Holding

Enforcement of a foreign arbitral award under the Foreign Awards Act is confined to the grounds enumerated in Section 7, "public policy" refers solely to Indian public policy, and none of Renusagar's objections satisfy those grounds, so the award is enforceable with conversion at the date of the decree and future interest at 18% per annum.

Summary

Renusagar Power Co. entered into a contract with General Electric for the supply of equipment for a power plant, which later gave rise to disputes and an ICC arbitration. The arbitral tribunal awarded US$12,215,622.14, including regular interest, delinquent interest, compensatory damages, and costs. Renusagar challenged the award in Indian courts on grounds that it could not present its case before the tribunal, that enforcement would violate the public policy of New York, that the award contravened FERA, and that the award of compound interest and damages on damages was against Indian public policy. The Supreme Court held that enforcement proceedings under the Foreign Awards Act are limited to the grounds listed in Section 7 and cannot impeach the award on its merits, that "public policy" in Section 7(1)(b)(ii) refers only to Indian public policy, and that none of Renusagar's objections were substantiated. Consequently, the award was upheld, the conversion rate was fixed as the date of the decree, and interest pendente lite was not awarded, with future interest set at 18% per annum.

Issues considered

The scope of enquiry in enforcement proceedings under Section 5 and Section 7 of the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 – whether the award can be challenged on its merits.
Whether Renusagar was denied a chance to present its case before the arbitral tribunal (Section 7(1)(a)(ii)).
Whether enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy of the State of New York (Section 7(1)(b)(ii)).
The proper meaning of "public policy" in Section 7(1)(b)(ii) – does it include foreign public policy?
Whether the award violates the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) and thus Indian public policy.
Whether the award of compound interest, damages on damages and alleged unjust enrichment are contrary to Indian public policy.
Which law governs the conversion of the award from US dollars to Indian rupees – date of breach, date of decree, or date of payment.
Whether the Forasol decision on conversion rate needs reconsideration.
Whether interest pendente lite and future interest should be awarded.

Legislation cited

Arbitration Act, 1940
Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937s. 7
Constitution of Indias. Article 134-A
Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961s. 4(1), s. 5, s. 6(1), s. 7(1)(a)(ii), s. 7(1)(b)(ii), s. 8(1)(a)
Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA)s. 47(3), s. 9(1)
Interest Act, 1978s. 3(3)(c)

Subjects

foreign award enforcementpublic policyForeign Awards ActFERAcompound interestunjust enrichmentconversion rateinterest pendente litefuture interestICC arbitrationNew York law

Judgment

A RENUSAGAR POWER CO. LTD. ETC.
. ~

v.
GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. ETC.

OCTOBER 17, 1993

B [M.N. VENKATACHALIAH C.J., S.C. AGARAWAL
AND DR. AS. ANAND, JJ.]

Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforceme!Jt} Act, 1961 Ss.5, 7
'Scope of Enquiry in proceedings for enforcement of ward-Held, limited to
c grounds mentioned in S. 7; does not pennit impeachm-ent of award on merits.

Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 s.7 (1) (b)
(ii)-Enforcement of award objected to as being contrary to public policy of
India as well as State of New York-Held, the words 'public' refer to the public
policy of India and not of the State of New York whose law governs t~e
D contract.

Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 S.7 (1) (b) ~-
(ii)-Enforcement of award objected to as violating the Foreign public policy
of India-Held, violation of FERA would be contrary to public policy but on
E facts the present award would not involve any such violation.

Foreign Exchange Regulation Act,-Ss.9(1), 47(3)-Government ap-
proving foreign contract but not approving rescheduling of payments there-
under-Whether payments made would violate FERA-Held, no; government
not precluded from granting pennission under S.47(3) for enforcement of
F award. - ""

Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 S.7(1) (b)
(ii)-Interest Act, 1978 S.3(3) (c)-Foreign award providing for compound
interest-En/orcement of award objected to as being contrary to public
policy-Held, awarding of compound interest not against public policy of
G India.
{' ·

Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 S.7 (1) (b)
(ii}-Non-deduction from the final amount awarded of tax payable by foreign ~
party to its government on regular and delinquent interest-Held, does not
H amount to unjust enrichment.
22
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. 23

·Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 S.7(1) (a) A
(ii)--Bar to enforcement of foreign award on the ground that patty unable to
present its case before arbitral ttibwiaf-Patty staying away from heating on
the ground that ttibunal had become functus officio-Ttibunal proceeding
with heating after ovenuling the objection-Held, Ttibunal not required to give
patty further notice of hearing.
B
Foreign Award (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
S.4( 1)-Relevant date for conversion of amount awarded in foreign cu"ency
to Indian cu"ency-Held, a matter of procedure; conversion should be on the
basis of exchange rate prevailing on date of decree made in terms of the
award. C

. Pursuant to negotiations and approval by the Government of India
on January 2, 1964? Renusagar Power Co. Ltd. ('Renusagar') and General
Electric Company, U.S.A. ('General Electric') entered into a contract on
August 24, 1964 under which General Electric was to supply Renusagar D
equipment and power services for setting up a thermal power plant at
Renukoot in Uttar P.radesh. All items of equipment were to be delivered at
New York not later than fifteen months from the contract effective date
i.e.December 31, 1964. Ten per cent of the total contract price of U.S.$
13,195,000 was to be paid in cash or by Letter of Credit. The balance ninety
per cent together with interest at 6-1/2 % per annum from the 16th to 30th E
month of the contract effective data totalling US $ 12,176,058.75 was to be
· paid in sixteen equal six- monthly instalments commencing from the expiry
of 30 months from the contract effective date i.e from June 30, 1967, the
last instalment payable on the expiry of the 120th month thereafter i.e. on
December 31, 1974. Renusagar was to execute unconditional negotiable F
promissory notes in respect of the instalments each note being uncon-
ditionaly guaranteed by United Commercial Bank.

In the event of General Electric receiving exemption from Govern-
ment of India from payment of income tax on interest payments by
Renusagar, the interest rate on such of those promissory notes exempted G
would be reduced to 6%. If no exemption was granted, Renusagar would
furnish General Electric receipts on all withheld amounts paid to Govern-
ment of India. The rights and obligations of the parties were to be governed
by the laws of the State of New York, U.S.A. Unresolvable disputes arising
out of the contract were to be settled in accordance with the Arbitration H
24 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
... r

A Rules of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC).

After initially granting exemption from payment of income_ tax by
General Electric on the interest payments by Renusagar, the Government
of India on September J.1, 1969 withdrew the exemption. Renusagar then
moved the Delhi High Court which on May 18, 1970 suspended the
B withdrawal of exemption on Renusagar furnishing security. Renusagar,
however, remitted to General Electric only 27% of amount of interest at
6-1/2 % while withholding 73% being the amount of tax exempted. The High
Court allowed the writ petition on November 17, 1980 as a result of which
the interest liability of Renusagar was reduced to 6%. Despite the Income-
c Tax Department issuing a no-objection certificate for repatriation of the
regular interest amounts, Renusagar did not remit the same to General
Electric.

Due to delay in delivery of equipments, the parties agreed that the
promissory notes would. be recast to a lesser number and payment
D schedules revised. However, the Government of India did not agree and in
the meanwhile the payment by Renusagar of the first, second, forth and
fifth instalments was delayed. On March 1, 1982 General Electric gave
Renusagar notice of its intention to arbitrate and requested the Court of
Arbitration of ICC for arbitration ofthe disputes. Accepting that there was
E ~ prima facie dispute, the ICC appointed the Chairman of the Arbitral
Tribunal which also comprised the two arbitrators nominated by General
. 'Electric and Renusagar respectively.

Contending that the claims referred to arbitration were beyond the
scope of the contract, Renusagar filed a suit in· the Bombay High Court. ....
F After initially granting a stay, the High Court vacated it on the application
made by General Electric. Ultimately this court in Renusagar Power Co.
Ltd. v. General Electric Co. & Anr., (1985) 1 SCR 432 ('Renusagar I') while
dismissing the appeal by Renusagar held that the claims referred by
General Electric to arbitration arose out of and were related to the
G contract.

As a counter move to the suit filed by General Electric in the Clacutta
High Court against United Commercial Bank for enforcement of the Bank
guarantee, Renusagar filed a suit in the court of the Civil Judge, Mirzapur
for a declaration that the said guarantee was unenforceable. With the Civil
H Judge turning down the plea of General Electric for stay of the suit,
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. 25

General Electric approached first the Allahabad High Court and then this A
Court. In General Electlic Co. v. Renusagar Power Co., [1987] 3 SCR 858
('Renusagar II'), this Court allowed the appeal of General Electric and
stayed the suit in the court of the Civil Judge, Mirzapur.

After the decision in Renusagar I, the parties appeared before the
Arbitral Tribunal in Paris for a hearing between February 25 and March B
8, 1995. Prior to next hearing on October 1, 1995, Renusagar's lawyers
informed the Arbitral Tribunal that since the Civil Court, Mirzapur was
in seisin of the whole of the subject matter of the reference, the Tribunal
had become functus officio and no further procededings should be under-
taken by it. At the meeting of the Tribunal on October 1, 1985, General C
Electric appeared but Renusagar did not. After considering the written
submissions of Renusagar, the Tribunal ruled that its jurisdiction
remained and the arbitration would proceed in the absence of Renusagar.
Thereafter the Tribunal gave its award on September 16, 1986 whereunder
Renusagar was to pay General Electric a sum of US $ 12,215,622.14 under D
,.. various heads including regular interest wrongfully withheld, delinquent
interest on late payments of principal, cost of spare parts, compensatory
damages at 8% apart from interest at 8% per annum on each of the above
amounts and costs.

General Electric instituted proceedings in the Bombay High Court E
under S.5 of the Foreign Awards (Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961
('Act') for enforcement of the award. This was resisted by Renusagar inter
alia on the grounds that the enforcement of the award as well as the award
of compensatory damages on various heads would be contrary to public
policy. A Single Judge of the High Court rejected Renusagar's objections F
and held the award to be enforceable and a decree was drawn in terms
thereof. The Division Bench of the High Court, while dismissing
Renusagar's appeal, directed that the date of conversion of the decretal
amount which was in U.S.dollars to Indian rupees shall be the date on
which the Single Judge completed pronouncement of the judgment. The
Division Bench granted Renusagar certificate for appeal to this court. G
Contending that the rate of conversion should be that prevalent on the
date of payment, General Electric also appealed.

