Supreme Court of India
IQRAMversusTHE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS
- Citation
- 2022 INSC 1295
- Decided
- 16 December 2022
- Disposal
- Appeal(s) allowed
- Bench
- D Y CHANDRACHUD
Holding
Section 427(1) CrPC grants the court discretionary power to order subsequent sentences to run concurrently, and a specific direction is required; failure to give such direction constitutes a miscarriage of justice.
Summary
The appellant was convicted in nine separate sessions trials for theft of electricity equipment, each resulting in a two‑year simple imprisonment under Section 136 of the Electricity Act. The trial judge ordered that time spent as an under‑trial be set off against each sentence and that sentences for offences under Section 136 and Section 411 IPC run concurrently, but did not expressly invoke Section 427(1) of the CrPC to make all subsequent sentences concurrent. The appellant filed a habeas corpus petition under Article 226, arguing that the nine sentences should run concurrently, not consecutively, which would otherwise total 18 years of imprisonment. The High Court held that, per Section 427, each subsequent sentence must commence after the previous one ends, thereby ordering consecutive sentences. On appeal, the Supreme Court clarified that Section 427(1) confers a discretionary power on the court to direct concurrent running of subsequent sentences, and that the trial court’s failure to give a specific direction amounted to a miscarriage of justice. Relying on the precedent in Mohd Zahid v. State, the Court held that the discretion must be exercised judiciously and a clear order is required. Consequently, the Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s decision and directed that all nine sentences run concurrently, allowing the appellant’s release.
Issues considered
- Whether the trial court’s omission of a specific direction under Section 427(1) CrPC to make subsequent sentences concurrent amounts to a miscarriage of justice.
- Whether the High Court erred in interpreting Section 427 as mandating consecutive sentences in the absence of an explicit direction.
- Whether the discretion under Section 427(1) CrPC can be exercised to order concurrent sentences for multiple convictions arising from distinct FIRs.
Legislation cited
- Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 265-G, s. 31, s. 427, s. 428
- Electricity Acts. 136
- Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 411
Subjects
concurrent sentencingSection 427 CrPCmiscarriage of justicepersonal libertyelectricity thefthabeas corpusmultiple convictionsplea bargain
Judgment
[2022] 16 S.C.R. 51 51
IQRAM A
v.
THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS
(Criminal Appeal No. 2319 of 2022)
DECEMBER 16, 2022 B
[DR DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, CJI AND
PAMIDIGHANTAM SRI NARASIMHA, J.]
Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 – s. 427 – Sentences in multiple
trials – Appellant sought concurrent running of sentences – The
C
appellant was charged and put to trial in respect of the nine distinct
FIRs relating to incidents involving theft of electricity equipments –
Nine Session trials were conducted and consequently the accused
was convicted by nine separate judgments – No specific direction
was issued by the trial Court as to allow the subsequent sentences
to run concurrently – Net consequence of the position emerged that D
appellant had to undergo a total term of imprisonment of 18 years
– Writ petition before the High Court – The High Court held that in
view of the s.427 of Cr.P.C each subsequent term of conviction has
to commence at the expiration of imprisonment currently undergone
by the appellant – On appeal, held: s. 427 confers a discretion on
E
the court to direct that the subsequent sentence following a conviction
shall run concurrently with the previous sentence – The High Court
ought to have noticed the serious miscarriage of justice which would
occur consequent upon the trial court not having exercised
specifically its discretion within the ambit of s.427(1) – The right to
personal liberty is a precious and inalienable right recognized by F
the Constitution – The High Court ought to have intervened by setting
right the miscarriage of justice which would occur in the above
manner, leaving the appellant to remain incarcerated for a period
of 18 years – Sentences directed to be run concurrently – Impugned
judgment of the High Court set aside – Electricity Act.
G
Mohd Zahid v. State through NCB 2021 SCC OnLine
SC 1183 – relied on.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal No.
2319 of 2022.
H
51
52 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 16 S.C.R.
A From the Judgment and Order dated 24.03.2022 of the High Court
of Judicature for UP at Allahabad in Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No.
460 of 2021.
Md. Anas Chaudhary, Ms. Shehla Chaudhary, Ansar Ahmad
Chaudhary, Advs. for the Appellant.
B Sarvesh Singh Baghel, Divyanshu Sahay, Advs. for the
Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
DR DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, CJI
C 1. Leave granted.
2. The facts of the present case provide another instance, a glaring
one at that, indicating a justification for this Court to exercise its jurisdiction
as a protector of the fundamental right to life and personal liberty inhering
in every citizen. If the Court were not to do so, a serious miscarriage of
D justice of the nature which has emerged in the present case would be
allowed to persist and the voice of a citizen whose liberty has been
abrogated would receive no attention. The history of this Court indicates
that it is in the seemingly small and routine matters involving grievances
of citizens that issues of moment, both in jurisprudential and constitutional
terms, emerge. The intervention by this Court to protect the liberty of
E
citizens is hence founded on sound constitutional principles embodied in
Part III of the Constitution. The Court is entrusted with judicial powers
under Article 32 and Article 136 of the Constitution of India. The right to
personal liberty is a precious and inalienable right recognised by the
Constitution. In attending to such grievances, the Supreme Court performs
F a plain constitutional duty, obligation and function; no more and no less.
3. The appellant was charged with and put to trial in respect of
nine distinct first information reports relating to alleged incidents involving
the theft of electricity equipment belonging to the Electricity Department
of the State of Uttar Pradesh.
