P.CHANDRAMOULYversusUNION OF INDIA AND ANR.

                            P.CHANDRAMOULY                                         A
                                    v.
~                        UNION OF INDIA AND ANR.

                                  JULY 22, 1994

                   [M.M. PUNCHHI AND K.J. REDDY, JJ.]                              B

          Service Law-Army Act. 1950-Act applicable to General Reserve Engi-
    neers Force-Court-Martial constituted under warrant of Chief of the Army
    Staff-Authority to the Chief Engineer to conduct the Court-MartiaHegality
    of                                                                             c
          Army Ac~ 1950-Sec. 63 as applied to General Reserve Engineers Force
    by a Central Government order dated 23.06.1990-Substitution of "Discipline"
    for "Military Discipline''-Effect of punishment under Sec. 71(c)-Excepting
    application of Sec. 71(d) to (h)-Effect of
                                                                                   D
         Army Act, 1950-Secs. 164 & 165-Confirming Authority-Whether
    bound to give reasons for decision.

         Constitution of India, 1950-Article 136-Arguments under Special
    Leave Petition-Scope of-Limite<l--Transgresse~sts imposed.
                                                                                   E
          The appellants, members of the General Reserve Engineers Force
    (GREF) committed offences punishable under Secs. 63 39(a) & 41 of the
    Army Act. Six charges were framed and they were convicted under all six
    counts by the Court-Martial. In an appeal before the High Court, convic-
    lion with relation to one count was quashed. Appeals by the Central
    Government against quashing of the conviction and the other by the appel-      F
    lants for quashing of convictions on remaining five counts were filed before
    the Division Bench. The D.B. on reappraisal of the entire matter held as
    established all the six counts. It confirmed the requirement of a speaking
    order by the Confirming Authority under Secs. 164 & 165 of the Army Act.
    However, maintaining the convictions the court recommended commuta-            G
    lion of sentence.
'
          In the Supreme Court the plea of the appellants was that the Court·
    Martial set up under a warrant of the Chief of the Army Staff authorising
    the Chief Engineer to conduct it was not legally constituted under the Army
    Act since there was no parallel officer of an Army rank posted in the GREF.    H
                                          43
    44                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A   Also, that the substitution of the word 'military discipline' by 'discipline' in
    the Army Act as applicable to GREF relaxed the strict standards of order
    and discipline expected from them.
                                                                                       ..
          Dismissing the appeal, this court

B         HELD : 1.1. Raising objections to jurisdiction was not available to
    the appellants because of the settled positiou in law that the GREF was
    part and parcel of the Armed forces to which the Army Act was applicable.
                                                                    [46-G, HJ
          1.2. With the applicability of the Army Act the Chief of the Army Staff
C besides the Central Government could issue a warrant for convening a
    Court-Martial. Anyone from the personnel directly governed. under Army
    Act as also the personnel to which the Army Act stood extended could be
    authorised'. The Chief Engineer could be issued a warrant as he was on the
    roll of the Force to which the Army Act had been extended. [47-C]

D         R. Viswan v. Union of India, [1983] 3 SCR 60 and Devi Prasad Mishra
    v. Union of India, W.P.(Crl) No. 1020of1978, followed.

          1.3. Section 63 of the Army Act was applicable to members of GREF
    and they could be tried for any act or omission which, though not specified
    in the Act, was prejudicial to good order and discipline. The dropping of
E   the word 'military' from the text of Section 63 enlarged its scope for it
    obligated maintenance of discipline in a wider sense. Even ordinary dis·
    cipline expected to be observed by the members of GREF, when violated,
    would attract the jurisdiction of the Court-Martial which was empowered
    to impose sentences ofimprisonmeut. [48-A to CJ

F         1.4. Other punishments enumerated in the Army Act had been ex-
    cepted from application to GREF. Those could not be imposed by the
    Court-Martial insofar as members of GREF were concerned and the
    Central Civil Services (CCAJ Rules came into fill the vacuum. The mem·
    hers of GREF were not due for a better treatment than ordinary govern·
G   ment servants who had to suffer disciplinary action under the said rules on
    the basis of criminal convictions. [48-E, F]

         2. There was no express obligation imposed by Section 164 or Section
    165 of the Army Act on the confirming authority or upon the Central
    Government. to give reasons in support of its decision to confirm the
H   proceedings of the Court-Martial. Absence of a speaking order did not
                          P. CHANDRAMOULY 1·. U.0.1.                          45

     th"·art judicial r~rie'"·, if it "'as undertaken, since the parent order was   A
     al>nl)'S available to build arguments upon. [49-B, C]
'          Sum Daua v. Union of India, (1969] 2 SCR 177, followed.

           3. Under terms of the Special Leave, there being limitations within
     which the debate could go on and were not adhered to, costs are awarded        B
     due to excessive time of the court being employed. [49-E]

           CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal
     Nos. 623-24 of 1987.

         From the judgment and order dated 31.3.1987 of the High Court of           C
     Gauhati in W.P. No. 2/80 and 3/80 disposed collectively.
                                       WITH
           Criminal Appeal Nos. 620-22 of 1987 and Criminal Appeal No. 625
     of 1987.
                                                                                    D
          B.B. Verma, Ravi Varma, Seshadri S. Ray, Ms. Rakhi Varma and
     Ms. Mridula Ray for the Appellants.