In this Court Renusagar contended that the award was unenforce-
able as it had been unable to present its case before the Arbitral Tribunal. H
26 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Had it been put on notice that in the event of the Tribunal negativing its .
objections the Tribunal would proceed with the matter on merits, it would
have been able to decide whether or not to proceed with the merits of the
matter. Secondly the enforcement of the award would be against public
policy. The words' public policy in S.7 (1) (b) (ii) of the Act would include
B the public policy of the State of New York which prohibits the awarding of
compound interest and damages on' damages. No interest was payable for
the period' subsequent to the maturity of the promissory notes. It was also -.
contrary to public policy to not deduct U.S. tax payable by General Electric
from the award amount resulting in unjust enrichment; to award interest
for the period during which the stay granted by the Delhi High Court was
C · operative; to award interest for period during which FERA approval was
awaited and to award unconscionably high costs. Renusagar further con·
tended that the date of breach was the relevant date for conversion of the
amount awarded from U.S.dollars to Indian rupees.

General Electric in reply contended that the scope of enquiry under
D S.S of the Act did not permit a challenge to the award on merits. Public
policy under the Act was that of India and not of the State of New York.
Challenge to the award of compensatory damages, compound interest,
damages on damages pertained to the merits of the award and therefore
impermissible. The Government of India having already approved the
- E original contract, there was no bar to its granting permission under FERA
for remittance o~ interest payments under S.47 (3) thereof. 'The relevant
date for conversion was the date of payment.

:Qismissing the appeals, this court

F HELD: 1. The scope of enquiry before the court in which award is ·
sought to be enforced is limited to grounds mentioned in Section 7 of the
Act and does not enable a party to the said proceedings to impeacli the
award on merits. (59-FJ
.
Alen Redfern and MaTtin Hunter : Law & Practice of International
G commercial Arbitration, 2nd Ed.pp.61-62, 461; Dicey & Morris, The Conflict
of Laws, 11th Ed., Rules 42 to 46, 62 to 64 pp.464 to 476, 558, 559, 572, 578
vol. Il p. 565; Cheshire & North, Private International Law, 12th Ed. pp.368
to 369, 446 and 447; Geneva Convention of 1927 clauses (a) to (e) of Article
I,· Convention on the .8ecognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbiiral
H Awqrds at New York, 1958 ('New York Convention') Article V (1) (a) to (e)
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO. 27

and (2) (a) and (b) and Albe1t Jan van den Berg, New York Arbitration A
Convention of 1958: Towards a Uniform Judicial lmerpretation, p.269,
referred to.

2.1. The expression 'public policy' in Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Act
means the dl'Ctrine of public policy as applied by the courts in India.
Enlarging the field of enquiry to include public policy or the courts whose B
law governs the contract or or the country of place or arbitration, would
run counter to the expressed intent of the legislation. (72-B]

2.2. By using only the words "public policy" in section 7(1) (b) (ii)
and not 'public policy of India' Parliament did not intend to deviate from C
the provisions of the New York Convention contained in Article V (2) (b)
which was the words "public policy of that country" implying public policy
of that country where recognition and enforcement is sought.· (63-CJ

2.3. The enforcement of a foreign award would be refused on the D
ground that it is contrary to public policy if such enforcement would be
contrary to (i) fundamental policy of Indian law; or (ii) the interests of
India; or (iii) justice of morality. Since the expression "public policy"
covers the field not covered by the words " and the law of India" which
follows the said expression, contravention of law alone willl not attract the
bar of public policy and something more than contravention of law is E
required. (73-D, 72-G]

V/0 TractoroexpoT1, Moscow v. Mis. Tarapore & Co., (1970~ 3 SCR
53; Central Inland Water Transpo11 Corporation Ltd. & Anr. v. Barojo Nath
Ganguly, (1986) 2 SCR 278; Gherulal Parekh v. Mahadeodas Maiya & Ors., p
(1959) Suppl. 2 SCR 392; Murlidhar Agarwal v. State of U.P., (1975) 1 SCR
515; Rattanchand Hira Chand v. Askar Nawaz Jung (dead) by LRs., (1991]
3 SCC 67; Vervaeka v. Smith, (1983) 1 A.C. 145 at 164; Louchs v. Standard
Oil Co. of New York, 224 NY 99 (1918); Dalmia Dairy Industries Ltd. v.
National Bank of Pakistan, (1978] 2 Lloyd's Law Reports 233; Deutsche
Schachtabau-und Tiejbohrgesellschaft mbH v. Ras Al Khaimah National Oil G
Co., (1987] 2 All ER 769; Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co. Inc. v. Societe
.
Generate De L'lndustrie Du Papier (Rakta) and Bank of America, 508 F.2d
969 (1974); Fritz Scherk v. Albeno-Culver Co., 41 L.Ed.2d, 270 and 281;
Mitsubishi Motors Corporation v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth Inc.; 87 L Ed. 2d
444 and Renusagar Case I, (1985] 1 SCR 432, referred to. H
l
28 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Russel 011 Arbitratio11, 12th Edn. p.384; Dicey and Moms on Conflict
of Laws, pp.586-87; Sir William Holdsworth, History of English Law, 1.111,
p.55; HalsbW)''s Laws of E11gla11d, IV, Ed., vol.8, para 418; Chitty on Con-
tracts, 26th Edn., Vol I para 1133, pp.685-686; R.H. Graveso11: Co11flict of
Laws, 7th Ed, p.165; Cheshire a11d North Private I11temational Law, 12th Ed.,
B ·p.129; Red/em a11d Hu11ter, Law and Practice of lntemational Commercial
Arbnitration, 2nd Ed.p.445, referred to.

Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1837, S.1 (1); New York
Convention (supra); Indian Independence (Adaptation of Central Acts and
Ordinances) Order, 1948; Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951; Arbitration Act
C (U.K), 1975, referred to•.

3.1. FERA having been enacted to safeguard the economic interests
of India, any violation of the its provisions would be contrary to the public
policy of India as envisaged in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Act. [78-D]

D Kahler v. Midland Bank Ltd., 1950 A.C.24 at 27, 36, 46-47, 57; Zivnos-
tenska Bank National Corporation v. Frankman, 1950 A.C. 57 at 72, 78; In . ~.
re: Herbert Wagg & Co. Ltd., 1956 (1) Ch.323 at 351; Boiseevain v. Wei~ 2950
A.C. 327; Wilson Smithett & Cope Ltd. v. Terruzzi, 1976 1 Q.B. 683; A
decision of the Supreme Court of Austria dated May 11, 1983-Yearbook of
Commercial Arbitration, Volume X (1985) pp.421-23; LIC v. Escorts, [1986)
E Supp. 3 SCR 909 and M.S. Wagh & Ors. v. lay Engineering Works Ltd.,
[1987) SCR 981, referred to.

Dicey & Moms, The Conflict of Laws, 11th Ed., Vol. II, p.1466; Dicey
& Moms, (supra) p.1469; Mauro Rubino-Sammartano, Public Policy in
Transnational Relationaships, p. 91; FA. Mann, The Legal Aspect of Money,
F
5th Ed., (1992) p.403 note 31, referred to.

3.2. Since the Original contract had been approved by the Govern-
ment of India, the award of interest for delayed payment of instalments
would not involve violation of the provisions of FERA. [82-F]
G
Renusagar I, [1985) 1 SCR 432, relied on.

3.3. The language of Section 47 (3) does not support the submission
that government having· refused to give its reschedule of payment of
instalments, would not grant permission for enforcement of the judgement
H to be passed in the present proceedings. The words "would le" preceding
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. 29

the word "due" indicate that the quantum of the amount has to be fixed in A
the legal proceedings and need not be a pre-determined amount. (82-F, H]

Mis Dhanrajamal Gobindram v. M/s. Shamji Kalidas & Co., [1961] 3
SCR 1020; Contract and Trading Co. Ltd. v. Barbey, (1960) AC 244 and
Cummings v. London Bullion Company Ltd., (1952) 1 KB 327, referred to.
B
4. The submission that awarding of delinquent interest is in dis-
regard of FERA and the enforcement of this part of the award would result
in violation of FERA is without substance. Since the original contract had
been approved by the Government of India, and award of interest for
delayed payment does not involve violation of FERA. This submission C
involves an attack on the merits of the award which is impermissible at
the stage of enforcement. (78-E-F]

5. The orders of the Delhi High Court did not prevent Renusagar
from depositing in the Government treasury the income tax payable on the
amount of regular interest. By retaining the said amount with itself while D
the Writ Petition was pending Renusagar was not acting in accordance
with the orders of the Delhi High Court: Payment by Renusagar of the said
amount to General Electric would not have amounted to disregard of the
orders of the High Court. [84-G, H, 85-A]

6. The award of interest on interest, i.e., compound interest, is not E
against the public policy of India. There is no absolute bar on the award
of interest by way of damages and it would be permissible to do so if there
is usage or contract, express or implied, or of any provision of law to justify
the award of such interest. Merely because in Section 3(3) (c) of the
Interest Act, 1987, the court is precluded from awarding interest on F
interest does not mean that it is not permissible to award such interest
under a contract or usage or under the statute. [88·-B, C]

London Chatham and Dover Rly Co. v. South Eastern Rly. Co., 1893
A.C. 429; Wadsworth v.Lydal~ [1981] 2 All. E.R. 401; Hungeifords v. Walker,
(1989) 63 Aus. I.JR 210; Bengal Nagpur Rly Co. Ltd. v. Ruttanji Ramji, AIR G
1938 PC 67; Union of India v. West Punjab Factories, [1966) 1 SCR 580;
Union of India v. Watkins Mayor & Co., AIR (1966) SC 275; Union of India
v. Rallia Ram, [1964) 3SCR164; Thawardas v. Union of India, AIR (1955)
SC 468; President of India v. La Pintada Cia Navegacion SA, (1984) 2 All
E.R. 773; Algonquin Mercantile Corp. v. Dart Industries Canada Ltd., [1987] H
30 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A 16 CPR (3d) 193, referred to.
7. Delinquent interest under item no.3 has been awarded not by way
of damages but by way of interest. Once it is held that delinquent interest
is by way of interest than there is no question of damages being awarded
on damages and it is, therefore, not necessary to go into the question
B wbether awarding damages on damages is contrary to public policy of
India. (89-C]

Trojen & Co. Ltd. v. R.M.N.N. Nagappa Chettiar, [1953) SCR 789, ·
referred to.
c 8. There would not be unjust enrichment by General Electric on
account of non-deduction of U.S. tax payable on the amount of regular
interest and delinquent interest, since General Electric would be liable to
pay U.S. tax on amount of compensatory damages of commodities. Interest
is payable for the period subsequent to the maturity of the promissory.
D notes .till payment. There is, therefore, no unjust enrichment on this
account. Award of delinquent interest for the period during which the
matter was pending consideration with the Government of India, would.
also not result in unjust enrichment of General Electric. (92-F, H, 93-DJ

