V. SUJATHA ETC. ETC.versusTHE STATE OF KERALA AND ORS.

A                        V. SUJATHA ETC. ETC.
                                  v.
                    THE STATE OF KERALA AND ORS.

                              SEPTEMBER 19, 1994

B                     [MADAN MOHAN PUNCHHI AND
                       K. JAYACHANDRA REDDY, JJ.]

          Indian Penal Code, 1860 :

c chargedSections 279 and 337-Accident-Bus Driver on "trial nm ''-Driver
           for rash and negligent driving-Defence of brake failure-Witnesses
  from Transport Corporation supporting the defence-Trial Court convicting
  and sentencing the accused-Appellate Court setting aside the order on
  reappreciation of entire evidenc~igh Court interfering and setting aside the
  order-Held : High Court was 1n e"or in upsetting the well considered
D judgment passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate on merits.
          Sections 120;.B, 420, 467 and 471-f'artnership Jinn-Forging docu-
    ments and exporting sub-standard sea food-Cheating the Government agen-
    cies and foreign buyer-Chief Judicial Magistrate acquitting all three
E   accused-High Court maintaining the acquittal except that of the Managing
    Director and passing order of conviction and sentence against him-Validity
    of.

          Judicial Discipline :

p         Disparaging remarks against a Judge of Subordinate Court or against a
    person or authority whose conduct comes for consideration-Special care to
    be taken-Making uncalled for remarks against such persons or authorities
    would be violative of judicial disciplin~igh Court making such remarks
    against Chief Judicial Magistrat~eld: uncalled for and hence expunged.

G         Words tznd phrases :

          'Trail mn''-Meaning of.

          Criminal Appeal No. 621 of 1994 :

H         The appellant was a driver working for the Kerala State Road
                                    646
                         V.SUJATIIAv. STAIB                            647

Transport Corporation. The bus he used to drive, was under repair in a A
workshop. After repairs, he took the bus for .trial· run. According to the
prosecution he drove the bus in a rash and negligent manner endangering
human life or causing hurt or injury to pedestrians and other vehicular
traffic. The appellant attributed the accident to brake failure. The defence
witnesses, who were mechanics of the Transport Corporation deposed that B
after the accident the master cylinder of the hydraulic brake system of the
bus had to be changed. Trial Court disbelieved the defence witnesses and
relying on the evidence of PW 3 the Assistant Motor Vehicles Inspector as
regards the road-worthiness of the bus, convicte<i the appellant for offen-
ces under sections 279 and 337 I.P.C. and sentenced to pay a fine of Rs.
500 in default of which to undergo simple imprisonment for 45 days for C
offence under Section 279 I.P.C. but no separate sentence was imposed for
offence under section 337 I.P.C.

       Appellant preferred an appeal before the Chief Judicial Magistrate,
who allowed the appeal after reappraising the entire evidence and set aside   D
the convictions and sentence. The evidence of PW 3 came under heavy
criticism by her. She held that when PW 3 had not cared to check up the
hydraulic brake system, his Inspection Report has tO be negatived.

     State of Kerala preferred an appeal and it was allowed by the High
Court. The present appeal is against the High Court's.order.                  E
      Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1988

       The appellant was the Managing Director of a firm engaged in the
export of sea foods. He and the other two partners were accused of entering
into a criminal conspiracy for export of310 cartons of sub-standard frozen F ~
shrimps by forging and using quality control Certificate and Certificate of
Origin as genuine knowing them to be forged in order to receive payment
of price from Bank. It was also alleged that using the said forged certificate
as genuine, he obtained clearance from the customs for 'shipment and
exported sub-standard goods, thereby cheating the customs Department,
the Export Inspection Agency and the Marine Products Export Develop- G
ment Agency as also the foreign buyers. The Chief Judicial Magistrate
acquitted the accused of all the offences. On appeal by the C.B.L, the High
Court maintained the acquittal of the wife and brother of the appellant,
but convicted the appellant under sections 420 and 471 I.P.C. awarding
him punishment of rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year under H
    648                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP.3S.C.R.

A each court and a fine of Rs. 10,000 in default of which simple imprisonment
    for six months. Against this judgment of the High Court the present appeal
    was preferred.                                              -

          Criminal Appeal Nos. 653-55 and 652 of 1989

B         These appeals were preferred by the Chief Judicial Magistrate whose
    judgments in the above two cases had been reversed and strictures passed
    by a Single Judge of the High Court, as also against the orders passed on
    her representation for expunction of the said adverse remarks.