          Mrs. K. Amareshwari, Ms. Anil Katiyar and Wasim Quadri for the
     respondent and appellant in Cr!. Appeal No. 625/87.

           The following Order of the Court was delivered :                         E

           Criminal Appeal Nos. 620 to 622 of 1987 on behalf of three members
     of the General Reserve Engineers Force, Criminal Appeals Nos. 623-624
     by one more such member and Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1987 by the
     Union of India are against the common judgment and order dated
     31.3.1987 passed by a Division Bench of the Gauhati High Court in Writ
                                                                                    F
     Appeals Nos. 1, 2 and 3 of 1980.

           The four appellants, members of the General Reserve Enginners
     Force (hereinafter referred to as the Force) were accused of having com-
     mitted offences punishable udner Section 63 of the Army Act under four         G
.t   counts, as also under Section 39(a) and 41 of the said A.ct under one count
     each. For the six charges framed they were tried by a Court Martial and
     convicted under all the six counts and awarded sentences of imprisonment.
     They invoked the jurisdiction of the Central Government under Sectiops 164
     and 165 of the Army Act, 1950 but with no success. They filed two separate
     writ petitions before the Gauhati High Court challenging .their convictions    H
    46                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A and sentences. The writ petitions to the officers were accepted partially to
    the extent that offence under Section 63 in relation to one count was
    quashed. The learned Single Judge also took the \iew that orders of the
    Competent Authority under Sections 164 and 165 of the Army Act required
    a speaking order. The learned Single Judge in relation to the other charges
    suggested to the Competent Authority whether it would be worthwhile to
B   keep operating the sentences imposed under other charges due to the quash-
    ing of one of the charges under Section 63 of the Act. Against the partial
    acceptance of their writ petitions, the four officers filed their respective
    letters patent appeals before the Division Bench of that Court as did the
    Union of India, aggrieved as it was against the quashing of charge under one
c   count under.Section 63 of the Act. The Division Bench on reappraisal of the
    entire matter camo to the conclusion that all the six charges against the
    officers stood established and that there was no occasion for the learned
    Single Judge to have quashed one charge. While doing so it agreed with the
    learned Single Judge that the Authority exercising jurisdiction under Sec-
    tions 164 and 165 of the Army Act was required to pass a speaking order. All
D   the same, the convictions and sentences were maintained despite the re-
    quirement of the Authority passing a speaking order. Recommendation,
    however, as made to the Union of India that it was a case where sentences of
    the officers deserve commuting. We are told that the Union of India accept-
    ing the suggestion commutted accordingly the sentences of imprisonment of
E   the four members and they are at large.

            It is the conceded case of the officer-appellants that the provisions of
     the Army Act, subject to some exceptions are applicable to the Force with
     effect from 23.9.1960. The offences herein were committed in the year 1971.
     The plea of the appellants is that the Court-Martial set up under a warrant
F    of the Chief of the Army Staff, authorising the Chief Engineer to conduct it,
     was not legally consitituted under the Army Act since there was no parallel
     officer of an Army rank posted in the Force. It is stated that this objection to
     jurisdiction was taken before the Court Martial but not ignored. The
     appellants' learned counsel was unable to support his contention. We do not
G    find any material in support thereof becanse the proceedings of the Conrt
     Martial have not been placed before us as part of the record. The judgment
     under appeal is also not reflective of the question of jurisdiction having been
     raised in such manner. Even otherwise it is not available to the appellants
     because of the settled position in law that the General Reserve Engineers
     Force is part and parcel of the Armed Forces to which the Army Act is
H    applicable. fo this connection R Vuwan & Ors. v. The Union of bidia & Ors.,
                      P. CHANDRAMOUL Y v. U.0.1.                           47

(1983) 3 S.C.R. 60 and Devi Prasad Mishra v. Union of India and Ors., S.L.P. A
(Crl.) No. 1020 of 1978 may with advantage be seen. Such argument is not
open to the appellants. The ancillary question raised that those judgments
applied prospectively and did not cover the state of law as existing prior
thereto and the instant being a case which arose priorly is to be noted and
rejected. That Court, in those cases, not only declared the state of law as
existing but interpreted it to have always existed from the date of the notifica- B
tion applying the Army Act to the Fo~ce.