E The decision of the Surpeme Court of Romania dated February 16,
1985, Year Book of Commercial Arbitration, Vol.XW, 1989, pp.689 to 691;
· Orakpo v. Manson Investments Ltd., 1978 A.C. 95 at p.104; British Transport
Commission v. Gourley, 1955 (3) All Eng. R.796 and Hanover Shoe v. United
Shoe Machinery Corporation, (1968) 20 L.Ed. (2d) 1231, referred to

F Law of Restitution by Goff and Jones (Supra); Chitty on Contracts
26th Edn., Vol. I p.1313 para 2037, referred to:

9. The enforcement of the award is not barred on the ground that
Renusagar was unable to present its case before the Arbitral Tribunal.
Having taken the stand that the Arbitrators had become functus officio
G and could not proceed with the arbitration and that there was, therefore,
no question of Renusagar appearing before the Ar~itral Tribunal on the
dates fixed for hearing, it is not open to Renusagar to say that the Arbitral
Tribunal after having rejected the said objeetion should have given a
further notice asking them to make their submission on merits.
H (62-B, 61-FJ
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. 31

r 10.1. The enforcement of the award in the instant case is governed
by the law laid down in the Forasol case which does not call for recon-
sideration. The amount payable by Renusagar has to be converted in
A

Indian rupees on the basis of the rupee-dollar exchange rate prevailing at
the time of this judgment. (115-F]

10.2. The foreign Awards Act does not exclude the applicability of the B
principl~s laid down in the Forasol case with regard to enforcement of
foreign awards. The manner in which the court should pass the decree in
a case where a foreign award is sought to be enforced is a matter of
procedure and not of substance and is governed by lex f ori i.e., the law of
the forum. (105-F, 186-B] C
Forasol v. Oil & Natural Gas Commission, (1984] 1 SCR~26, followed
and applied.

United Railway of Havana & Regla Warehouses Ltd., 1961 A.C. 1007;
Miliangos v. Ge01ge Frank (Textiles) Ltd., 1976 A.C. 443; Schorsch Meire D
G.M.B.H. v. Bennin, 1975 Q.B. 416; Owners of M.V. Eleftherotria v. Owners
of M.V. DespinQ4 Services Europe At/antique Sub (Seas) of Paris v. Stock-
inglia Rederiaktiebolag Svea of Stockholm, 1979 A.C. 685; Jugoslavenska
Oceanska Plovidba v. Castle Investment Co. Inc., 1974 Q.B. 292; The Cus-
todian v. Bhucher, (1927] SCR 420; Gatineau Power Co. v. Crown Life E
Insurance Co., (1945] SCR 655; Batavia Times Publishing Co. v. Davis,
(1978) DLR (3d) 144; Clinton v. Ford, (1982) 137 DLR (3d) 281; Deutsche
Bank Filiable Nurenberg v. Humphrey, (1926] 272 US St 7; Hicks v. Guiness,
(1925] 271 US 711; John S. Metcalf Co. v. Mayer,. (1925) 211 N.Y. Supp. 53;
Sirie v. Godfrey, (1921) 188 N.Y. Supp.52; Indaq v. Irridelco Corpn., (1987)
658 F. Supp. 768 and Competex SA. v. La/lord, (1986) 783 F.Zd 333, F
referred to.

Legal Aspects of Money by F.A. Mann, Sth Edn. pp.326-27, 352, 436-
Explained; Conflict of Laws by Dicey and Morris 11th Edn. Vol.II p.1454;
Cheshire & North, Private International Law, 12th Ed., page 106 and Judiciary G
Law of the State of New York, S.27 (as amended in 1987), referred to

11. The award of interest would be governed by lex fori i.e., the law
of the forum where the award is sought to be enforced. The Judgment of
the Bombay High Court declining to give any direction for payment of
interest pendente lite i.e. for the period the proceedings were pending in H
32 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.CR.

A the High Court till the date of decree as wel~ as for the period subsequent
to the decree is upheld. (111-D]

Gujarat Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. Unique Erectors (Gujarat)
(P) Ltd., (1989] 1 SCR 318, referred to.

B Redfern & Hunter, Law and Practice of International Commercial
Arbitration, 2nd Edn., p. 406, referred.to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISIDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 71 and
71A of 1990.

C From the judgment and Order dated 12.10.89 of the· Bombay High
Court in A.No.680 of 1989.

K.K. Venugopal, Dr. AM. Singhvi, P. Tripathi, C. Mukhopadhaya,
S. Rizivi, Vivek Sibal, U.K. Khaitan, KN. Srivastava, P.K. Bansal for the
D appellants.

Shanti Bhushan, Soli Dastur, KJ. John, C.Mohan Rao and Ms. Bapsy
F.Dastur for the Respondents. •

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
E S.C. AGRAWAL. J.: The decision in these appeals would, we hope,
mark the culmination of the protracted litigation arising out of a contract
entered into by the parties on August 24, 1964 for the supply and erection
of a thermal power plant at Renukoot in District Mirzapur, U.P.

p · Renusagar Power Co. Ltd (for short 'Renusagar'), the appellant in
C.A.. Nos. 71 and 71A for 1990 and the respondent in C.A. No. 370/92, is
a company incorporated under the Indian Companies Act, 1956 engaged
in the production and sale of electric power. General Electric Company
(for short 'General Electic'), respondent in CA.Nos. 71 and 71A and
appellant in C.A. No. 370/92, is a company incorporated under the laws of
G the State of New York in United States of America and is engaged in the
business of manufacturing, selling and servicing electircal products and
various ancillary activities. After negotiations, the parties arrived at an
arrangement whereunder General Electric was to supply to Renusagar the
equipment and power services for setting up a thermal power plant to be
H known as 'Renusagar Power Station' at Renukoot and, on November 27,
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v.ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.) 33

1963, Renusagar moved the Government of India for its approval. By its A
letter dated January 2, 1964, the Government of India gave its approval to
the proposals and thereafter a formal contract was executed by the parties
on August 24, 1964. Under the said contract, General Electric undertook
to supply equipment and services for a plant having a capacity of 135,800
K.W. The total price for the electrical and mechanical equipment, spare B
parts, freights forwarding services, plant design and consulting services was
,. US $ 13,195,000. The contract price for all electrical and mechanical
equipment and spare parts was FAS vessel, U.S.A port so selected by seller
(Article II). All items of the equipment were to be delivered alongwith
vessel at New York not later than 15 months from the contract effective
date (which was December 31, 1964) and the erection of the plant was to C
be completed within 30 months from the contract effective date (Article
IV A 1). 10% of the total contract basic price (US $ 1,319,500) was to be
paid either in cash or by Letter of Credit. The balance 9J% of the price
(US $ 11,875,500) plus interest at the rate of 6-1/2% per annum from the
16th to the 30th month of the contract effective date (US $ 900,558,75) D
totalling US $ 12,776,058.75 was to be paid in 16 equal six monthly
instalments commencing from the date of the expiry of 30 months from the
contract effective date, and the last instalment was payable on the date of
expiry of 120 months from the contract effective date (Article III). Since
the contract effective date was December 31, 1964 the first instalment was
payable on June 30, 1967 and the last, i.e., 16th instalment was payable on E
December 31, 1974. In the contract, it was also provided the Renusagar
would execute unconditional negotiable promissory notes in four series
(A-B-C-D) in respect of the 16 instalments (Article III A 31 (a)] and that
the notes shall be prepared substantially in the form shown in the attached
' )II
Exhibit 'B' entitled "Promissory Note" and shall bear interest, at the rate F
of 6.1/2% per annum on the outstanding principal balance commencing
from 30 months after contract effective date (Article IIl-3 (a)]. A provision
was also made that the payment of the full amount of each note shall be
unconditionally guaranteed by the United Commercial Bank or other
mutually acceptable bank. (Article III-A 3 (e)]. The contract contained an
arbitration clause which provides that any disagreement arising out of or G
related to the contract which the parties are unable to resolve by sincere
negotiation shall be finally settled in accordance with the Arbitration Rules
of the International Chamber of Commerce (for short 'ICq). Each party
would appoint one arbitrator and the Court of Arbitration of the ICC
H
34 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A would appoint a third arbitrator (Article XVII). It was also agreed that the
rights and obligations of the parties under the Contract shall be governed
in all respects by the laws of the State of New York, USA (Article XIX
A).

It was, also, provided that if General electric received an exemption
B from the Government of India from the payment of income-tax levied by
the Government of India on interest payments made by Renusagar then
the interest rate on that series of promissory notes as exempted shall be
reduced from 6.1/2% to 6% per annum commencing on the date such
exemption is made effective and the notes so affected shall be replaced by
C new notes [Article III A:> (b)]. In the contract it was stated that General
Electric intended to apply to the Central Government of India for exemp-
tion from income tax on the interest (Including capitalisation interest and
interest thereon) and Renusagar undertook to assist General Electric in
expediting the application of General Electric for exemption. It was also
D agreed that should the application of General Electric be denied
Renusagar may withhole the Indian income-tax applicable to any payment
of interest, but Renusagar was, to furnish General Electric with receipts on ,,
all withheld amounts apid to the Goverllm.ent of India. (Article XIV B].

By its orders dated September 3, 1965 and June 7, 1967 the Govem-
E ment of India gave their approval under Section 10(15)(iv)(c) of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 to the loan obtained by Renusagar from General
electric and thereby exempted the interest paid on the said loan from
payment of income tax. The said exemption was, however, withdrawn by
the order of the Government of India dated September 11, 1969 whereby
F the orders granting exemption were cancelleq retrospectively and General
Electric was held liable to pay Indian income tax on the interest payable
@ 6.5.% per annum.