          Allowing the appeals, this Court
c
          HELD : Criminal Appeal No. 621 of 1994:

          1.1. The Single Judge commented that when it is said by PW 7 the
    pedestrian injured in the accident that he did not know anything except
    that the incident was not due to any negligence on his part, it appeared
D   that the appellant paid him sufficient money and hence he was not inter•
    ested in giving any incriminating evidence. To say the least, there is no
    basis for such insinuation against the appellant. It leaves one guessing as
    to what provoked the Single Judge to be vocal against the appellant or
    against PW 7. There was no suggestion much less evidence in that regard.
E   This Court does not appreciate this uncalled for remark by the High
    Court. (655-F, G]

          1.2. PW 3, the Motor Vehicle Inspector claims to have driven the bus
    to say that "foot brake system was efficient with no mechanical defects".
    But he did not check the hydraulic system as such to detect any weakening
F   or mal-functioning. Had he done so, he could have filled column 11(a) as
    well "Not applicable". If the bus was road-worthy, there was no reason why
    three mechanics, who are stamped witnesses, PWs 1, 2 & 8 should be in
    the bus for a trial run. Thus the evidence of PW 3 was unnecessarily given
    high importance by the High Court, when there was considerable suspicion
G   in a part of the preparation of Inspection Report Ex. P.1. Thus it is not
    safe to rely on the evidence of PW 3 or on his report Ex. P.1. [656-C, D]

          13. The High Court did not appreciate the defence led by the
    respondent through the employees of the Road Transport Corporation,
    who had disclosed that the master cylinder in the brake system had to be
H   replaced in the offending bus. Here again, the Single Judge rejected the
                           V. SUJA1HA v. STATE                             649

defence evidence and made an unwarranted remark against the employees             A
of the Transport Corporation for which there was absolutely no basis. The
issuance of master cylinder from the store was by an official document. It
was put as a replacement in the offending bus, was again a matter of
record. It cannot be imagined that all this evidence was created by the
Transport Corporation employees merely to support the defence of the              B
appellant. He was one employee in a large contingent. No special interest
could have been aroused for him. [656-E, F, G, H, 657-A]

      1.4. A "trial run" is after all a test run to satisfy the repairers that
the repair work has been completed to their satisfaction. It may not
necessarily relate to the repairs effected for in the trial run, other defects    C
can be noticed or detected as well, which may have escaped notice earlier.
Putting a vehicle to trial run, therefore, is not certifying to its road-wor-
thiness. Rather the requirement of the rules that a board should be hung
on the vehicle to that effect is to wam all concerned that such a vehicle on
road is not absolutely road-worthy but was being tested for the purpose,          D
and the possibility of its failing could not be ruled out. It thus appears
that the High Court over-rated this point. [657-C, D]

     1.5. The High Court was thus in error in upsetting the well considered
judgment passed by the Chief Judicial Magistrate on merits. (657-D]
                                                                                  E
      Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1988 :

      2.1. In this case, the prosecution had a long distance to travel
between "what may be true" and "what must be true". In the absence of the
original of documents Ex.P9 and P15 being produced at the trial, which as
many as four prosecution witnesses admit were available with the Cus-             F
toms, how could a case of forgery be built up on their photostat copies,
punishable under section 471 of the Indian Penal Code and the sequal
offence under section 40 LP.C.? In such state of evidence and vacillating
views, as recorded by the High Court, there is no basis of conviction of the
appellant singularly and substantively, when originally he was not charged        G
for such offences, but with the aid of section 120-B. I.P.C., when it acquitted
the other two accused of the charge of conspiracy for commission of these
offences. The High Court overlooked these important matters and rather
over-simplified the issue. [661-D, E, F]

      2.2. When the High Court was not sure as to who and which of the            H
     650                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

 A   accused had committed the forgery and having done so, it could not have
     attributed necessary mens rea for the user of such forged document as
     genuine to the appellant alone so as to bring him within the grip of section
     471 I.P.C. or section 420 I.P.C. Thus the High Court was wrong in upsetting
     the correct judgment and order passed by the Chief Justice Judicial
 B   Magistrate. (661-GJ
                                 \

           Criminal Appeal Nos. 653-55 and 652 of 1989 :

          3.1. Ajudge should take special care in making disparaging remarkS
     against a judge of a subordinate court or against a person or authority
 C ·'whose conduct comes in for consideration before him in cases to be decided
     by him. Making uncalled for remarks against the said persons or
     authorities would be violation of judicial discipline. (663-B, 664-A]

         Ishwari Prasad Mishra v. Mohammad Isa, (1963] 3 SCR 722; H.
   Lyngdoh v. Cromlyn Lyngdoh, (1971] 1 SCC 754; A.M. Mathur v. Pramod
 D Kumar Gupta and Ors., (1990] 2 SCC 533 and State of M.P. v. Nandlal
   Jaiswal, (1986] 4 sec 566, relied on •

           3.2. The appellant Mrs. V. Sujatha, the then Chief Judicial
     Magistrate was harsh on the Judicial Magistrate in the case giving raise
     to criminal appeal No. 621 of 1994 and the remark made against him,
,E   rightly caught up by the High Court, was totally uncalled for. That remark
     of hers in her judgment even though restored, would stand deleted. (664-B]

          3.3. All the adverse remarks in the form of harsh and derogatory
     language employed against Mrs. V. Sujatha by the High Court in its two
 F   orders now upset by this Court in Criminal Appeal Nos. 621of1994 and
     Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1988 would stand pulled out and expunged.
                                                                      (664-E, FJ
           3.4. The application of Mrs. Sujatha for expunction of the adverse
     remarks against her, which was declined by the High Court would stand
 G   allowed. (664-D]

          CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appe"al No.
     652 of 1989 etc. etc.

