Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948

The Supreme Court examined whether race clubs such as the Bangalore Turf Club and the Royal Western India Turf Club, as well as a chit fund, fall within the definition of "shop" under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) and the related notifications. The Court held that a race club is an "establishment" …

The Supreme Court examined whether a suspended employee and his employer must pay Employees' State Insurance (ESI) contributions on the subsistence allowance paid during a suspension pending a domestic enquiry. The High Courts had held that such allowance was not "wages" under Section 2(22) of the ESI Act and therefore…

The appellant, a petrol pump operator, challenged an order directing him to pay contributions under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, arguing that his premises did not qualify as a "factory" within the meaning of the Act. The central issue was whether the activity of pumping petrol/diesel constituted a "manufac…

Handloom House, a co‑operative society, paid its employees incentive bonuses and sales commissions in addition to regular wages. The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) claimed that these payments were "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 and demanded additional contributions.…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought contributions from several manufacturing companies for casual daily‑wage workers employed to construct additional buildings for factory expansion. The Madras High Court held that such workers were not "employees" within the meaning of section 2(9) of the Employee…

The Supreme Court examined whether casual workers employed by Royal Western India Turf Club Ltd. on race days fell within the definition of "employee" under Section 2(9) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, and consequently whether the club was liable to pay ESI contributions from the 1978-79 period. Relying on…

Sovrin Knit Works and other establishments, covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, failed to pay the statutory contribution for the year 1980-81. The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued a notice on 31 December 1982 demanding damages and interest for the delayed payment, which the appel…

The New Mangalore Port Listed Workers Managing Committee was created in 1983 to provide stevedores for loading and unloading cargo at the New Mangalore Port Trust (NMPT) and was dissolved on 15 March 1990 when its workers were absorbed into NMPT as a cargo‑handling wing. The Committee challenged a Karnataka State Gover…

The Delhi Gymkhana Club Ltd., a members' club with a kitchen and catering division employing more than twenty workers, was held by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation to be covered under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 and was ordered to pay contributions for the period 1980-1985. The club challenged th…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) appealed against a Delhi High Court order that held a 1988 notification extending the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 to shops was inapplicable to M.M. Suri & Associates (P) Ltd., a shop with five officers and fewer than twenty workers. The Supreme Court examined w…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued a notification under Section 1(5) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 extending the Act to "shops" and claimed that advertising agencies and a steamship company fell within this category. The agencies contested, arguing that their activities did not const…

Shahu Sampatrao Jadhavar, a night watchman, died in a road accident on 22 April 2003 while commuting 5 km to his sugar factory workplace. His family claimed compensation under the Employees' Compensation Act, 1923, but the employer and insurer argued the accident did not arise out of or in the course of employment beca…

The claimants, legal heirs of a government employee who died in a motor accident, were awarded Rs.37,85,800 compensation by the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal. The insurer, New India Assurance Co., appealed seeking deduction of the financial assistance payable under the Haryana Compensation Assistance Rules, 2006, whil…

Bangalore Turf Club Ltd. challenged the Regional Director of the Employees' State Insurance Corporation's demand for ESI contributions, contending that as a club it does not qualify as a "shop" under Section 1(5) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The central issue was whether turf clubs fall within the defin…

Gasket Radiators Pvt. Ltd., incorporated in 1964, was initially exempted from paying the special contribution imposed by Chapter V‑A of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, until the scheme was extended to its area. The exemption was withdrawn on 31 May 1969 and the company challenged the liability, arguing that t…

Goodyear India Ltd, an employer covered by the Employees' State Insurance Act, was served a demand on 1 December 1982 to pay contributions for the periods 28 January 1968 to 31 October 1979 (Bangalore) and 28 January 1968 to 31 August 1979 (Indore). The company contended that the establishments were not covered by the …

Ram Chander operated a tailoring shop employing about 10‑12 tailors and used an electric iron for stitching and finishing garments. The issue was whether, under the Notification of 20 September 1975 issued under Section 1(5) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, his establishment fell within the Act’s coverage. …

The mining company Damodar Mangalji & Co. challenged a 1977 notification issued by the Government of Goa, Daman & Diu under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, arguing that the Act should not apply to mining establishments because the term "mine" should be limited to the ore‑extraction site and the "appropriate G…

The Consumer Education and Research Centre filed a public‑interest writ under Article 32 seeking protection for workers in asbestos mines and industries, alleging that the right to health and medical care is a fundamental right under Article 21 read with Articles 39(c), 41, 43 and 48A of the Constitution. The petition …