Renusagar filed a writ petition (C.W. No. 179nO) before Delhi High
Court on February 24, 1970 wherein it challenged the above order of the
G Government of India dated September 11, 1969 relating to cancellation or
revocation of the tax exemption. In the said writ petition, the Delhi High
Court on February 24, 1970 passed an ad-interim order restraining the
,Government, of India and its officers from enforcing, or implementing the
said order dated September 11, 1969. The said order was continued by
H order dated May 18, 1970 subject to Renusagar furnishing st!t:urity for Rs.
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.) 35

4 lakhs to the satisfaction of Commissioner of Income-Tax, Lucknow.· A
Renusagar furnished the necessary security and as a result, the operation
of the order dated September 11, 1969 was suspended. Renusagar, how-
ever, did not remit the amount of interest calculated @ 6% per annum
payable to Gene.rat Electric in terms of the contract. Renusagar only
remitted 27% of the amount of interest calculated @ 6-1/2% per annum B
and it did not deposit the balance amount of 73% by way of tax with the
Government but retained the same with themselves. It, however, sent
letters to General.Electric to the effect that they had deducted the said
amount towards tax and had retained the same with itself. Originally
General Electric was not impleaded as a party in the writ petition before
the Delhi High Court and it got itself impleaded as a respondent in the C
writ petition by moving an application dated October 28, 1977. The writ
petition was decided by the Delhi High Court by its judgment dated
November 17, 1980 whereby the writ petition was allowed and the order
a
dated September 11, 1%9 was set aside. As result the exemption from
the payment of income-tax on the interest payable by Renusagar was D
restored and the liability of Renusagar for interest was reduced from
6.1/2% to 6%. On June 3, 1981, Renusagar moved the Reserve Bank of
India for permission to remit the balance amount of Regular interest
calculated @ 6% per annum to General Electric and on February 3, 1982,
the Income-tax Officer, Bombay issued "No Objection Certificate" for
repatriating the balance regular interest amount of US $ 2.130 million. The E
said amount was, however, not remitted by Renusagar to General Electric.

It,. appe~s that there was. some delay on the part of the General
Electric in adhering to the time schedule for the supply of equipment and
keeping the same in view General Electric by their letter dated January 5, F
1%7 agreed to defer the payment of the first instalment payable of June
30, 1967 by six months and suggested that the promissory notes shall be
recast into 15 notes instead of 16 which would commence on the 36th
month from the contract effective date and capitalised interest shall be
calculated for 20 months instead of 14 months and the said interest would
then be reduced by a sum of 132,500 US $. By another letter dated October G
4, 1967, General Electric agreed to recast the note structure to provide for
14 notes with the first note becoming due on June 30, 1%8 instead of
December 31, 1967 and the capitalised interest was to be calculated for20
months instead of 14 months and it would be reduced to 132,500 US $. It
appears that during the course of supply of equipment and erection of the H
36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.CR.

A plant, some disputes arose between the parties and Renusagar made
certain claims against General Electric some of which were accepted by
General Electric and a settlement was arrived at on December 10, 1968
whereunder General Electric agreed that the payment of the instalments
due on December 30, 1968 and June 30, 1969 with accrued interest would
B be deferred for payment with the result that there would be no payment
on December 31, 1968 -and June 30, 1969 been on interest and principal
and that the interest accrued upto December 31, 1968 and to accrue upto
June 30. 1969 on the oustanding balance due would.be calculated at the
rate provided for in the contract and capitalised and that the entire sum,
namely, the principal and interest to be so capitalised would be recast in
C 13 notes, the first of which would be payable on December 31, 1969 and
the last on December 31, 1975. As a result of these discussions and
settlement, instalments nos. 1,2,4 and 5 were not paid by Renusagar on the
due dates. Renusagar moved the Government of India for approval to the
revised schedules regardiD.g the payments of the instalments to General
D Electric. The said request of Renusagar was, however, not accepted by the
Government of India and by their letter dated August 1, 1969, the govern-
ment of India expressed their inability to agree to the revised proposals for
repayment in view of the larger outgo of foreign exchange (by way of
inte.rest) which was not contemplated when the loan was approved original-
ly. Renusagar were, therefore, asked to take necessary action to effect
· E payments of the past instalments immediately. The request for review of
the said decision was rejected by the Government of India by their letter
dated August 4, 1969. The first instalment which was payable on June 30,
1967 under the original contract was paid by Renusagar in instalments by
July, 1970, the second instalment which was payable on December 31, 1967
F was paid in instalments by December, 1971, the fourth instalment which
was payable on December 31, 1968 was paid in instalments by December,
1973 and the fifth instalement which was payable on June 30, 1969 was paid
in instalments by February, 1976.

On March, 1, 1982, General Electric served a notice on Renusagar
G indicating its intention to arbitrate pursuant to clause XVII of the Contract.
On March 2, 1982, General Electric .tn.a~e a request to. the Court of
Arbitration of ICC for arbitration of the disputes between General electric
and Renusagar. ICC, after taking: cognizance of the said request for ar-
bitration made by General Elecrtric, called upon Renusagar to nominate
H their arbitrator, file its reply and remit certairi sums towards administrative
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.) 37

expenses and arbitration fees. Renusagar raised an objection that the A
claims of General Electric did not fall within the purview of a~bitration
clause in the contract and challenged the arbitrability of the claims. The
Arbitration Court of ICC accepted that there was a prima facie dispute
within the agreement and appointed Rt. Hon. Peter Thomes, Q.C MP as
Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal and confirmed the appointment of Prof.
B
Boris I. Bittker as arbitrator nominated by General Electric and Dr. R.K.
Dixit as arbitrator nominated by Renusagar.

On June 11, 1982, Renusagar filed a suit {Suit No. 832/82) in the
Bombay High Court, on its original side, against General Electric and the
ICC seeking a declaration that the claims referred to the arbitration of ICC C
by General Electric were beyond the purview and scope of Article XVII
of the contract dated August 24, 1964 and that General electric was not
entitled to refer to same to arbitration with consequential prayers for
injunctions restraining the ICC and General Electric to proceed further
with the reference and restraining ICC from requiring Renusagar to make D
any deposit towards administrative expenses and arbitration fees.
Renusagar obtained an ex-parte ad-interim relief in the said suit. General
Electric filed Arbitration Petition No. 96 of 1982 under section 3 of the
Foreign Awards {Recognition and Enforcement) Act, 1961 {hereinafter
referred to as 'the Foreign Awards Act') seeking stay of suit No. 832 of
1982 and all proceedings therein with a prayer for vacting the ad-interim E
ex-parte reliefs obtained by Renusagar in the said suit. Both the matters,
namely, stay petition of General Electric under section 3 of the Foreign
Awards Act and Renusagar's notice of motion for confirmation of ad-in-
terim relief were heard together and disposed of 1,Jy a learned Single Judge
of the Bombay High Court by a common judgment and order dated April F
20, 1983
t-
whereby the prayer for stay of the suit filed by General Electric
under section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act was allowed and all proceedings
in the said suit were stayed and all the interim reliefs which were granted
earlier by ad-interim order were vacated. C.A. Nos. 404-405 of 1983 filed
by Renusagar against the said judgment of the learned Single Judge were
dismissed by a division of the High Court b)ijudgment dated October 21, G
1983. The appeals filed by Renusagar against the said decision of the High
Court were dismissed by this Court on August 16, 1984. [See : Renusagar
Power Co. Ltd. v. General Elecrtric Co. & Anr., (1985] 1 SCR 432],
hereinafter referred to as 'Renusagar Case I'. In the said case, this Court
(Tulzapurkar & Pathak, JJ) has held that the three claims referred by H
38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
. (
A Genral Electfic to the ICC do 'arise out of' and are 'related to the contract'
and squarely fall within the widely worded arbitration clause contained in
Article XVII of the Contract.

On August, 19, 1982, General Electric filed a suit in the Calcutta
B High Court against United Commercial Bank to enforce the bank guaran-
tee given by the said Bank at the instance of Renusagar. As a counter to,
the said suit, Renusagar, on November 25, 1982, filed a suit (no. 127 of·
1982) in the Court of Civil Judge, Mirzapur, U.P. praying for a declaration
that the guarantee given by United Commercial Bank for and on behalf of
Renusagar stood discharged and had become ineffective and unenforce-
C able and for a mandatory injunction directing and ordering General
Electric to settle the claim of Renusagar regarding 75 MVA Transformers
and to satisfy the settlement validly arrived at the the .claim of Renusagar
as mentioned in the plaint of the said suit. General Electric filed an
application in the Mirzapur Court whereby it was prayed that the suit was
D liable to be stayed under section 10 and/or section 151 CPC in respect of
the first relief and under section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act in respect
of the second relief claimed by Renusagar in the plaint. The said applica-
tion was rejected by Mirzapur Court and thereupon General Electric filed
a petition under Article 227 of the Co11$titution before the Allahbad High
Court for quashing the proceedings in the suit. The said petition was,
E however, dismissed by the High Court by order dated April 4, 1985.
Thereupon General Electric filed Civil Appeal No. 2319/86 in this Court
- which was allowed by this Court ( Chinnappa Reddy & J agannatha Shetty,
JJ.) by judgment dated August 11, 1987 reported as General Electric Co.
Ltd v. Renusagar Power Co., (1987] 3 SCR 858, hereinafter referred to as
F 'Renusagar Case II'. As a result of the said judgment, the proceedings in
the Suit No. 127/82 in the Court of Civil Judge, Mirzapur were stayed under
sectiol} 3 of the Foreign Awards Act.

We may now revert to the arbitration proceedings. After the decision
G of the learned Single Judge of the Bombay High Court staying further
proceedings in Suit No. 832/92 and vacating the interim order passed in
the said suit, Renusagar entered into the arbitration proceedings on June
9, 1983 under protest and without prejudice to its claim on arbitrability and
gave answer to the claims of General Electric and also made counter
claims. On February 7 and 8, 1984 both the parties met with the· Arbitral
H Tribunal in Paris and agreed to sign the terms of reference, though
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELEC'IRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.] 39

Renusagar did so under protest and without prejudice. Certain amend- A
ments were subsequently made in the terms of reference. In the said Terms
of Reference the issues to be determined were defined in clauses (a) to
(cc) of para 22. Issues in clauses (a) to (t) of para 22 of the Terms of
Reference were determined by an interim award on December 11, 1984
wherein the Arbitral Tribunal found that General Electric and Renusagar B
were parties to a valid agreement to arbitrate all disputes between them
.. arising out of or related to the 1964 Contract and that the issues referred
to the Arbitral Tribunal, apart from two minor exceptions which were
reserved for determination, were such arbitral disputes and that the Ar-
bitral Tribunal had jurisdiction to adjudicate on them. The Arbitral
Tribunal also held that the applicable law was that of the State of New C
York, U.S.A.