           From the Judgment and Order dated 19.9.89 of the Kerala High
 H Court in Crl A No. 194 of 1987.
                   V.SUJATHAv. STATE[PUNCHHI,J.]                          651

     K.K. Venugopal and P.N. Puri, for the Appellant in Crl. A.                  A
Nos.652/89 & Crl. A. No. 653-55/89.

      G. Ramaswamy and E.M.S. Anam for the Appellant in Crl. A No.
625/88.

     G. Vishwanath Iyer and M.T. George for the Respondent in Crl. A.            B
No. 652/89.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      PUNCBHI, J. Special leave granted in S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 180of1989.
                                                                                 c
      Criminal Appeals Nos. 653-655 of 1989 preferred by V. Sujatha,
Chief Judicial Magistrate, Emakulam are linked up with Appeal arising
out of Special Leave Petition (Criminal) Nos. 180 of 1989. The latter is
directed against the judgment and order of Hon'ble S. Padmanabhan,
Judge of the High Court of Kcrala dated September 8, 1988 passed in
Criminal Appeal No.476 of 1987, in which Gop~ Nair is the appellant.             D
      Criminal appeal No. 652of1989 also preferred by V. Sujatha, Chief
Judicial Magistrate, Emakulam is linked up with Criminal Appeal No. 625
of 1988. The latter is directed against the judgment and order also of S.
Padmanabhan, Judge of the High Court of Kerala dated September 19,               E
1988 in Criminal Appeal No. 194 of 1987, in which R. Vikram.an is the
appellant.

      All these matters shall be disposed of by a common order.

      CRIMINAL APPEAL ARISING OUT OF S.L.P. NO. 180 OF 1989 :                    F
      The appellant, Gopalan Nair, was the driver of Bus no. KLX 3627
belonging to the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation. At the relevant
time it was under repairs in one of its workshops. At about 3.00 p.m. on
26-6-85, the but after repairs with a board hung "ON TRIAL" was taken
out on a trial rwi by the appellant on a particular road at Emakulam. It is      G
the case of the prosecution that he drove the bus in a rash and negligent
manner endangering human life or causing hurt or injury to pedestrians
and other vehicular traffic. While doing so it hit against a pedestrian, P.W.7
who was walking in the same direction as was the bus with the result that
he was knocked down on the road getting injuries. The but then hit against
a tree whereby P.Ws.1, 2 and 8 who were inmates of the bus.were injured.         H
    652                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A These consequences resulted because the appellant allegedly had over-
    taken a bus parked on the side of the road alighting passengers in front of
    St. Theresa's Convent, ignoring a car coming from the opposite direction.
    On the other hand, the positive defence of the appellant was that the
    happening of the accident was beyond his control on account of brake
    failure. The appellant's version in his statement, made at the trial for
B   offences punishable under section 279 and 337 I.P.C. before the Judicial
    Magistrate, Ilnd Class, Ernakulam, was that on seeing the bus parked in
    front of him, he had applied brakes but there was no response and the foot
    paddle completely went down due to brake failure. Perceptibly, at that
    moment, he claims to have swerved the bus to avoid larger loss and caused
C   it to jam against a tree and that the P.Ws had been injured for no· fault of
    his.

           P.W. 1, one of the injured inmates of the bus went on support the.
    brake failure theory of the appellant. He was a mechanic attached to the
    divisional workshop of the Kerala State Road Transport Corp.oration·and
D   thus the appellant's charge-man. He also supported the version of the
    appellant with regard to the necessity to swerve the bus, as otherwise more
    harm would have ensued by damage to human life and property. For
    obvious reasons he was declared hostile. Likewise P.Ws. 2 and 8, other
    mechanics of the Kerala State Road Transport Corporation and injured
    inmates of the bus deposed in favour of the appellant. They too were
E   declared hostile. Police Constable, P.W.4 on traffic duty was an eye witness
    and according to him, the ap~llant had carelessly attempted to overtake
    the parked bus resulting injuries to a pedestrian, P.W.7, and colliding
    against a tree. Therefore, it is on the injuries of P.W.7 that the prosecution
    case was ultimately built up. But according to P.W. 7 he did not known by
F   whose fault the incident had occurred, though he had come to know that
    the appellant was driving the bus at the time of the incident. Pleading for
    himself he had said that tlie was not at fault at all.


          The brake failure case then rightly hinged on the value to be attached
G to the evidence of P.W. 3, the then Motor Vehicles Inspector, Ernakulam
    and his Inspection Report P-1. Two days after the accident i.e. on 26-8-
    1985, he claims to have inspected the offending bus and according to him
    the brake system of the bus was efficient, and there was no mechanical
    defect. In opposition, defence witnesses, who were mechanics of the
    Transport Corporation stating that after the accident the master cylinder
H   the hydraulic brake system of the bus had to be changed, were not believed
                    V.SUJATHAv. STAIB(PUNCHHl,J.]                                653