The Supreme Court examined whether directors of Jiyajirao Cotton Mills Ltd., a company that owned factories, could be held personally liable for unpaid wages under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936 as amended by the Madhya Pradesh Industrial Relations Act, 1960. The Court held that the Act does not incorporate the "occupi…

The Gujarat Transport Department floated a tender for manpower services with conditions that the salary paid must not be less than the minimum wage and that bids must be fixed, not open‑ended. Three bidders qualified; the Technical Evaluation Committee fixed a minimum‑wage figure of Rs 3,00,92,346, rendering the bids o…

The Regional Director of the Employees' State Insurance Corporation sought contributions from the factories of High Land Coffee Works and Sons under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. Section 1(4) of the Act excludes "seasonal factories," defined in Section 2(12). The factories were originally classified as seas…

The Supreme Court examined whether two cooperative milk producer societies were liable to pay Employees' State Insurance (ESI) contributions for workers employed by contractors to transport milk. The societies argued that the contractors' workers were neither directly employed by them nor worked on their premises or un…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation demanded contributions from several hotels for the period 1970‑1978, treating the hotels as factories under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 because cooking in their kitchens was a manufacturing process. The hotels contended that only the kitchen should be deemed a fac…

The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) challenged a High Court order that required employers to implement a wage‑limit amendment (raising the ceiling from Rs 3,000 to Rs 6,500) only from the date of the judgment (16 Mar 2004) rather than from the date of the notification (1 Jan 1997). The amendment was made b…

The Baranagore Jute Factory was ordered to be wound up in 1987 but a scheme of arrangement was later approved, allowing the mill to operate as a going concern under a committee of management. The scheme earmarked a fund with the High Court registrar for payment to pre‑scheme unsecured creditors, including the Nemani Gr…

The Union of Employees of a Government undertaking challenged a notification that enhanced employee and employer contributions under the Employees State Insurance Act, claiming it did not apply to them. A Rajasthan High Court dismissed the writ as non‑maintainable but directed the ESIC to "consider" waiving the contrib…

Kirloskar Brothers Ltd., a manufacturer with factories in Maharashtra and Deewas, set up regional offices in Secunderabad and Bangalore to sell its products. The State Governments of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka treated these offices as establishments under Section 2(g) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 and i…

The Christian Medical College, a hospital, operates an Equipment Maintenance Department with 45 workers that repairs and maintains medical equipment. The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued a notice that the department fell within Section 2(12) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) and …

The appellant, Horticulture Experiment Station Gonikoppal, failed to deposit EPF contributions for the period 1975‑1988 and was assessed damages under Section 14B of the Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. The appellant argued that mens rea or actus reus should be required before imposing suc…

The petitioners, junior resident doctors employed on a contractual bond in ESIC medical colleges, sought inclusion in the 50% "in‑service" reservation for postgraduate medical seats that is available to Insurance Medical Officers Grade‑II (IMO‑II) recruited permanently by ESIC. They argued that both categories possess …

The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) prepared a panel to recruit Insurance Inspectors through a written test and interview, but did not prescribe a pass mark for the interview and applied a 40% cut‑off. Unsuccessful candidates challenged the rejection, while successful candidates sought appointment orders, …

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought to recover arrears of contributions from employers as arrears of land revenue under Section 45‑B, relying on orders passed under Section 45‑A. The Kerala High Court held that the five‑year limitation in the proviso to Section 77(1A)(b) applied to such claims, whi…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought contribution from Mangalam Publications, a private limited company, for interim relief payments made to its employees between April 1996 and March 2000. The company argued that the interim relief was an ex‑gratia payment, not "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Em…

The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought to recover unpaid ESI contributions from employer Dwarka Nath Bhargwa that were due on 27‑01‑1967 and 24‑01‑1968. ESIC issued notices under Section 45B of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, which had come into force on 28‑01‑1968, to recover the arrears as l…

The deceased employee of Mis. Bharagath Engineering died in an accident alleged to have occurred in the course of his employment. The employer argued that the claim under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923 should be barred because the employee was an "insured person" under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, de…

The Supreme Court examined the termination of several RSRTC drivers who, after long service, developed defective or sub‑normal eyesight due to occupational hazards. The corporation dismissed them as unfit to drive, and the drivers challenged the dismissals as illegal retrenchment under Section 2(00)(c) of the Industria…

Fertilizers & Chemicals Travancore Ltd challenged a demand notice for employer's contribution under Section 45A of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 by filing a petition under Section 75 before the Employees Insurance Court (EIC). The EIC observed that the headload workers employed on a day‑to‑day basis could not…