       Undeniably, when the Army Act is applicable, the Chief of the Army
Staff is the person, besides the Central Government, to issue a warrant for
convening a Court-Martial. He can, therefore, authorise not only anyone         C .
from the personnel directly governed under the Army Act but also from
the personnel to which the Army Act stands extended. Here the Chief
Engineer could be issued a warrant for the purpose being on the roll of
the Force to which the Army Act had been extended. The argument thus
being of no substance is rejected.
                                                                                D
      Lastly, it has been contended on behalf of the appeallants that while
these appeals were pending in this Court they have been served Show
 Cause Notices under the Central Civil Services (Classification, Control and
Appeal) Rules so as to take disciplinary action against them on the basis
of their convictions. It has been urged that offence of violation of good E
order and discipline punishable under Section 63 of the Army Act had
come to be committed because the appelllants genuinely believed that they
were not members of the Armed Forces and thus not bound by the strict
standards of good order and discipline as expected from the Armed
Forces. Now while proceeding with this judgment our attention has been
drawn to the limited leave granted in these matters, only on two questions. F
One of the questions is to examine the effect of substitution of the word
'discipline' in place of the expression 'military discipline' in Section 63 of
the Act by order of the Central Government dated September 23, 1960
issued in exercise of the powers conferred under Section 4(1) of the Act,
as applicable to the members belonging the General Reserve Engineers G
Force and questions incidental thereto. It was also made clear that such
grant of leave would not enti!le the parties to re-open the questions
decided by the Constitution Bench in R. Viswan & Ors. v. Union of India
& Ors., yet the learned counsel for the appellants went on raising the
question of applicability of the Army Act to the members of the General
Reserve Engineers Force and transgressed the limits of special leave. H
    48                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Keeping that apart, Section 63 of the Act nevertheless is applicable to the
    members of the Force and they can be tried for any act or omission which,
    though not specified in the Act, is prejudicial to good order and discipline
    and can be convicted by a Court-Martial and be held liable to suffer
                                                                                      •
    imprisonment for a term which may extend to seven years or less. As we
    view it, the dropping of the word 'military' from the text of Section 63
B   rather enlarges its scops in a sense for it obligates maintenance of discipline
    in a wider sense. It may be true, as has been contended by the learned
    counsel for the appellants, that the discipline envisaged for the Engineers
    Force cannot be of such strict standards as is regimental or military
    discipline but it is, however, forgotten when so canvassing that even ordi-
C   nary discipline, which is expected to be observed by the members of the
    Engineers Force, when violated, would attract the jurisdiction of the Court-
    Martial which is empowered to impose sentences of imprisonment. Such
    imprisonment is extendable upto seven years and can be either rigorous or
    simple as is plain from the language of Section· 71( c) of the Army Act.
D   Other punishments enumerated in clauses (d), (e), (f), (g) and (h) of
    Section 71, though forming part of the Army Act, are excepted from
    application to the Enginners Force. Those are cashiering, dismissal from
    service, reduction in rank, forfeiture of seniority of rank or forfeiture of
    service. These cannot be imposes by the Court Martial when trying offences
    against the members of the Engineers Force. Since these punishments do
E   not fall within the domain of the Court- Martial insofar as members of the
    Engineers Force d!e concerned, then obviously the Central Civil Services
    {C.C.A.) Rules come in to fill the vacuum. The members of the Engineers
    Force are not due for a better treatment than ordinary Government
    servants who have to suffer disciplinary action under the said Rules on the
F   basis of criminal convictions. Therefore, we are of the considered view t~t
    the expression 'military discipline' when substituted as 'discipline' for the
    purpose of the Engineers Force serves the purpose above-mentioned. It
    goes without saying that the behaviour of the members of the Engineers
    Force subjected to good order and discipline cannot work to its prejudice.
    Anyone violating that good order and discipline would thus have to suffer.
G   We hold accordingly.

        The second question on which the limited leave was granted was to
                                                                                      •
  discover the. duty of the Confirming Authority to pass a reasoned order
  under Sections 150, 154 and 164 of the Act. The understanding of Sections
H 154, 164 of the Act would govern the role assigned under Section 165 of


               '
                     P.CHANDRAMOULY v. U.O.l.                            49

the Act. These provisions do not specifically require any speaking order to A
be passed. The learned Single Judge as also the Division Bench of the High
Court opined that pa_ssing of a speaking order would be necessary. The
High Court has taken this view against the Constitution Bench of this Court
in Som Datta v. Union of India & Ors., [1969] 2 S.C.R. 177 wherein it has
been authoritatively held that there is no express obligation imposed by B
Section 164 or Section 165 of the Army Act on the Confirming Authority
or upon the Central Government to give reasons in support of its decision
to confirm the proceedings of the Court-Martial. Before the Constitution
Bench, as here, no provision of the Act or any Rule made thereunder has
been shown from which implication can be drawn that such a duty was cast
upon the Government and the Confirming Authority. This Bench is bound C
by the view express by the Constitution Bench. Additionally, we do not see
that absence of a speaking order, in these circumstances, in any way thwarts
judicial review - should the court undertake the exercise - since the parent
order is always available to build argument• upon. This part of the view of
the High Court relating to the passing of the speaking order, we cannot D
approve and thus we set it aside retrieving it from the judgment under
appeal.

       Before we part with the judgment, we need to observe that much of
our time was employed by learned counsel without bringing to our notice
the limitations within which the debate could go on terms of the special       E
leave. Therefore, we are constrained to awa.-d costs. Criminal Appeals Nos.
620 to 624 are, therefore, dismissed with costs which we 'quantify at Rs.
5,000.

      Criminal Appeal No. 625 of 1987 filed on behalf 'of the Union of
India is allowed in the above terms. In this appeal there shall be no costs.   F
A.G.                                                     Appeal dismissed.