by the. trial Magistrate. Complete reliance on the road-worthiness of the A
vehicle was placed on the evidence of P.W.3. As a result the appellant was
convicted for offences under sections 279 and 337 l.P.C. and sentenced to
pay a fine of Rs. 500 in default to undergo simple imprisonment for 45 days
for offence under section 2971.P.C. but no separate sentence was imposed
for offence under section 337 l.P.C.
                                                                                       B
       The appellant took the matter in appeal before Smt. V. Sujatha,
Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ernakulam. After reappraising the entire
evidence, she allowed the appeal, setting aside the convictions and sen-
tence. The evidence of P.W. 3, tha Assistant Motor Vehicles Inspector and
his Inspection Report Ex. P-1, in which he had noted the damage, came                  C
under heavy criticism by her. The inspection report seemingly was in the
form of a questionaire. In Column 11, the Inspector was required to
mention what was the cause of failure of the foot brake, and whether it was
(a) hydraulic or (b) mechanical. He kept {a) blank and remarked in (b)
"Not applicable". The learned Chief Judicial Magistrate finding (a) left
blank viewed that when the evidence of P.W. 3 at the trial was that the foot           D
brake was efficient having no mechanical defect, he was required to answer
in column (a) that the hydraulic brake system (a brake in which the force
is generated and transmitted by means of a compressed fluid) was in order.
She thus safely inferred that by keeping the space at (a) blank he had not
checked the hydraulic system as such. The appellant's version was that he              E
had thrust the brake paddle down to the maximum but got no response,
meaning thereby that the hydraulic system was not functional. Therefore,
his quick reflexes prompted him to swerve the vehicle to avoid larger loss
to life and property, like colliding with a car coming from the opposite
direction and wherefor P.W. 7 was hurt. The learned Chief Judicial
Magistrate appreciated his stance because the place of the incident was in             F
front of the St. Theresa's Convent where a large number of students were
studying and her opinion those could have been put to danger but for the
qmck reaction of the appellant. She thus went on to hold that when P.W.
3 had not cared to check up the hydraulic brake system, his Inspection
Report had to be negatived. She then went on to observe as follows :
                                                                                       G
        "So, one cannot find fault with the accused. But what provoked the
        learned Magistrate to find the accused/appellant guilty is nothing
        but a personal vendetta....................... I have no hesitation to quote
        that the learned Magistrate went utterly wrong in finding the
        accused/appellant guilty."                                                     H
    654                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Holding so, she recorded an order of acquittal.
           The State of Kerala filed an appeal against acquittal before the High
    .Court of Kerala which was placed before Padmanabhan, J. for final dis-
     posal. That appeal was allowed on September 8, 1988 and the appellant
     judgment and order ~f V. Sujatha, Chief Judicial Magistrate was set aside
B    and sentence imposed by trial magistrate restored. It is against this order
     that we have granted leave.

           There are two aspects which have to be taken care of. One relates
    to the guilt or otherwise of the appellant. The second relates to some
C   adverse remarks made by Padmanabhan, J. against Smt. V. Sujatha, Chief
    Judicial Magistrate, Emakulam. Her grievance is triple faceted. One re-
    lates to the adverse remarks against her mentioned in the judgment under
    appeal She wants them expunged. She is challenging the said order in her
    own right. She had earlier made an application for expunction of those
    remarks to the learned Judge of the High Court but when realising that it
D   would be appropriate for her to move this Court in appeal, she prayed
    before the learned Single Judge for withdrawal of the application. The
    learned Single judge disallowed that prayer. This is her second grievance
    which has given hera a right to approach this Court in appeal. Then finally
    when the application for expunction of remarks was partially allowed by
E   the learned Single Judge, aggrieved by the non-expunction of the remaining
    remarks, and suggestedly addition of some others, has also given her the
    third cause and right to approach this Court in appeal These appeals on
    her behalf among themselves are Criminal Appeal Nos. 653-655 of 1989.
    Their fate has got entwined with Gopalan Nair's appeal, as would be plain
    hereafter.
F
         The learned Judge of the High Court in Paragraph 11 of the Judg-
    ment has observed as follows :

            "I recorded all these facts only because I was really worried in the
            manner in which a good reasoned judgment of the trial Magistrate
G           was reversed by a shabby judgment written by the Chief Judicial
            Magistrate and that too with unjustified attacks against the trial
            Magistrate and P.W.3 and unmerited encomium to th~ respon-
            dent."

H         Further observations made were :
                   V.SUJATIIAv. STATE[PUNCHHI,J.]                         655

         "The reasons alleged by the Chief Judicial Magistrate for disbeliev- A
         ing P.W. 3 are: (1) "He conceded that h.e did not check whether
         the brake was hydraulic or not." This finding is a judicial dishonesty
         by the Chief Judicial Magistrate ............................... .

             (2) "In questionaire ll(a) cause of failure of foot brake (a) if
         hydraulic he did not answer. Likewise, querry ll(b) if mechanical,      B
         he answered "not applicable". But he deposed in chief that "foot
        ·brake system was efficient and no mechanical defects". This is quite
         unreasonable. I fail to understand how the stand taken by the Chief
         Judicial Magistrate that he did not answer ll(a) is a judicial
         dishonesty. ....................................                        C
And so on are other adverse remarks, using harsh language against the
Chief Judicial Magistrate in justification for upsetting the orders of acquit-
tal.