M/s Hindu Jea Band, a partnership firm in Jaipur that employs 23 musicians to provide music at weddings and other social functions, was directed by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation to pay contributions under the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 after a Rajasthan Government notification extended the Act to …

The ESI Corporation issued demand notices to M/s Radhika Theatre for ESI contributions after the theatre stopped paying contributions in 1989, arguing that the amendment to Section 1(6) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (effective 20 Oct 1989) made every establishment liable irrespective of employee count. Th…

The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) appealed against a Karnataka High Court order that had upheld promotions of its teaching staff under the Dynamic Assured Career Progression (DACP) Scheme. The respondents, who joined ESIC as Assistant Professors between February 2014 and June 2016, claimed promotion to …

The respondent, an employee of Western India Plywood Ltd., suffered a hand amputation while at work and received disability benefits under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948. He later sought permission to file a suit for additional compensation against his employer under tort law, but the trial court dismis…

Cochin Shipping Co., a company engaged in stevedoring, clearing and forwarding at Cochin Port, received a notice under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 to pay contributions. The company contended that the Kerala Government's notification extending the Act to "shops" did not apply to it, arguing that a "shop" is…

Employees of Gnanambigai Mills Ltd demanded a wage increase, and the dispute was referred to a Special Tribunal. The Tamil Nadu Government, invoking Section 10‑B of the Industrial Disputes Act, issued orders on 15 July 1985 and 29 July 1985 directing the employer to make interim payments to the workmen, with a clause t…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) appealed against a Guwahati High Court order that held its 21 July 1999 notification under Section 1(3) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, applied only to areas within the Silchar Municipal Corporation, thereby excluding the respondent M/s Key Dee Cold Storage…

The Supreme Court heard a writ petition filed by the National Campaign Committee for Central Legislation on Construction Labour (NCC‑CL) seeking effective implementation of the Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 (BOCW Act) and the Building and Other Co…

The deceased employee, Ambadas Lahane, died while on duty and his legal heirs claimed compensation under the Workmen's Compensation Act, 1923. The employer contended that the employee was an "insured person" under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, and therefore barred from any claim under the 1923 Act pursuant …

The Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) was held by the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Court and the Bombay High Court to be a "shop" under the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, making it liable to contribute to the ESI fund. BCCI challenged this classification, arguing that its primary purpose is the pro…

International Ore & Fertilizers (India) Pvt. Ltd., which imports fertilizers and acts as an agent for foreign principals, employed more than 20 workers at its Secunderabad premises. The Andhra Pradesh Government, under section 1(5) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, extended the Act to "shops" with 20 or more…

The appellant, Adiraj Manpower Services Pvt. Ltd., a manpower recruitment agency, entered into agreements with Sigma Electric Manufacturing to supply personnel for various manufacturing activities. The Commissioner of Central Excise issued a show‑cause notice alleging that the appellant had failed to assess and pay ser…

The Management of Tata Iron & Steel Co. Ltd. established a hospital to provide medical care to its employees, their families, associated companies, as well as government and private patients for a fee. The authorities issued a notice requiring registration of the hospital under the Bihar Shops and Establishments Act, 1…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued a notice under Section 45‑A of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, requiring the Bhakra Beas Management Board to make employer contributions for its workers. The Board challenged the notice before the ESIC Court, but neither the workers nor any representati…

The appellants, licensee‑contractors of toddy shops in Kerala, argued that the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 (ESI Act) did not apply to their establishments because toddy shops were not listed in the 1974 notification and were exempt under the proviso to Section 1(4) as they were owned or controlled by the State…

The Supreme Court considered appeals by three textile-related entities challenging the Employees' State Insurance Corporation's decision to club them with other establishments for ESI coverage. The lower courts had found that the units shared a common entrance, staircase, office space, electricity, financial ledger, an…

The Distilleries & Chemical Mazdoor Union filed a writ petition seeking a mandamus directing the Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) not to realise any ESI contributions from its members. The Allahabad High Court stayed the deduction from both employer and employees, subject to the employer providing medical f…

The appellant, Ajay Raj Shetty, who was employed as General Manager/Technical Coordinator of M/s Electriex (India) Ltd., was convicted under Section 85(i)(b) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 for failing to remit ESI contributions that had been deducted from employees' wages. The issue before the Supreme Cour…

M/s. Raikamal Transport engaged hamalis to load and unload goods it transported as a carrier. The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued notices requiring the company to pay contributions for the hamalis under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The company contested liability, arguing there was no …