After the decision of this Court in Renusagar Case I, both the parties
appeared before the Arbitral Tribunal in Paris for a hearing which lasted
for ten days between February 25 and March 8, 1985. Each party was
represented by counsel and legal and other advisers and Issues Nos. (g) to D
(p) of para 22 of the Terms of Reference were argued and submitted for
consideration by both the sides and the hearing was adjourned to a later
date for more detailed consideration to be given to the remaining issues
and for further written submissions to be made by both parties. The next
hearing was fixed to be in London to begin on October 1, 1985 and both E
parties were summoned to appear before the Arbitral Tribunal. Khaitan &
partners, lawyers for Renusagar sent a letter dated July 24, 1985 to the
Arbitral Tribunal, wherein they stated that an Indian Civil Court has seisin
of the whole of the subject matter of the reference in this arbitration and
submitted that in consequence the Arbitral Tribunal and ICC had become
functus officio and that no further proceedings in this arbitration should be F
taken by the Arbitral Tribunal. The said submission by Renusagar was
disputed by General Electric and the Arbitral Tribunal informed the
parties that the matter would be considered as a perliminary issue at the
scheduled meeting in London on October 1, 1985. The scheduled meeting
took place in London on October 1, 1985. General Electric, represented G
by counsel and ·advisers, appeared before the Arbitral Tribunal but
Renusagar failed to appear. The Arbitral Tribunal considered the written
submissions of Renusagar on the issue of the jurisdiction of the Arbitral
Tribunal and heard the arguments of General Electric and by majority (Dr.
Dixit dissenting), the Arbitral Tribunal ruled that their jurisdiction.
remained and that the arbitration should proceed in the absence of H
40 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Renusagar. It appears that before the meeting on October 1, 1985, each
Arbitrator had received from the parties during the course of the arbitra-
tion a total of 33 bound volumes of typed submissions, exhibits and legal
authorities, (General Electric having presented 19 and Renusagar 14) and
in addition each party had put before the Arbitral Tribunal a large number
B of papers. On October 2, 3 and 4, 1985 the Arbitral Tribunal considered
the said documents as well as the written submissions of Renusagar on
issues (q) to (bb) of the Terms of Reference and heard the argumetns of
counsel for General Elecrtric in reply. The Arbitral Tribunal also con- "
sidered the submissions of Renusagar on the validity of the claim of
entitlement of General Elecrric to 'dollar for dollar' foreign tax credit at
C the relevant period in this action and also heard General Electric on the
question of costs. Thereafter, the Arbitral Tribunal by a majority (Dr. Dixit
dissenting) made the award on Septem_!'er 16, 1986.

The Arbitral Tribunal upheld the claim of GEC for US$ 2,130,785.52
towards regular interest which was withheld by Renusagar. It was not
D disputed by Renusagar that it had retained the said amount. The issue was
whether by doing to Renusagar acted wrongfully. The Arbitral Tribunal
has found that the said withholding or retention of the amount of interest
by Renusagar was wrongful since the failure on the part of Renusagar to
pay the taxes over to the Indian tax authorities rendered it impossible for
E General Electric to get the U.S. Foreign tax credit to which it would
otherwise have been entitled for the amount withheld. It was also held that
nothing in the 1964 contract authorises non- payment of either the interest
or the withheld taxes for tactical reasons arising out of litigation brought
by Renusagar. The Arbitral Tribunal rejected the contention of Renusagar
that the claim in respect of regular interest was barred by limitation and
F held that the applications submitted by Renusagar to Reserve Bank of
India on June 3, 1981 and August 29, 1981 for permission to remit the said
amount to General Electric amount to acknowledgement. It was also held
that the said sum had to be computed in U.S. dollars regardless of variation
in dollar-rupee exchange rate prevailing from time to time. As regards
claim for compensatory damages on the said amount of regular interest,
G which was withheld by Renusagar, the Arbitral Tribunal, after referring to
the decisions of New York Courts, has held that an arbitrator's paramount
responsibility is to reach an equitable result and that it is a basic principle
of damages for breach of contract applicable throughout the U.S., (includ-
ing New York) that a party to a contract who is injured by its breach is
H entitled to compensation for the injury sustained and is entitled to be
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.) 41

placed is so far as this can be done by money in the same position he would A
have occupied if the contract had been performed. The Arbitral Tribunal
found that General Electric would have benefitted from 'dollar for dollar'
from the foreign tax credits that it could have claimed had Renusagar paid
the disputed amounts over to the Indian tax authorities and supplied
General Electric with the appropriate tax certificate. The Arbitral
Tribunal, therefore, awarded compensatory damages and computed the B
same by applying the average prime rate to the amounts withheld and
observed that although General Electric was entitled to interest from the
due dates of the various notes but the interest that had been claimed by
General Electric in the Terms of Reference was computed from the later
dates set out in a detailed computation supplied to the Arbitral Tribunal C
and since General Electric had accepted these later dates in its submission,
the Arbitral Tribunal awarded compensatory damages computed by apply-
ing the average the prime rate to the amounts withheld commencing with
the dates listed in' the statement and compounded annually commencing
with the last day of the calendar year for each amount. The Arbitral
Tribunal rejected the contention urged on behalf of Renusagar that award D

-· of interest on regular interest as compensatory damages would violate
public policy of the State of New York against 'interest on interest'. Relying
upon the decision of the New York Court of Oaims in City of New York
vs. State of New York, 408 N.Y.S. 2d 702, 707 (1:978), the Arbitral Tribunal
held that interest on interest is not against public policy in the State of New E
York. The Arbitral Tribunal also rejected the contention of Renusagar that
it would violate New York's public policy of award compound interest as
compensatory damages and, after referring to the various decisions of the
courts in the State of New York, the Arbitral Tribunal has held t!tat
compounding of interest is equally appropriate in actions of an equitable
nature and in the circumstances of this case compounding of interest would F
not violate the public policy of the State of New York. In this context the
Arbitral Tribunal has pointed out that they were not concerned with a
contract to pay compound interest but with the propriety of compounding
interest in fashioning a remedy for a breach of contract in order to put the
injured party in the same economic position it would have occupied if the G
contract had been duly performed. As regards the claim for delinquent
interest on late payment of instalments by Renusagar, the Arbitral Tribunal
held that Renusagar was liable to pay such delinquent interest. The Ar-
bitral Tribunal found that under the 1%4 Contract the notes evidencing
the obligation of Renusagar to pay the purchase price 'shall bear interest,
at the rate of 6.5% per annum on the outstanding principal balance', H
42 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993} SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A subject to the agreed reduction to 6% commencing with the date when tax
exemption, if granted, is made effective and that the rescheduling negotia-
tions on which Renusagar relied never resulted in an Effective Agreement
and there was no evidence of a waiver by General electric of its right to
be paid on the original due dates when the rescheduling plan collapsed
and further that Renusagar had acknowledged in telex dated March 25,
B 1976 that they were liable for interest on the delayed payment of the
principal. The Arbitral Tribunal also rejected the contention that the claim
of General Electric in this ·regard was haired by the statute of limitation.
Taking into account the acknowledgement contained in the telex dated
March 25, 1976, the Arbitral Tribunal deducted a sum of USS 316, 610
C from the amount of USS 783,686.20 computed as interest @ 6% and held
that General Electric was entitled to net amount of USS 467, 076.20 by way
of delinquent interest. The Arbitral Tribunal rejected the contention urged
on behalf of Renusagar that even if period of limitation is computed from
telex of March 25, 1976 the claim was barred by limitation in view of the
four-year limitation prescribed by Section 2-275(1) of New York's Version
D of the Uniform Commercial Code which came into force with effect from
September 27, 1964. The Arbitral Tribunal held that the said provision was
not applicable to the present case and that it is governed by the 6-year
period of limitation that was prescribed in the State of New York prior to
the commencement of the said proyision. The Arbitral Tribunal further
B '1eld that General Electric was entitled to compensatory damages on the
aforesaid amount of delinquent interest in the same manner as damages
were to be computed on the unpaid amount of regular interest. The
Arbitral Tribunal also upheld the claim of General Electric for US$
119,053.31 towards purchase. price of spare parts and further held that the
said claim was not barred by limitation in view of the acknowledgement by
F Renusagar in the telex dated March 25, 1976. The Arbitral Tribunal also
held that compensatory damag~s were payable on account of Renusagar's
failure to pay for spare parts in the same manner as damages for failure
of Renusagar to pay regular interest. With regard to the counter-claim
made by Renusagar, the Arbitral Tribunal had earlier rejected the pur-
G ported withdrawal of the said counter-claim in respect of items 2 to 8 by
Renusagar and after considering the said counter-claim on merits, the
Arbitral Tribunal rejected the same in respect of all the eight items. In view
of the rejection of counter-claim of Renusagar, the Arbitral Tribunal
rejected the claim made by General Electric by way of reply to the claim
of Renusagar. In the matter of costs, the Arbitral Tribunal held that
H Renusagar must pay the· costs of arbitration. and apart fr~ the am~unt
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.] 43

which General Electric was required to pay towards administrative expen• A
ses and arbitration fees, the Arbitral Tribunal held that Renusagar must
also pay the normal legal costs incurred by General Electric. The Arbitral
Tribunal awarded the following amounts against various heads of claims:

1. Regular interest wrongfully withheld US$ 2,130,785.52
2. Compensatory damages to March 31,
B
US$ 6,347, 748.50
1~86 on the above regular interest
continuing at the annual rate of 8%
'
on the said _regular interest until
payment.
3. Delinquent interest on late payments US$ 467,076.20
c
of principal
4. Compensatory damages to 31 March, US$ 1,324,357.75
1986 on the above delinquent interest
continuing at the annual rate of 8% D
on the said delinquent interest until
payment
5. Spare parts US$ 119,053.00
6. Compensatory damages to 31 March US$ 276,702.17
1986 on the above spare parts E
continuing at the annual rate of 8%
on the said sum for the spare parts
until payment.
• 7. Towards costs of General electric US$ 1,549,899.00
F
Total US$ 12,215,622.14

The Arbitral Tribunal has awarded interest at the annual rate of 8%
of items 1,3 and 5

On October 15, 1986, General Electric instituted proceedings for G
enforcement of the award of the Arbitral Tribunal by filing Arbitration
Petition No. 159/86 under section 5 of the Foreign Awards Act in the
Bombay High Court. On October 17, 1986, Renusagar instituted a suit (Suit
No. 256/86) in the Court of Civil Judge, Mirzapur, seeking a declaration
that the award made by the Arbitral Tribunal was a nullity and for H
44 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A restraining General Electric by a perpetual injuction from denying
Renusagar's rights and taking any action affecting Renusagar's rights in any
manner whatsoever on the basis of the said award. General Electric filed
a Transfer Petition (No. 388/86) in this Court seeking transfer of the suit
filed by Renusagar in the Mirzapur Court to the original side of the
Bombay High Court. By order dated September 10, 1987, this Court stayed
B · further proceedings in the suit filed by Renusagar in the Mirzapur Court
and the stay was to remain in operation during the pendency of the petition
filed by General Electric for enforcement of the award.