       Adverting to the merits of Gopalan Nair's appeal, the learned Single      D
Judge of the High Court opined that the evidence of P.W.4 clinched the
issue. It is to be recalled that he was the traffic policeman on duty. He had
given his version about the way in which the bus swerved knocking down
P.W.7 and then jamming against a tree on the footpath. We fail to see how
evidence of P.W.4 clinches the issue. These facts, which speak for them-         E
selves, are not denied by Gopalan Nair. It is the mechanical road-worthi-
ness or otherwise of the offending vehicle which would clinch the issue.

      With regard to P.W.7, the learned Single Judge commented that
when it is said by him that he did not know anything except that the
incident was not due to any negligence on his part, it appears that the F
accused (appellant herein) paid him sufficient money and hence he was
not interested in giving any incriminating evidence. To say the least, there
is no basis for such insinuation against the appellant herein. We are left
guessing as to what provoked the learned Single Judge to be so vocal
against the appellant or against P.W. 7, There was no suggestion much G
less evidence in that regard. We do not appreciate this uncalled for remark
by the High Court.

      With regard to PW.3, the Motor Vehicles Inspector, it is noteworthy
that he having deposed that the foot brake system was efficient with no
mechanical defect, it was the right of the defence to tear his opinion apart     H
    656                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A and pick holes in Inspection Report Ex.P.1. As is plain, Column 11 of the
  questionnaire requires cause of failure of the foot brake to be mentioned,
  whether mechanical or hydraulic. Such as those who have elementary
  knowledge of driving a vehicle, know that hydraulic foot brake, are highly
  efficient, but are more prone to failure by wear and tear, because of power
B generation and transmission by means of brake fluid through the master
  cylinder, which force is set into motion by pushing the foot brake paddle.
  Such pressure is felt by the driver when the brakes get functional. In case
  of brake failure, the foot paddle is unresponsive, for no pressure is felt.
  But sometimes by repetitive paddling, pressure is built up even when
  malfunctioning. P.W.3 claims to have driven the bus to say that the "foot
C brake system was efficient with no mechanical defects". But he did not
  check the hydraulic system as such to any weakening or malfunctioning.
  Had he done so, he could have filled column ll(a) as well ''Not applicable",
  If the bus was road-worthy, there was no reason why three mechanics, who
  are stamped witnesses, ,P.W.s 1, 2 and 8 should be in the bus for a trial
D run. Thus, in our view, the evidence of P.W.3 was unnecessarily given high
  importance by the High Court, when there was considerable suspicion in
  a part of the preparation of Inspection Report Ex.P-1. We thus hold that
  it is not safe to rely on the evidence of P.W.3 or on his report Ex.P.1.

          We are also of the view that the High Court did not appreciate the
E defence led by the respondent through the employees of the Road
    Transport Corporation, who had disclosed that the master cylinder in the
    ·brake system had to be replaced in the offending bus. Here again, the
    learned Single Judge rejected the defence evidence and made an unwar-
    ranted remark against the employees of the Transport Corporation by
F    observing as following :

             "It is possible of the employees in the K.S.R.T.C. to manipulate
             records by making entries in the work register and preparing an
             issue notice. By such a notice they are only to gain because the
             cylinder could be otherwise utilised by them".
G
          There was absolutely no basis for such a remark. The issuance of
    master cylinder from the store was by an official document. It was put as
    a replacement in the offending bus, was again a matter of record. lt cannot
    be imagined that all this evidence was created by the Transport Corpora-
H   tion employees merely to support the defence of the appellant. He was one
                   V.SUJATHAv. STA1E(PUNCHHI,J.]                       657

employee in large contingent. No special interest could have been aroused A
for him.

       Lastly, the learned Single Judge has assumed that when a bus goes
out for a "trial run", it is presumed that it was after complete repairs in the
workshop and that such presumption should apply to the offending bus. In
the first place, we find it difficult to accept there is such a presumption, B
but even if it be so, it gets rebutted by the actual performance of the
vehicle. A "trial run" is after all a test run to satisfy the repairers that the
repair work has been completed to their satisfaction. It may not necessarily
relate to the repairs effected for in the trial run, other defects can be
noticed or detected as well, which may have escaped notice earlier. Putting C
a vehic~e to trial run, therefore, is not certifying to its road-worthiness.
Rather the requirement of the rules that a board should be hung on the
vehicle to that effect is to warn all concerned that such a vehicle on road
is not absolutely road-worthy but was being tested for the purpose, and.the
possibility of its failing could not be ruled out. It thus appears to us that D
the High Court over rated this point.

      For all these reasons, we are of the view that the High Court was in
error in upsetting the well considered judgment passed by the Chief
Judicial Magistrate on merits. Accordingly, we set aside the impugned
judgment and order of the High Court, restoring that of the Chief Judicial E
Magistrate, with the result, the appellant, Gopalan Nair, gets acquitted of
the charges. Criminal Appeal arising out of Special Leave Petition
(Criminal) No. 180of1989 would thus stand allowed.

