed from an order passed by the Board. The 3rd
respondent did not invoke the provision for arbitration. We have noticed
hereinbefore that the disputes and differences between the Society and an
employee is reforable to arbitration in tenns of Section l 02 of the Haryana Act. G
An appeal is maintainable against an award of the Arbitrator before the State.
On this ground alone the revision petition was not maintainable. Faced with
such a situation, Mr. Gupta contended that no appeal was maintainable before
the Registrar. The said contention of Mr. Gupta cannot be accepted for more

H
992 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A than one reason. The 3rd respondent himself took recourse to the said
remedy. Having taken recourse to the said remedy and having himself invoked
Appellate jurisdiction before the Registrar, it does not lie in his mouth to
contend that no appeal was maintainable. Before the revisional authority he
primarily questioned the order passed by the disciplinary Authority, as also
order passed by the Appellate Authority. It had never been the contention
B of the 3rd respondent that the revision application was filed by him directly
against the order passed by the Board of Directors. No revision application
would have even then been maintainable. Even if it would be so, the appellant
herein was entitled to raise the contention that having regard to the provisions
of Section 102 of the Haryana Act, an appeal or a revision was not maintainable.
C It is now well settled that if an appeal lies, the revisional jurisdiction cmdd
not be exercised. (See A.M Chengalvaroya Chetty v. The Collector of
Madras & Ors., AIR (1965) Mad. 376.]

If the revision application was not maintainable, a' fortiori suo motu
power could not also be exercised. Even otherwise if suo motu power is to
D be exercised, it has to be stated so. In Mis. D.N. Roy & Ors. v. State of Bihar
& Ors., AIR (1971) SC 1045, this Court opined:

"It is true that the order in question also refers to "all other
powers enabling in this behalf'. But in its return to the writ petition
the Central Government did not ~lead that the impugned order was
E passed in exercise of its suo motu powers. We agree that if the
exercise of a power can be traced to an existing power even though
that power was not purported to have been exercised, under certain
circumstances, the exercise af the power can be upheld on the strength
of an undisclosed but undoubted power. But in this case the difficulty
F is that at no stage the Central Government intimated to the appellant
that it was exercising its suo motu power. At all stages it purported
to act under Rules 54 and 55 of the Mineral Concession Rules, 1960.
If the Central Government wanted to exercise its suo motu power it
should have intimated that fact as well as the grounds on which it
proposed exercise that power to the appellant given him an
G oppodunity to show cause against the exercise of suo motu power
as well as against the grmmds on which it wanted to exercise its
power. Quite clearly the Central Government had not given him that
opportunity: The High Court thought that as the Central Government
had not only intimated to the appellant the grounds mentioned in the
application made by the 5th respondent but also the comments of the
H
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LID. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. (S.B. SINHA. J.( 993

State Government, the appellant had adequate Opportunity to put A
forward his case. This conclusion in our judgment is untenable. At no
stage the appellant was infonned that the Central Government proposed
to exercise its suo moto power and asked him to show cause against
the exercise of such a power. Failure of the Central Government to do
so, in our opinion; vitiates the impugned order."
B
(Emphasis supplied)

We, therefore, are of the opinion that the order of the State Government
having been passed without jurisdiction was a coram non judice. {See MD,
Army Welfare Housing Organisation v. Sumangal Services (P) Ltd, [2004] 9
SCC 619, Zahira Habibullah, Sheikh & Anr. v. State of Gujarat& Ors. [2004] C
4 SCC 158, Harshad Chiman Lal Modi v. DLF Universal Ltd. & Anr. [2005]
7 SCC 791 and Gyanmandir Mahavidhyalaya Samity v. Udai/al Jaroli &
Anr., [2005] IO SCC 603.}

Applicability of doctrine of stare decisis, which Mr. Gupta persuades D
us to accept in view of the decisions of this Court in S. Brahmanand & Ors.
v. K.R. Muthugopal (Dead) & Ors., [2005] 12 SCC 764 and Shri Sant Sadguru
Janardan Swami (Moingiri Maharaj) Sahakari Dugdha Utpadak Sanstha
& Anr. v. State of Maharashtra & Ors., [2001] 8 SCC 509, also is not
applicable.
E
In those decisions it has been held that if the decisions which were
operating for a long time should not be disturbed, unless shown palpably
wrong. We have noticed hereinbefore that the Punjab .Act and Haryana Act
are not in pari materia. They contain different provisions. The purport and
object of the revisionaljurisdiction of the State Government under the Haryana
Act is in effect and substance are different from those of the Punjab Act. F
Furthermore, the doctrine of stare decisis does not contain an inflexible
rule. In State of Maharashtra v. Mi/ind & Ors., [2001] I SCC 4, a Constitution
Bench of this Court opined :