The petition, filed by a social welfare organisation, alleged that thousands of migrant workers in stone quarries and crushers in Faridabad were subjected to inhuman conditions, forced labour and bondage, violating their fundamental rights under Articles 21 and 23 of the Constitution. The Court treated the letter addre…

The Calcutta Electricity Supply Corporation (C.E.S.C.) engaged private contractors to excavate, lay and maintain electric lines. The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (E.S.I.C.) directed C.E.S.C. to deduct E.S.I. contributions for the contractors' workers, asserting they were "employees" under Section 2(9) of the …

Shri Narakesari Prakashan Ltd and Nav Samaj Ltd, printers and newspaper publishers, were served a notice to pay Employees' State Insurance (ESI) contributions for their administrative and editorial staff from 28 January 1968. They challenged liability for the period up to 19 November 1976, arguing that such staff were …

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation inspected Mis. Hotel New Nalanda and, noting a refrigerator and grinder, deemed it a "factory" under s.2(12) of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, directing compliance. The hotel contested, asserting it was a tourist home with fewer than ten employees and no manufacturin…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) assessed contribution from Hotel Kalpaka International for the period 11 July 1985 to 31 March 1988 under section 45‑A of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The hotel, which employed more than 20 workers and was covered by the Act, closed its business on 31 March…

Kirloskar Consultants Ltd, a consultancy firm registered as a commercial establishment under the Bombay Shops and Establishments Act, was informed by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) that it was covered by the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 as a 'shop'. The firm began paying contributions but lat…

The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) issued a resolution on 28 February 1976 delegating its power under Section 85‑B of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 to levy damages, to the Director General and authorising him to further delegate that power to any officer. The Director General subsequently author…

Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL), a public sector undertaking, received a notice under Section 45A of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 for non‑payment of ESI contributions for the period 1981‑1991. BHEL argued that the workers were employed by contractors and therefore sought to implead those contractors as…

The appellants, including Checkmate Services Pvt. Ltd., deposited employees' EPF and ESI contributions after the statutory due dates and claimed deductions under s.36(1)(va) of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The Assessing Officer disallowed the deduction, holding that the amounts constituted "income" under s.2(24)(x) and we…

The Regional Director of the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought contributions from Bata Shoe Company’s two factories for bonuses paid to workers, arguing that such bonuses formed part of "wages" under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The factories contended that the bonuses were ex‑gratia or …

The employee, Francis De Costa, was injured in a road accident while riding his own bicycle to work, about one kilometre from his factory and fifteen minutes before his shift began. He claimed disablement benefit under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, and the ESIC Court allowed the claim, which was later dismi…

The employer, H.M.T. Ltd., failed to deposit the Employees' State Insurance contributions within the statutory period, prompting the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) to claim interest and damages under Section 858 of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The Karnataka High Court limited interest to two…

MIS Srinivasa Rice Mill was brought under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 on 1 August 2000. The ESIC had inspected the mill before that date and, based on the inspection, issued a show‑cause notice under section 85(g) threatening criminal prosecution for failure to pay contributions. The mill challenged the no…

Mr. A. Trehan, an employee of M/s. Associated Electrical Agencies, suffered a serious eye injury while repairing a television. As an insured person under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Act, 1948, he received benefits from the ESI Corporation and later filed a claim for additional compensation under the Workmen's …

The appellant, father of a deceased employee, claimed compensation under the Employees' Compensation Act, 1923 after the employee died in a road accident while returning from a field assignment. The Commissioner and the High Court dismissed the claim, holding the accident was not "arising out of and in the course of em…

The Osmania University’s Department of Publications and Press operates printing presses employing about 100 workers. The university challenged the applicability of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 to its employees, arguing that the department did not constitute a "factory". The Supreme Court examined the defini…

Kishore Lal, an employee insured under the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) scheme, complained that his wife received negligent medical treatment at an ESI dispensary, leading to her condition worsening. He filed a complaint before the District Consumer Disputes Redressal Forum seeking compensation for negligence, but …

The Employees State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) inspected Texmo Industries and found that the company had underpaid ESI contributions by including conveyance allowance in the wage base. Texmo contested, arguing that conveyance allowance is not "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. Th…

The appellant, Whirlpool of India Ltd., paid its workers a quarterly production incentive under a scheme in addition to normal wages. The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) treated these incentives as "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 and demanded contribution to the ESI…

Female workers employed on a daily‑wage muster roll by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi were denied maternity benefits that regular female employees received. The Industrial Tribunal held that these workers were entitled to the benefits under the Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 and directed the corporation to extend them…

The Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) sought recovery of employer contributions from M/S F. Fibre Bangalore (P) Ltd., which disputed the liability and quantum of the contribution. The dispute centered on whether, under Section 75 of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, the corporation or the employer m…

M/s. Goetze (India) Ltd. was directed by the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) to pay contributions on the efficiency bonus component for the period 1988-1994 under the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. After re‑verification, the employer paid the assessed amount in 1997 but ESIC later demanded interest…

P.B. Krishnankutty Nair, a former employee covered under the Employees State Insurance (ESI) scheme, suffered an accident on 15 June 1990 and claimed disability benefit. He had ceased to be an employee on 1 October 1989 because his salary exceeded the cut‑off wage, but his contribution period as an insured person conti…

The appellants, employers, had their regular employees perform overtime work and paid them overtime wages as per an agreement. The question before the Supreme Court was whether such overtime remuneration falls within the definition of "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948, especially wh…

The deceased employee was killed in a road accident involving a BSF truck. The dependents filed a claim for compensation under Section 173 of the Motor Vehicles Act before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, which awarded Rs.1,20,000. The insurer challenged the claim, contending that Section 53 of the Employees' State …

The Transport Corporation of India, a public carrier with its registered head office in Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh, was covered by a notification issued by the Andhra Pradesh Government under Section 1(5) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The corporation argued that this notification should not extend to i…

The employee of J&P Coats was struck by his employer's lorry while riding his bicycle on a public road 1 km from the factory, fifteen minutes before his shift began. He claimed disability benefits under the Employees' State Insurance Act, arguing that the injury occurred in the course of his employment. The corporation…

The Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) observed that Venus Alloy Pvt. Ltd., though covered under the Employees’ State Insurance Act, 1948, had not paid ESI contributions on the remuneration paid to its directors. ESIC issued an order on 6 April 2005 directing the company to make the contribution, which the c…

The Supreme Court examined whether the term "wages" under Section 2(22) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 encompasses various allowances such as House Rent Allowance, Night Shift Allowance, Heat, Gas and Dust Allowance and Incentive Allowance. The Court held that the Act, being a social‑welfare legislation, g…

The appellant, a three‑star hotel, collected a compulsory 10% service charge on customer bills and distributed the amount quarterly among its employees. The issue before the Supreme Court was whether such service charges constitute "wages" under section 2(22) of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The ESI Court a…

Wellman (India) Pvt. Ltd. entered into a settlement with its workers' union in 1966 that created an attendance bonus scheme, which became an express term of the employment contract. The company sought a declaration from the Employees' Insurance Court that the Employees' State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) could not dema…

The appellant sought to enforce an auction sale of a plot in Kanpur that had been conducted to recover land revenue under the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948. The auction was held a day after notice, the successful bidder deposited the required 25% by cheque and later by bank draft, both of which were rejected, and…

Bombay Anand Bhavan Restaurant, a proprietorship engaged in preparing sweets, savories, coffee and tea, employed more than ten workers and used LPG gas to operate a bottle cooler and coffee roaster. The Deputy Director of the Employees' State Insurance (ESI) Corporation directed the restaurant to pay contributions unde…

The case concerned whether M/s Endocrinology and Immunology Lab, a pathological laboratory, fell within the ambit of the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948 and, if so, from which date. The High Court had held that the lab was covered from 6 September 2007 under a Kerala government notification that extended the Act t…

Zuari Cement Ltd. had previously obtained exemption from the Employees State Insurance (ESI) scheme under Section 87 of the Employees State Insurance Act, 1948 for 1986‑1993, but its application for renewal for 1993‑2001 was rejected, leading to demand notices for contributions. The High Court directed the company to a…

The case concerned a tea estate (Mathura Tea Estate) that defaulted on EPF contributions. After the estate was taken over by Eveready Industries (later McLeod Russel India Ltd.), the new management argued it was not the "employer" liable for damages under Section 148 of the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous …

The Municipal Committee of Abohar operates the Patel Water Works and sought to exclude its water‑department employees from the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. The Committee objected when a notice under Section 45‑A of the Act was issued, leading to an appeal under Section 75 after the Insurance Court affirmed the…

Koluthara Exports Ltd., a dealer engaged in buying and exporting fish, was served with a notice under Section 4(2) of the Kerala Fishermen's Welfare Fund Act, 1985 requiring it to contribute one per cent of its sales proceeds to a welfare fund for fishermen. The company challenged the constitutional validity of this co…