      CRIMINAL APPEAL NO. 625 OF 1988 :
                                                                             F
      The appellant, R. Vikraman was the Managing Director of a partner-
ship concern known as "Bell Foods". He alongwith his wife, the second
accused, and his brother, the third accused were put up for trial by the
C.B.I. before Smt. V. Sujatha, Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ernakulam for
offences punishable under sections 120-B, 420, 467, 468 and 471 I.P.C. Vide G
order dated 25th October, 1986, the learned Chief Judicial Magistrate
acquitted the accused of all offences. The C:B.I. filed an appeal against the
acquittal before the High Court of Kerl}la. S. Padmanabhan, J. of that
Court allowed the appeal vide order dated september 19, 1988 maintaining
acquittal of the wife and brother of the appellant but recording conviction
of the appellant on two counts namely Sections 420 and 471 I.P.C. awarding H
    658                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A him punishment of rigorous imprisonment for a period of one year under
    each count and additionally under section 420 l.P.C. paying of a fine of Rs.
    10,000 in default of payment of which simple imprisonment for six months.
    The judgment and order of Mrs. V.Sujatha, Chief Judicial Magistrate was
    upset to this limited extent, just after 11 days and under the hangover of
B   the passing of the order in Gopalan Nair's case, which order we have upset,
    wherein, as said before, are certain remarks made against Smt. V. Sujatha,
    for which .there is an appeal for expunction, linked up as it is, for disposal.

          Bell foods was firm of Cochin engaged in the export of Sea Foods
    and the three accused were partners thereof. The appellant was its Manag-
e   ing Director. The prosecution case was that from October, 1979, he entered
    into a criminal conspiracy for the export of 310. cartons of sub-standard
    frozen shrimps by forging and using Quality Control Certificate (QCC) and
    Certificate of Origin (COO) as genuine knowing them to be forged in order
    to receive payment of price from the Dena Bank. Further case of the
D   prosecution is that using these certificates as genuine, he obtained
    clearance from the Customs for shipment and exported sub-standard
    goods, thereby cheating the Customs Department, the Export Inspection
    Agency and the Marine Products Export Development Agency as well as
    the foreign buyer. It was also the case of the prosecution that the accused
    cheated the Dena Bank by producing the forged COO and drawing a sum
E   of Rs. 4,88,501.60.

          The modus operandi for purposes of exporting Marine Products was
    stated to be in this manner. The exporter had to obtain QCC from the
    Export Inspection Agency, which had to be issued after inspection by
F   drawing samples and putting them to scientific tests. The exporter would
    have to make an application for the purpose on paying the requisite fee in
    a particular manner. On the issuance of QCC, the goods for export were
    to be produced in the wharf. QCC and other papers are required to be
    presented before the Customs for clearance. In order to claim the benefits
    of shipping, it is necessary for the exporter to obtain and show a COO.
G
          To further their export, the Bell Foods are accused of having forged
    the requisite QCC in order to export the said 310 cartons of sub-standard
    frozen Shrimps to foreign buyer in London. Those goods on arrival at
    London were found to be sub-standard and unworthy for palate. The
H   foreign buyer complained to the Central Government through the Indian
                   V.SUJATHAv. STA1E[PUNCHHI,J.J                         659

~mbassy. Tracing the export, it was found that the original QCC was not         A
available with either the Export Inspection Agency or the ' Customs
authorities. Bell foods were, therefore, contacted. It is the case of the
prosecution that the appellant herein produced the original QCC, (precise-
ly a carbon copy) before P.W. 3 and 23 who took two photostat copies of
the same and original was returned to the appellant, one copy was kept on B
the file and other was sent to the Export Inspection Agency. The signatures
of the Assistant Director purporting to be on such carbon copy, from which
photostat copies were prepared, were forged in as much as those signatures
were not that of the concerned Assistant Director. The Photostat copies
of the suggested forged documents were sent to an expert P.W. 24 for
opinion, but he expressed his inability to give any opinion on a photostat C
copy. Significantly the originals were available with the department, as it
pointedly appeared at the trial. P.W. 9, 10, 11and12 who were departmen-
tal men stated that the original QCC was with the Customs. In the absence
of the original QCC, It could not be established that. the photostat copy
Ex. P-9 was that of the original QCC. As said before, the hand-writing D
expert, P.W. 24 had thrown up his hands in despair. It is on this State of
evidence that the High Court recorded the conviction of the appellant
under section 4711.P.C.

      Further case of the prosecution is that the accused similarly and
fraudulently obtained a COO by forging the signatures of the Asstt. Direc-      E
tor and used it for cheating the bank and the buyer in obtaining price
payment of Rs. 4,88,501.60 for the consignment, and thereby cheated the
buyer and Dena Bank, ·Cochin, and had made themselves punishable for a
similar offence as also Section 420 1.P.C. Here Ex.P-15, photostat copy of
the COO was sought to be introduced as the forged document despite the          p
fact that the original of P-15 was available. The complaint of the Dena
Bank with regard to their having been cheated, filed before the Criminal
Court was quashed in a proceeding under section 482, Cr. P.C. by the High
Court on the ground that what was involved between the bank and the
accused was only a civil liability for which the bank had filed a civil suit.   G
Padmanabhan, J. expressed reservations of the view taken by the High
Court but still viewed that the earlier order of the High Court may hold
good, in so far as the allegation of cheating the bank was concerned, but
it would not affect the prosecution case of forgery by usmg forged docu-
ments and cheating for the purpose of facilitating export by use of forged
documents as genuine.                                                           H



                                                 I
        660                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A            It would be worthwhile to extract paragraph 18 of his judgment under
        appeal, which is as follows :