" ..... The rule of stare decisis is not inflexible so as to preclude a G
departure therefrom in any case but its application depends on facts
and circumstances of each case. It is good to proceed from precedent
to precedent but it is earlier the better to give quietus to the incorrect
one by annulling it to avoid repetition or perpetuation of injustice,
hardship and anything ex facie illegal, more particularly when a H
994 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

A precedent runs counter to the provisions of the Constitution. The first
two decisions were rendered without having the benefit of the decisions
of this Court, that too concerning the interpretation of the provisions
of the Constitution. The remaining decisions were contrary to the law
laid down by this Court. This Court in Maktul v. Manbhari adopting
the statement of law found in Halsbury and Corpus Juris Secundum
B observed thus:

"But the supreme appellate court will not shirk from overruling a
decision, or series of decisions, which establish a doctrine plainly
outside the statute and outside the common law, when no title and no
contract will be shaken, no persons can complain, and no general
c course of dealing be altered by the remedy of a mistake." ...

(From Halsbury)

"Previous decisions should not be followed to the extent that
grievous wrong may result; and, accordingly, the courts ordinarily will
D not adhere to a rule or principle established by previous decisions
which they are convinced is erroneous. The rule of stare decisis is riot
so imperative or inflexible as to preclude a departure therefrom in any
case, but its application must be determined in each case by the
discretion of the court, and previous decisions should not be followed
E to the extent that error may be perpetuated and grievous wrong may
result.''
'
(From Corpus Juris Secundum)"

[See also State of Gujarat v. Mirzapur Moti Kureshi Kassab .lamat and
p Ors., [2005] 8 sec 534]

For the reasons aforementioned we are of the opinion that the· High
Court was not correct in holding that the State of Haryana was entitled to
,
exercise its re' isional jurisdiction in the fac::> of the present case.

G The question which, however, arises is whether this Court shall mould
the relief. We have been taken to the merit of the matter. We are satisfied
that the High Court was right in opining :

" ... The petitioner has been facing the departmental proceedings since
1996. Even otherwise, it is to be noticed that FIR registered against
H the petitioner has been quashed by this Court in Crl. Misc. 144 of2001
SHAHABAD COOPERATIVE SUGAR MILLS LTD. v. SPECIAL SECRETARY TO GOVT. OF HARYANA CORPN. (S.B. SINHA. J.( 995

in its order dated l l .05 .200 l. The petitioner has not cared to challenge A
the aforesaid order before the Supreme Court. In such circumstances,
it would be wholly inequitable at this stage to remand the matter back
to the enquiry officer. Mr. Malik, then submitted that even if enquiry
proceedings are to be quashed, the Respondents could not have been
directed to be re-instated in service with full back wages. Respondent B
No.3 had himself stated that he had got a much better job with better
emoluments, status and salary. Learned Counsel for Respondent No.3
has, however, pointed out that on getting the aforesaid job, he had
submitted the resignation to the Managing Director of the petitioner.
The same was rejected, as such Respondent No.3 was not able to
accept the job." C
It was also held that the inquiry was not properly conducted.

The 3rd respondent has already joined his services pursuant to the
judgment of the High Court. He, in the meanwhile, has also superannuated.
The questions as to whether during the interregnum he had been gainfully D
employed or not; or his resignation was rightly refused to be accepted and
despite submission of resignation, he did not, in fact, get a job and never
joined anywhere else, should, in our opinion, be determined by an appropriate
authority. We, therefore, in exercise of our jurisdiction under Article 142 of
the Constitution of India direct that the Registrar of Co-operative Societies
should arbitrate in the matter and exercise its jurisdiction under Section I 02 E
of the Haryana Act, as if the 3rd respondent has invoked the said jurisdiction.
The parties hereto shall file their respective documents before the Registrar
within four weeks from the date. The Registrar shall fix a date of hearing and
intimate the same to the parties, on which date they may produce their
witnesses before him. The 3rd respondent will be entitled to examine himself F
as a witness.

The Registrar shall consider the matter afresh without in any way being
influenced by the report of the Enquiry Officer, the appellate order passed by
the Additional Registrar or the revisional order passed by the State. The
Registrar, Co-operative Societies is requested to make an Award within eight G
weeks from the date of entering into the reference. We furthennore direct that
irrespective of the result of the dispute between the appellant and the 3rd
respondent, no recovery shall be effected from the 3rd respondent in respect
of any salary or emoluments paid to him during the period from 1.10.2005 to
30.6.2006 when he joined his services pursuant to the order of the High Court
and date of his superannuation. H
996 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 8 S.C.R.

\A . This appeal is allowed with· the aforementioned. observations and
directions. However, in the facts and circumstances of the case, the parties
shall pay and hear their own costs.

v.s. Appeal aUowed.

B

/

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