Renusagar contested the proceedings for enforcement of the award
C filed by General Electric in the Bombay High Court and submittted: (i)
the award could not be filed as it did not become binding on the parties
in the country in which the award was made as prescribed under Section
7(1) (a) (v) of the Foreign Awards Act and rule 801 (c) of the Rules framed
by the Bombay High Court under the Foreign Award Act; (ii) the Bombay
D High Court did not have the territorial jurisdiction to entertain the petition
of General Electric under section 5 of the Act; (iii) General Electric had
failed to comply with the mandatory requirement of Section 8(1) (a) of the
Foreign Award Act and Rule 801(a) of the Rules framed by the Bombay
High Court under the Foreign Awards Act inasmuch as neither the original
· B award nor a copy thereof duly authenticated as required by the law of the
country had been produced along with the application; (iv) The award
sought to be enforced was a nullity and should be ignored as the arbitrators
had be.come functus officio in view of institution of Suit No. 127/82 by
Renusagar in the Court of Civil Judge, Mirzapur and refusal by the
F Mirzapur Court to st4y the suit under section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act;.
(v) The award could ncit be enforced in view of section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the
Foreign Awards Act because its enforcement was contrary to public policy;
(iv) The claim for r~gular interest was barred by limitation; (vii) the claim
for delinquent interest had been wrongly accepted by the arbitrators; (viii)
G the award of interest on interest or compensatory damages in lieu of
interest on regular interest and delinquent interest and the award of
compound interest is contrary to public policy; (ix) the compensatory
damages were excessive and unusual; (x) the Chairman of the Arbitral
Tribunal was biased against Renusagar; and (xi) the costs of arbitration
H were unconcionable and excessive.
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 45

The learned Single Judge (Pendse, J.) has considered all the A
aforesaid objections raised on behalf of Renusagar in his very comprehen-
sive judgment dated October 21, 1988 wherein after rejecting the said
objections, he had held that the award is enforceable under the provisions
of the Foreign Awards Act and on that basis a decree in terms of the award
was drawn.
B
Renusagar filed an appeal (Appeal No. 680/89) under clause 15 of
the Letters Patent of the Bombay High Court against the said judgment of
the learned Single Judge which was disposed of by a division bench of the
said High Court (C. Mookerjee, CJ and Mrs. Sujata Manoha, J.) by
judgment dated October 12, 1989. The learned Judges of the High Court C
held that the said apeal was not maintainable in view of section 6(2) of the
Foreign Awards Act. The learned Judges, however, examined the matter
on merits and found that there was no substance in the appeal. In this
context the learned Judges have dealt with the objection about the ar-
bitrators having become functus officio on account of the pendency of the D
civil suit filed by Renusagar in the Mirzapur Court; the award being
contrary to public policy; the award being not binding; the failure to file
the authenticated copy of the award and the jurisdiction of the Bombay
High Court to entertain the petition and they have rejected the contentions
urged by Renusagar in respect of the said objections. Since the learned
Single Judge had not specified the rate of exchange for conversion of the E
decretal amount expressed in U .s; dollars to Indian Rupees, the learned
Judges have dealt with the said question and taking into consideration and
decision of the court in Forasol v. Oil and Natural Gas Commission, [1984)
1 SCR 526 they have directed that the date of conversion of decretal
amount which is in U.S. dollars to Indian rupees shall be the date on which p
the learned Single Judge completed pronouncing of judgment, i.e., October
21, 1988 and that· opening the rate of exchange shall be the selling rate of
U~S .. Dollars as ascertained by the State Bank of India. The learned Judges
have granted a certificate for appeal to this Court under Article 134-A read.·
with Article 133 of the Constitution since they felt that the case involves
substantial questions of law of general importance which need to be G
decided by this Court.

Civil Appeal No. 71 of 1990 has been filed by Renusagar on the basis
of the said certificate against the judgment of the division bench of High
Court dated October 12, 1989. Renusagar has also filed Civil Appeal No; H
46 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R..

A 71A of 1990 against the judgment of the learned Single Judge dated
October 21,1988 after obtaining the special leave to appeal from this Court.
General Electric has filed Civil Appeal No. 379 of 1992 against the judg-
ment of the division bench of High Court dated October 12, 1989 after
obtaining special leave to appeal. The said appeal of General Electric has
B been filed by way of abundant caution and is confined to the directions
given by the division bench of High Court in paras il7 to 119 of the
judgment with regard to rate of exchange for conversion of the decretal
amount from U.S. dollars to Indian rupees. According to General Electric
the said rate of exchange should have been the rate prevailing on the date
of payment.
c
During the pendency of these Appeals this Court, by Order dated
February 21, 1990 on I.A.No. 1 of 1990 in Civil Appeal No. 71of1990,
stayed the operation of the judgment and decree under appeal subject to
Renusagar depositing in the Original side of the Bombay High Court, the
D sums equivalent to one-half of the decretal amount calculated as on date
and furnishing security to the satisfaction of the High Court in respect of
the decretal amount. General Electric was permitted to withdraw the
deposit upon furnishment of security by way of bank guarantee for the sum
to be withdrawn in excess of Rupees four crores to the satisfaction of the
High Court. In the said order it was also directed that interest @ 10% per
E annum would be payable by Renusagar on the balance of the decretal
_ amount in the event of its failing in the appeal and correspondingly General
Electric would be liable to pay interest at the same rate on amount
withdrawn by it in the event of the appeal succeeding. In pursuance of this
order, Renusagar deposited, a sum of Rs 9,69,26,590.00 on March 20, 1990
F which was withdrawn by GEC after furnishing necessary bank guarantee.
By another order dated Novemer 6, 1990 on I.A No. 3/90 in Civil Appeal
No. 71/90, this Court directed Renusagar to deposit a further sum of Rs.
1 crore and to furnish a bank gtiarantee for Rs. 1.92 crores. In pursuance
of the said order, Renusagar deposited, on December 3, 1990, a sum of
Rs. 1 crore which amount has also been withdrawn by General Electric.
G Thus, a total, sum of Rs. 10,69,26,590 = 00 has been deposited by Renusagar
and the same has been withdrawn by General Electric.

19. Shir K.K. Venugopal, learned Senior Counsel appearing for
Renusagar, and Shri Shanti Bhushan, learned Senior Counsel appearing
H for General Electric, have made elaborate submissions before us. The oral
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.) 47

submissions have been supplemented by written submissions. A
During the course of his submissions, Shri Venugopal did not pursue
some of the objections that were raised by Renusagar before the High
Court. But at the same time he has raised certain objections which were
not raised before the High Court. Shri Venugopal not disputed the liability
of Renusagar for US$ 2,130, 785 =52 awarded under irem No. 1 towards B
regular interest withheld by Renusagar and US$ 119,053 =00 awarded
, '"' under item No. 5 towards price of spare parts. The submissions of Shri
Venugopal are confined to the award of compensatory damages under item
Nos. 2, 4 and 6, delinquent interest under item No. 3 and costs under item
No. 7. The submissions of Shri Venugopal broadly fall under two heads: C
(i) enforceability of the award; and (ii) the rate of exchange for conversion
of .the decretal amount from U.S. dollars to Indian rupees.

Before we proceed to examine the submissions made by learned
counsel, we consider it necessary to briefly refer to the background in
which the Foreign Awards Act was enacted because it would have a D
bearing on the interpretation of the provisions of the said Act.

Arbitration is a well recognised mode for resolving disputes arising
out of commercial transactions. This is equally true for international com-
mercial transactions. With the growth of international commerce there was E
an increase in disputes arising out of such transactions being adjudicated
though arbitration. One of the problems faced in such arbitrations related
to recognition and enforcement of an arbitral award made in one country
by the Courts of other countries. This difficulty has been sought to be
removed through various international conventions. The first such interna- F
tional convention was the Geneva Protocol of 19f3 which was drawn up on
the initiative of ICC under the auspices of the League of Nations. The
Geneva Protocol had two objectives, first, it sought to make arbitration
agreements, and arbitration clauses in particular, enforceable internation-
ally; and secondly, it sought to ensure that awards made pursuant to such
~rbitratiun agreements would be enforced in the territory of the state in G
which they were made. The Geneva Protocol of 1923 was followed by the
Geneva Convention of 1927 which also drawn up under the auspices of the
League of Nations. The purpose of this Convention was to widen the scope
of the Geneva Protocol of 1923 by providing recognition and enforcement
of protocol awards within the territory of contracting states, (not merely H·
48 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the state in which the award was made). [See : Alen Redfern and Martin
Hunter to Law & Practice of International Commercial Arbitration, 2nd
Ed. p.61-62]. India was a signatory to the protocol of 1923 and the Con-
vention of 1927. With a view to implementing the obligations undertaken
under the said protocol and Convention, the Artibtration (Protocol &
B Convention) Act 1937 was enacted. A number of problems were en-
countered in the operation of the aforesaid Geneva treaties inasmuch as
there were limitations in relation to their field of application and under the •. )

Geneva Convention of 1927, a party seeking enforcement had to prove the.
conditions necessary for enforcement and in order to show that the awards
had become final in its country of origin the successful party was often
c obliged to seek a declaration in the countries where the arbitration took
place to the effect that the award was enforceable in that country before
it could go ahead and enforce the award in the courts of the place of
enforcement. ICC, in 1953, promoted a new treaty to govern international
commercial arbitration. The proposals of ICC were taken up by the United
D Nations Economic and Social Council and it led to the adoption of the
Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral
Awards at New York, 1958 (hereinafter referred to as 'the New York
Convention'). The New York Convention is an improvement on the Geneva
Convention of 1927 in the sense that it provides for a much more simple
E ·and- effective method of obtaining recognition and enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards and it replaces Geneva Convention of 1927 as between the
States which are parties to both the Conventions. The New York Conven-
tion also gives much wider effect to the validity of arbitration agreements
than does the Geneva Protocol of 1923. [See : Alan Redfern the Martin
F Hunter, Law & Practice of International Commercial·Artibitration, (1991)
2nd Ed.p.62-63).