                 "18. It is true that the allegation is bne affecting the image of the
                 Government of India and the two responsible agencies, namely,
                 E.l.A. and M.P.E.D.A. So also the matter was seriously taken up
B
                 through the Indian Embassy. But that does not mean, as argued
                 for the defence, that the C.B.I. and the official witnesses of the
                 customs, E.l.A. and M.P.E.D.A. were interested in fabricating a
                 false case or false evidence. I do feel that a more serious probe
                 from the C.B.I. was necessary to pursue the availability of the
c                original of Ex. P.9. But the evidence sufficiently discloses its
                 non-availability for reasons not very clear from the evidence. Any
                 how the circumstances indicate that the accused must have had a
                 hand in it though the object could have been achieved only with
                 the connivance of some of the employees of the BJ.A. The inves-
                tigation of this case is certainly not one which is capab1e of adding
D
                anything to the image of the C.B.l. The missing of the two sheets
                from the printed book in the possession of P.W.5 and the seal of
                 P.W.3 which facilitated the forgery of Ex.P9 would haye been
                achieved only if some of the employees either actively or passively
                connived. That aspect has not been satisfactorily investigated. But
E               the laches in that respect has not in any way affected the conclusion
                that Ex.P15 and the original of Ex.P9 are fabrications and forgeries.
                It is true that the prosecution was not able to establish as to who
                forged these documents. Any how the only possible conclusion is that
                forgeries could have been only by or at the instance of the accused
F               and they were used with the full knowledge that they are forgeries."

              The learned Judge further observed in paragraph 41 as follows :

                ".......... From the evidence of the Customs officials it is seen that
                the original of Ex.P9 was presented and that shipping was allowed
G               only because they had no reason to suspect its veracity. When both
                these items of evidence are taken together the inevitable conclusion
                is that by the production of the QCC the customs officials were
                actually deceived and induced to permit export of the goods. That
                is the only inference possible. I do not think that it is necessary to
H               stand on the technicality of insisting on an item of evidence from


    ,
                   V.SUJATIIAv. STAIB(PUNCHHI,.J.]                       661

         the concerned witnesses that but for the deceit or fraudulent or A ·
         dishonest inducement, they would not have permitted export. The
         gist of the prosecution evidence is that is the only possible in- ..
         ference also from the evidence. Therefore in disagreement with
         the counsel, I come to the conclusion that the prosecution evidence
         is capable of establishing an offence of cheating as against the first B
         accused. The first accused is therefore found guilty of having
         committed offence~ punishable under ss. 420 and 471 of the Indian
         Penal Code."

       On close scrutiny of the above views of the High Court, the least we
 can say is that its approach, and that too in an appeal against acquittal,     c
was highly wanting. The prosecution had a long distance to travel between
"what may be true" and "what must be true". In the absence of the original
of Ex.P9 and P15 being produced at the trial, which as many as four
prosecution witnesses admit were available with the Customs, how could a
case of forgery be built up on their photostat copies, punishable under         D
section 471 of the Indian Penal Code and the sequal offence under Section
420 I.P.C.? How could in such state of evidence and vacillating views, as
recorded by the High Court, be the basis of the conviction of the appellant
singularly and substantively, when originally he was not charged for such
offences, but with the aid of section 120-B I.P.C.? Having acquitted the
other two accused of the charge of conspiracy for commission of these           E
offences, how could the High Court take the appellant to have been
charged under Section 471 and 420 I.P.C. and not spell out a case of
prejudice to him leading to mis-carriage of justice? In our view, the High
Court over looked these important matters and rather over-simplified the
issue. Even though it has observed that the approach of the Chief Judicial      F
Magistrate had made its job difficult, necessitating a lengthy discussion for
the purpose of arriving at a conclusion, the emphasised parts of the
judgment, above extracted, disclose that the High Court was not sure, _as
to who and which of the accused had committed the forgery and having
done so, it could not have attributed necessary mens rea for the user of        G
such forged document as genuine to the appellant alone, so as to bring him
within the grip of section 471 I.P.C. or Section 420 I.P.C. Thus we take the
view that the High Court was wrong in upsetting the correct judgment and
order passed by learned Chief Judicial Magistrate, Ernakulam. We thus no
hesitation to restore it. Accordingly, this appeal is allowed and the judg-
ment and order of the High Court is set aside restoring the acquittal of the    H




                                                                                    ,
    662                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   appellant.

          CRL. APPEAL NOS. 653-55 OF 1989 AND 652 OF 1989 :