G 4. Nine sessions trials were conducted by the Additional District
and Sessions Judge-I, Hapur1. The number of accused in each of the
sessions trial varies. The appellant was the constant feature in all the
nine trials.
1
H SST Nos 441, 442, 443, 444, 445, 446, 447, 448 and 467 of 2020
IQRAM v. THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. 53
[DR DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, CJI]
5. The appellant agreed to a plea bargain. The Additional District A
and Sessions Judge, Hapur by nine separate judgments dated 5 November
2020, convicted the accused. The appellant was convicted of an offence
under Section 136 of the Electricity Act. The accused had been confined
in jail as under-trials for varying periods. The Additional Sessions Judge
sentenced the appellant to two years’ simple imprisonment together with
B
a fine of Rs 1000/- in each of the nine cases. The Sessions Judge,
however, directed that the period of custody as an under-trial shall be
set off against the period of sentence. Where the conviction was of an
offence under Section 136 of the Electricity and Section 411 of the Indian
Penal Code, the trial Judge directed that the sentence shall run
concurrently. C
6. The appellant is in jail for a period of three years. The appellant
moved a petition under Article 226 of the Constitution of India, being
Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No 460 of 2021, before the High Court of
Judicature at Allahabad. The High Court noted that the writ petition was
filed on the premise that the sentences of the appellant in nine separate D
and distinct cases should run concurrently. The grievance of the appellant
was that the jail authorities were not justified in treating the sentences to
be consecutive.
7. The Division Bench of the High Court has come to the conclusion
that in view of the provisions of Section 427 of the Code of Criminal E
Procedure 19732, each subsequent term of conviction has to commence
at the expiration of the imprisonment currently being undergone by the
appellant.
8. The net consequence of the position, as it emerges, is that the
appellant would have to undergo a total term of imprisonment of 18 F
years in respect of the nine convictions for offences under Section 136
of the Electricity Act and cognate provisions.
9. The plea bargain was with reference to the provisions of Chapter
XXI-A of the CrPC. Section 265-G stipulates that the judgment delivered
by the Court shall be final and no appeal (except a Special Leave Petition G
under Article 136 and a Writ Petition under Articles 226 and 227 of the
Constitution) shall lie in any court against such a judgment.
10. Section 427 provides that when a person already undergoing
a sentence of imprisonment is sentenced on a subsequent conviction to
2
“CrPC” H
54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2022] 16 S.C.R.
A imprisonment or imprisonment for life, such imprisonment or imprisonment
for life shall commence at the expiration of the imprisonment to which
he has been previously sentenced, unless the court directs that the
subsequent sentence shall run concurrently with such previous sentence.
In other words, sub-section (1) of Section 427 confers a discretion on
the court to direct that the subsequent sentence following a conviction
B
shall run concurrently with the previous sentence.
11. In Mohd Zahid Vs State through NCB3, this Court interpreted
the provisions of Section 427 of CrPC after duly considering the
precedents in the following terms :
C “33. Thus from the aforesaid decisions of this Court, the principles
of law that emerge are as under:
(i) if a person already undergoing a sentence of imprisonment
is sentenced on a subsequent conviction to imprisonment,
such subsequent term of imprisonment would normally
D commence at the expiration of the imprisonment to which
he was previously sentenced;
(ii) ordinarily the subsequent sentence would commence at the
expiration of the first term of imprisonment unless the court
directs the subsequent sentence to run concurrently with
E the previous sentence;
(iii) the general rule is that where there are different transactions,
different crime numbers and cases have been decided by
the different judgments, concurrent sentence cannot be
awarded under Section 427 Cr.P.C.;
F (iv) under Section 427(1) of Cr.PC the court has the power and
discretion to issue a direction that all the subsequent
sentences run concurrently with the previous sentence,
however discretion has to be exercised judiciously depending
upon the nature of the offence or the offences committed
and the facts in situation. However, there must be a specific
G
direction or order by the court that the subsequent sentence
to run concurrently with the previous sentence.”
12. The Trial judge, in the present case, granted a set off within
the ambit of Section 428/Section 31 CrPC. No specific direction was
3
H 2021 SCC OnLine SC 1183
IQRAM v. THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH & ORS. 55
[DR DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, CJI]
issued by the trial court within the ambit of Section 427(1) so as to allow A
the subsequent sentences to run concurrently. All the convictions took
place on the same day.
13. Once the petitioner espoused the remedy of moving a Writ
Petition under Article 226 of the Constitution, the High Court ought to
have noticed the serious miscarriage of justice which would occur B
consequent upon the trial court not having exercised specifically its
discretion within the ambit of Section 427(1). When the appellant moved
the High Court, he was aggrieved by the conduct of the jail authorities in
construing the direction of the trial court to mean that each of the
sentences would run consecutively at the end of the term of previous
sentence and conviction. The High Court ought to have intervened in C
the exercise of its jurisdiction by setting right the miscarriage of justice
which would occur in the above manner, leaving the appellant to remain
incarcerated for a period of 18 years in respect of his conviction and
sentence in the nine sessions trials for offences essentially under the
Electricity Act. D
14. In view of the above discussion, we allow the appeal and set
aside the impugned judgment of the High Court dated 24 March 2022.
We order and direct that the sentences which have been imposed on the
appellant in the nine sessions trials noticed in the earlier part of this
judgment shall run concurrently. E
15. The jail authorities shall now act immediately on the production
of a certified copy of this order.
16. Pending applications, if any, stand disposed of.
F
Ankit Gyan Appeal allowed.
(Assisted by : Rahul Rathi, LCRA)
G
H
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