India was a party to the New York Convention. The Foreign Awards
Act has been enacted to give effort to the New york Convention and for
G purposes connected therewith. In the Statement of Objects and Reasons,
reference has been made to the defects in the Geneva Convention of 1927
which "hampered the speedy settlement of disputes through arbitration and
hence no longer met the requirements of international trade" and which
led to the adoption of the New York Convention. Section 2 of the Act
defines the expression 'foreign award'. Section 3 makes provision for stay
H of proceedings in respect of matters to be referred to arbitration. Section
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.) 49

4 deals with effect of foreign awards. Sub-s. (1) of Section 4 provides that A
a foreign award shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be enforceable
in India as if it were an award made on a matter referred to arbitration in
India. Sub-s.(2) prescribes that any foreign award which would be enfor-
ceable under this Act shall be treated as binding for all purposes on the
persons as between whom it was made and may be relied on by any of B
those persons by way of defence, set off or otherwise in any legal proceed-
~-
ings in India. Section 5 makes provision for filing of foreign award in Court.
In sub-s.(1) it is laid down that any person interested in a foreign award
may apply to any court having jurisdiction over the subject matter of the
award that the award be filed in Court. Sub-s.(2) requires that such an
appliation shall be in writing and shall be numbered and registered as a C
suit between the applicant as plaintiff and the other parties as defendants.
Sub-s.(3) requires the court to give notice to the parties to the arbitration
other than the applicant requiring them to show cause, within a time
specified why the award shoud not be filed. Section 6 deals with enforce-
ment of foreign awards. Sub-s.(1) lays down that where the Court is D
satisfied that the foreign award is enforceable under the Ac~, the Court
shall order the award to be filed and shall proceed to pronounce judgment
acc;ording to the award. Sub-s.(2) provides that upon the judgment so
pronounced a decree shall follow, no appeal shall lie from such decree
except insofar as the decree is in excess of or not in accordance with the
award. Section 7 contains the conditions for enforcement of foreign awards E
and prescribes the circumstances under which foreign awards will not be
enforced. Section 8 requires the production of the original award or a duly
authenticated copy thereof as well as original agreement for arbitration or
a duly certified copy thereof and the production of evidence to prove that
the award is a foreign award. Section 9 is a saving clause which excludes F
the applicability of the Act to matters specified therein. Section 10 provides
for repeal of the Arbitration (Protocol and Convention) Act, 1937, in
relation to foreign awards to which the Act applies. Section 11 provides
for rule making power of the High Court. The New York Convention is
appended as a schedule to the Foreign Awards Act.
G
In the present case, we are concerned with conditions of enforcement
laid down in Section 7, which provides as follows.

"7. CONDITIONS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
AWARDS.--{1) A foreign award may not be enforced under this H
50 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Act-

(a) If the party against whom it is sought to enforce the award
proves to the court dealing with the case that -

(i) The parties to the agreement were under the law ap-
B plicable to them, under some incapacity, or the said
agreement is not vaid under the law to which the parties
have subjected it, or failing any indication thereon,
under the law of the country where the award was
-·
made; or
c (ii) that party was not given proper notice of the appoint-
ment of the arbitrator or of the arbitration proceedings
• or was otherwise unable to present his case; or

(iii) the award deals with questions not referred or contains
D decisions on matters beyond the scope of the agree-
ment:
'
Provided that if the dec~ions on matters submitted to arbitra-
tion can be separated from those not submitted, that part of the
award which contains decisions on matters submitted to arbitra-
E
tions may be enforced; or

(iv) the composition of the arbitral authority or the arbitral
procedure was not in accordance with the agreement
of the parties or failing such agreement, was not in
F accordance with the law of the country where the ar-
bitration took place; or

(v) the award has not yet become binding on the parties or
has been set aside or suspended by a competent autority
of the country in which, or under the law of which, that
G award was made; or

(b) if the Court dealing with the case is satisfied. that-

(i) the subject-matter of the difference is not capable of
H settlement by arbitration under the law in India; or
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL,J.] 51
-( .
(ii) the enforcement of the award will be contrary to public A
policy;

(2) If the Court before which a foreign award is sought to be relied
upon is satisfied that an application for the setting aside or suspen-
sion of the award has been made to a competent authority referred B
to in sub-clause (v) of clause (a) of sub-section (1), the Court may,
if it deems proper, adjourn the decision on the enforcement of the
award and may also, on the application of the party claiming
enforcement of the award, order the other party to furnish suitable
security."
c
The objection of Renusagar against enforceability of the award is
based on (i) section 7(i) (a) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act, on the ground
that Renusagar was unable to present its case; and (ii) section 7(1) (b) (ii)
of the Foreign Awards Act, on the ground that the enforcement of the
award would be against public policy. D

In support of his submission that Renusagar was unable to present
its case, Shri Venugopal has urged that after the Mirzapur Court had
refused to stay the civil suit filed by Renusagar on the application sub-
mitted by General Electric under section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act on
July 9, 1985, Renusagar had raised a preliminary objection before the E
Arbitral Tribunal that it had become funcrus officio and on the said
objection raised by Renusagar, the Arbitral Tribunal had issued a further
notice on September 2, 1985 stating that the effect of the rejection of the
application under section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act would be Con-
sidered as a preliminary issue at the scheduled meeting of the Arbitral p
Tribunal fixed for October 1, 1985. The submission of Shri Venugopal is
that Rcnusagar was not informed by the Arbitral Tribunal that if the
decision of the Arbitral Tribunal on the objection that the Arbitral
Tribunal had become functus officio were to go against Renusagar, the
Arbitral Tribunal would straightaway proceed to hear the case on merits
without informing Renusagar about its decision and that if Renusagar had G
been put on notice, it would have been able to decide whether to proceed
with the merits or not and that the action of the Arbitral Tribunal in going
into the merits of the dispute without notice to Renusagar was a gross,
blatant and unpardonable violation of principles of natural justice and the
elementary tenets of fair play inasmuch as on account ~f the said procedure H
52 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R. ·y

I\ adopted by the Arbitral Tribunal Renusagar was deprived of an oppor-
tunity to meet and deal with the entirety of claims of General Electric.

As regards bar to the enforcement of the award undt!r ~t!clion 7(1)
(b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act, Shri Venugopal has argued that : (i)
under section 7 (i) (b) (ii), enforcement of the award could be refused by
B
the courts in India not only on the ground that the award is against the
public policy of India but also that it is against the public policy of the State "'
of New York; (ii) thP- expression "public policy" in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of
the Act has to be construed in a liberal sense and not narrowly and it would
include within its ambit disregard of the provisions of the Foreign Ex-
c change Regulation Act, 1973 (hereinafter referred as FERA) and would
also cover unjust enrichment; (iii) it would be contrary to the public policy
of India as well as of the State of New York to award interest on interest
and compounding it further and to award damages on damages; (iv) under
the contract interest was payable only upto the date of maturity of each
D promissory note and no interest was payable for the period subsequent to
the said date and the only remedy available to General Electric in the event
of default in payment of an instalment on the due date was to enforce the
bank guarantee or to recall all the promissory notes; (v) under the original
approval dated January 2, 1964 given by the Gover~ent oflndia the total
amount of loan was to be repaid in sixteen semi-aruiual instalments be-
E tween 30 and 120 months from contract effective date and payment of
interest was specifically restricted for the period from 16th to 30th month
and thereafter upon capitalisation from the 30th month to the !20th month
and no interest was payable without FERA sanction after due date of each
instalment; (vi) no liability for interest for delayed payment of instalments
F would accrue in respect of the period from June 30, 1967 to August 1, 1969
while the application for approval under FERA was pending before the
Government of India; (vii) after the refusal by the Government to give its
approval to the rescheduling of the instalments the award of interest was
in breach of, the prohibition contained in FERA and was contrary to public
policy of India; (viii) While awarding compensatory damages under items
G Nos.2 and 4 the Arbitral Tribunal has failed to deduct 46 per cent U.S. tax
payable by General Electric on the amount of regular interest and delin-
quent interest and compensatory damgaes could only be awarded on the
~
amount receivable by General Electric after deducting the said tax and this
has resulted in unjust enrichment which is contrary to public policy; (ix)
H compensatory damages have been awarded by way of interest on interest
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 53
1·
and thaUoo by compounding the rate of interest which is contrary to public A
policy of India and New York; (x) compensatory damages awarded on
delinquent interest under item No. 4 constitutes award of damages upon
damages which is contrary to public policy of India; (xi) award of compen-
satory damages on regular interest under item No. 2 in respect of the
period from 1970 to 1980 when the interim order passed by the Delhi High
Court in the writ petition was operative was impermissible and against
B
public policy; (xii) the amount awarded as costs is unconscionable and
constitutes unjust enrichment inasmuch as it includes the amount which
was admitted as part of the legal fees and expenses for proceedings in India
and which was found to be inadmissible by the Arbitral Tribunal and the
same amount was transposed into cost of the arbitration on the pretext that c
the material collected for litigation in India was also used in the arbitration
proceedings; and (xiii) there has been violation of principles of natural
justice inasmuch as the vouchers of costs regarding legal fees and expenses
were never shown or given to Renusagar nor were its objection heard in
this regard.
D
With regard to rate of exchange for conversion of the decretal
amount in U.S. dollars to Indian rupees, the submission of Shri Venugopal
is that the date with reference to which conversion of foreign currency is
to be made is a matter of substance and is governed by lex contractus, i.e.,
the law of the contract, and not by lex Jori i.e., the law of the forum. It has E
been urged that the law of the State of New York is the law of the contract
and that the said law provides the date of breach as the date of conversion
and therefore, the amount awarded in U.S. dollars under the award of the
Arbitral Tribunal must be converted into Indian currency on the basis of
the rate prevalent on the date of the breach. It has been submitted that the
F
decision of this Court in Forasol v. O.N.G.C. (supra) on which relian-ce has
been placed by the division bench of the High Court, has no application
to the present case because in that case the court was not dealing with a
foreign award but was dealing with an award made under the Indian
Arbitration Act, 1940.
G
Shri Shanti Bhushan, has, on the other hand, submitted that : (i) the
scope of enquiry in proceedings under section 5 of the Foreign Awards
Act is confined to questions relating to the enforcement of the award and
does not comprehend a challenge to the merits and even if a question of
law decided by the Arbitrators is incorrect,it is not a ground of challenge H
54 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R. t