           These appeals by Mrs. V. Sujatha need a neat and formal disposal.
    We have allowed Criminal Appeal arising out of S.L.P. (Crl.) No. 180 of
B   1989 and Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1988. In both the upset judgments
    of Padnamahan, J. adverse remarks have been made against Mrs. V.
    Sujatha, the appellant herein. Those judgments of the High Court do not
    remain operative and the judgments and orders passed by her in both cases
    have been restored. The adverse remarks in a sense are no longer legally
C   tenable or existing, but they do stay written in court records all the same.
    In the special leave petitions before us, certain new facts have been sought
    to be introduced by Smt. V. Sujatha vis-a-vis Padmanabhan, J.. We do not,
    for cause of propriety, since Padmanabhan, J. is not a party before us, wish
    to make mention thereof in these proceedings, except to state that it is
    suggestive that at one point of time, apparently cordial relations existed
D   between the two. We are told at the Bar that both of them have since
    retired. It has been lamented by learned counsel for Mrs. V. Sujatha that
    her career's was spoiled by such adverse remarks, which remarks the Press
    blew up beyond proportions to tarnish her image and name. Be that as it
    may, this will not prompt us to do the exercise of culling out and reproduc-
E   ing herein the adverse remarks, from the upset judgment of Padmanabhan,
    J. or to reproduce herein her grievances in the special leave petitions and
    record them in this judgment, again for sake of propriety, for we must bury
    an bury deep the harsh and unnecessary provocative language employed in
    these documents. But before we do that, we do need to say what already
    has been said by this Court time and again, for judges to employ mellow
F   and temperate language in their judgments, when referring to members of
    the judicial family. Some of these case are as follows:

    (i) lshwari Prasad Mishra v. Mohammad Isa, [1963) 3 SCR 722 at page 723
    and pp. 745-748.
G           "In the present case the HC has used intemperate language and
            has even gone to the length of suggesting a corrupt motive against
            the judge who decided the suit in favour of the appellant. In our
            opinion, the use of such intemperate language may, in some cases,
            tend to show either a lack of experience in judicial matters or an
H           abser..ce of judicial poise and balance..... No doubt, if it is shown
                   V.SUJATIIAv. STATE (PUNCHHI,J.)                      663

        that the decision of the Trial Court in a given case is the result of A
        a corrupt motive, the HC must condemn it and take further steps
        in the matter. But the use of strong language and imputation of
        corrupt motives should not be made light heartedly because the
        judge against whom imputations are made has no remedy in law
        to vindicate his position."
                                                                               B
(ii) H. Lyngdoh v. Cromlyn Lyngdoh, [1971) 1 SCC 754 at p.757.

        "Before we part with the case, we were distressed to note certain
        personal remarks made by the learned Chief Justice against one
        of the Hon'ble judges of that court. To us these remarks do not        C
        appear to be either proper or just. By making these remarks the
        learned Chief Justice has let down his office as well as his court.
        In the objective discharge of judicial function there is little jus-
        tifi.cation nay, none-at-all to assume any attitude other than of
        judicial restraint or to use a language while referring to one's
        colleagues, other than that which has been hitherto adopted by         D
        long usage."

(iii) Such restraint was due even for parties or their witnesses as seen in
A.M. Mathur v. Pramod Kumar Gupta & Ors., [1990) 2 SCC 533, referring
to the decision of this Court in State of M.P. v. Nandlal Jaiswal, [1986) 4    E
SCC 566 where Bhagwati, CJI Speaking for the Court had observed:

        "We may observe in conclusion that judges should not use strong
        and carping language while criticizing the conduct of parties or
        their witnesses. They must act with sobriety, moderation and
        restraint. They must have the humility to recognize that they are      F
        not infallible and any harsh and disparaging strictures passed by
        them against any party may be mistaken and unjustifi.ed and is so
        they may do considerable harm and mischief and result in injus-
        tice."
                                                                               G
      Cases need not be multiplied on the point.

      Therefore, one of the main principles is that a judge should take
special care in making disparaging remarks against a judge of a subordinate
court or against a person or authority whose conduct comes in for con-
sideration before him in cases to be decided by him. Making uncalled for H
    664                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   remarks against the said persons or authorities would be violation of
    judicial disciplin~."

         Reverting back to the merits, the appellant, Mrs. V. Sujatha, in the
  first instance needs to be reminded that she was harsh on the judicial
  Magistrate in Gopalan Nair's case and the remark made against him, rightly
B caught up by the High Court, was totally uncalled for. That remark of hers
  in her judgment, even though restored, would stand deleted. All the harsh
  and adverse remarks made against her by the High Court in Gopaian Nair's
  case would stand deleted and reference to her in derogatory terms shall
  be taken to have been pulled out. Her application for expunction of
C remarks which was declined to be withdrawn by the High Court would
  stand allowed. As a result, the orders passed thereon for declination and
  all orders passed thereafter shall be take!l to have been withdrawn. This
  will have the effect of allowing Criminal Appeals Nos. 1353-55/89. Likewise,
  harsh and adverse remarks and references made to Mrs. V. Sujatha in the
  judgment of the High Court in R. Vikraman 's shall be taken to have been
D pulled out and expunged. Those judgments of the High Court be read from
  that angle and in that light. Criminal appeal No. 652 of 1989 would also
  stand allowed accordingly.

          To sum up, all these six appeals are allowed. Gopalan Nair in
E   Criminal Appeal.No. 621/94 arising out of S.L.P. (Crl). 180of1989 stands
    acquitted, R. Vikraman in Crl. Appeal No. 625 of 1988 stands acquitted.
    All the adverse remarks in the form of hµrsh and derogatory language
    employed against Mrs. V. Sujatha by the High Court in its two upset orders
    would stand pulled out and expunged. Criminal Appeals Nos. 652-89 and
    653-55/89 would thus stand allowed.
F
           This disposes of the six appeals.

    G.N.                                                 Appeals disposed of.