A under Section 7 of the Foreign Awards Act; (ii) Renusagar cannot have
any grievance that they were unable to present its case because it had
voluntarily refused to appear before the Arbitral Tribunal when it met on
October 1, 1985 and further that in the sittings of the Arbitral Tribunal
from February to March, 1985 in which Renusagar had participated it had
made oral submissions and had also produced documents before the
B Arbitral Tribunal, with regard to issues .22(g) to (p) and that in the sittings
held from October 1, 1985 onwards, the Arbitral Tribunal had dealt with
rest of the issues which related to the counterclaim of Renusagar as well
as the claim made by General Electric against the counter claim which
claims have been rejected by the Arbitral Tribunal; (iii) public policy,
c comprehended in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act is the
public policy of India and does not cover the public policy of New York
State; (iv) for the purpose of Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards
Act the expression 'public policy' has a narrower connotation than in
domestic law; (v) the regular interest was wrongfully withheld by
D Renusagar because as a result of the failure on the part of Renusagar to
deposit the amount of tax with the Government of India. General Electric
was not able to claiin relief under the U.S. tax laws in respect of the amount
payable as tax in India on the interest and that the interim order passed
by the Delhi High Court in the writ petition filed by Renusagar did not
preclude Renusagar from either depositing the tax amount with the
E Government or remitting the interest amount to General Electric at the
rate of 6 per cent; (vi) for awarding compensatory damages for withholding
of regular interest and on delinquent interest for delayed payment of
instalments the tax payable in United States on the amount of regular
interest and delinquent interest could not be deducted since tax would be
F payable in the United States by General Electric on the amount awarded
as compensatory damages; (vii) the amount of compensatory damages
awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal relates to the merits of the award and
the same cannot be questioned in proceedings for enforcement of the
award under Section 7 of the Foreign Awards Act; (viii) the challenge to
the Award on the basis of unjust enrichment, award of compound interest,
G award of damages on damages does not fall within the ambit of permissible
objeCtions on the ground of violation of public policy in Section 7(1) (b)
(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act; (ix) there is no violation of the provisions
of FERA because in view of the approval that had already been granted
by the Government of India to the original contract, there was no prohibi-
H
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.) 55

tion against remittance of regular interest on the instalments which had A
become due and payable and the refusal on the part of the Government to
give approval to rescheduling of the payment of instalments did not in any
way preclude the Government of India from granting necessary permission
for remittance of the interest on the unpaid instalments under section 9 of
FERA; (x) in any event, the bar of section 9 of FERA is not applicable to B
the proceedings for enforcement for the award in view of section 47(3) of
FERA and the enforcement of the award does not involve contravention
of the provisions of FERA; (xi) the costs that have been awarded are
reasonable and that three copies of the supporting vouchers except for the
vouchers relating to fees of M/s Amarchand Mangaldas, a Bombay/Delhi
firm of Solicitors, were sent to all the three arbitrators and that one set of C
billings of M/s Amarchand Mangaldas was sent of the Chariman but copies
of the letter addressed to Chairman were sent to the other Arbitrators and
that the bills of M/s Amarchand Mangaldas were in respect or fees of
Indian lawyers in Bombay High Court and Supreme Court which claim of
costs has been disallowed by the Arbitral Tribunal; (xii) the rate of ex- D
change for conversion of foreign currency in proceedings for enforcement
of a foreign award is governed by lex fori, i.e., law of the forum in which
the proceedings have been instituted and not by the proper law of contract
or law of place of performance; (xiii) the relevant date for conversion of
U.S. dollars into Indian rupees in proceedings for enforcement of a foreign
award is the date of actual payment and not the date of judgment as held E
by the division bench of the High Court; (xiv) the decision of this Court in
Forasol v. O.N.G.C. (supra) on which the reliance has been placed by the
division ben~h has no applicat.ion and in any event the said decision does
not lay down the correct law and needs reconsideration; (xv) although
under the award interest has been awarded at 8 per cent in respect of items F
1, 3 and 5 only but in view of the interim order passed by this C~:mrt on
February 21, 1990 interest at the rate of 10% is payable on the entire
amount; (xvi) since the permission was not granted to General Electric by
the Reserve Bank of India to transfer the sum of Rs. 10.92 crores deposited
by Renusagar in pursuance to the orders of this Court dated February 21,
1990 and November 6, 1990 the said amount should be adjusted against the G
decree that is ultimately passed after converting the decretal amount in
U.S. dollars to Indian rupees on the basis of the rate of exchange prevailing
on the date of the judgment of this Court.

Having regard to the foregoing submissions of the learned counsel H
56 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
t
A the questions that arise for consideration. in these appeals can be thus
formulated : ·

(I) What is the scope of enquiry in proceedings for enforcement of
a foreign award under Section 5 read with Section 7 of the
Foreign Awards Act?
B
(II) Were Renusagar unable to present their case before the Arbitral
Tribunal and consequently the award cannot be enforced in view
of Section 7(1) (a) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act?

(III) Does Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act preclude
c the enforcement of the award of the Arbitral Tribunal for the
reason that the said award is contrary to the public policy of
the State of New York?

(IV) What is meant by 'public policy' in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the
Foreign Awards Act?
D
(V) Is the award of the Arbitral Tribunal unenforcable as contrary
to public policy of India on the ground that-

(a) it involves contravention of the provisions of FERA;
E (b) it penalises Renusagar for acting in accordance with the
interim order passed by the Delhi High Court in the
writ petition filed by Renusagar challenging the
withdrawal of exemption from income-tax on the inter-
est paid to General Electric;
F
(c) it results in charging of interest on interest which· is
compounded and also damages on damages;

(d) it would lead to unjust enrichment for General Electric.

G (VI) Which law would govern the rate of exchange for conversion
of foreign currency in proceedings for enforcement of a
foreign arbitral award?

(VII) Does Foraso/ v. O.N.G.C (supra) need reconsideration?

H (~) Is General Electric entitled to interest pendente lite and
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.] 57

future interest and if so, at what rate? A
(IX) What should be the rate for conversion into U.S. dollars of
the amount of Rs. 10.92 crores deposited by Renusagar in
pursuance to the interim orders passed by this Court on
February 21, 1990 and November 6, 1990 and which has been
withdrawn by General Electric? B

1. SCOPE OF ENQUIRY IN PROCEEDINGS FOR RECOGNI-
TION AND ENFORCEMENT OF A FOREIGN AWARD
UNDER THE FOREIGN AWARDS ACT

During the course of his submissions, Shri Venugopal has assailed
c
· the award of the Arbitral Tribunal on grounds touching on the merits of
the said award insofar as it relates to the award of compensatory damages
on regular interest (item no.2), delinquent interest (item 3), compensatory
damages on delinquent interest (item 4) and compensatory damages on the
price of spare parts (item 6). This gives rise to the question whether in D
proceedings for enforcement of a foreign award under the Foreign Awards
Act it is permissible to impeach the award on merits.

With regard to enforcement of foreign judgments, the position at
common law is that a foreign judgment which is final and conclusive cannot E
be impeached for any error either of fact or of law and is impeachable on
limited grounds, namely, the court of the foreign country did not, in the
circumstances of case, have jurisdiction to give that judgment in the view
of English law; the judgment is vitiated by fraud on part of the party in
whose favour the judgment is given or fraud on the part of the court which
pronounced the judgment; the enforcement or recognition of the judgment F
would be contrary to public policy; the proceedings in which the judgment
was obtained were opposed to natural justice. (See : Dicey & Morris, the
Conflict of Laws, 11th Ed., Rules 42 to 46. pp. 464 to 476; Cheshire &
L
North, Private International Law, 12th Ed, pp.368 to 392).

Similarly in the matter of enforcement of foreign arbitral awards at G
common law a foreign award is enforceable if the award is in accordance
with the agreement to arbitrate which is valid by its proper law and the
award is valid and final according to the arbitration law governing the
proceedings. The award would not be recognised or enforced if, under the
submission agreement and the law applicable thereto, the arbitrators have H
50 SUPREME Cl1~THI t'ORTS (1993} SUPP. 35.C.R.

ft~ Do ju~tification to make it, or it was obtained by fraud or its recognition or
enforcement woultl be contrary to public policy or the proceedings in
which it was obtained were oppo;e<I to natural justice [See : Dicey &
Morris, the Conflict of Laws, 11th Ed., Rule$ 62-64, pp.558 & 559 and 571
& 572; Cheshire & North, Private i11lemational Law, 12th Edn., p. 446-
447]. The English courts would not rtfuse !o recognise or enforce a foreign
B Jward merely because the arbitrators (i" ils view) appli<d the wrong law
to the dispute or misapplied the rigki law L!)cc : Dicey & Morris, Conflict
o[ Laws, 11th Edn., Vol.II, p.565}.

Under the Geneva Convention of 1'.127, in order to obtain recognition
C on enforcement of a foreign arbitral award, the requirements of clauses (a)
to (e) of Article I had to be fulfilled and in Article 2, it was prescribed that
even if the conditions laid down in Article I were fulfilled recognition and
enforcement of the award would be refused if the Court was satisfied in
respect of matters mentioned in clauses (a), (b) and (c). The principles
·o which apply to recognition and enforcement of foreign awatds are in
substance, similar to thsoe adopted by the English courts at Common law.
[See : Dicey & Morris, Conflict of Laws, 11th Edn., Vol.I, p.578]. It was,
however, felt that the Geneva Convention suffered from certain defects
which hampered !he speedy settlement of disputes through arbitration. The
E New York Convention seeks to remedy the said defects by providing for a
much more simple and effective method of. obtaining recognition and
enforcement of foreign awards. Under the New Yark Convention the party
against v.-·hom the award is sought to be enforced can object to recognition
and enforcement of the foreign a\\"Jrd on grounds set out in sub-clauses
(a) to (e) of clause (1) of Article V and !he court can, on its owo motion,
F refuse recognition and enforcement of a foreign award for two additional
reasons set out in sub-clauses (a) and (b) of Article V. None of the grounds
set out in sub-clauses (a) to (e) of clause (1) and sub-clauses (a) and (b)
of Clause (2) of Article V postulates a challenge to the award on merits.

G Albert Jan van den Ber~ in his treatise, The New York Arbitration
Convention of 1958 : Towards a Uniform Judicial Interpretation, has
expressed the view:

'It is a generally. accepted interpretation of the ~nvention that
H !he court before which the enforcement of !he foreign award is
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 59

sought may not review the merits of the award. The main reason A
is that the exhaustive list of grounds for refusal of enforcement
enumerated in Article V does not include a mistake in fact of law
by the arbitrator. Furthermore, under the Convention the task of
the enforcement judge is a limited one. The control exercised by
him is limited to verifying whether an objection of a respondent
on the basis of the grounds for refusal of ~tide V(l) is justified B
and whether the enforcement of the award "Wpuld violate the public
policy of the law of his country. This limit~,ion must be seen in
the light of the principle of international commercial arbitration
that a national court should not interfere with the substance of the
arbitration". (p.269) C
Similarly Alan Redfern and Marting Hunter have said·:

"The New York convention does not permit any review on the
merits of an award to which the Convention applies and in this
respect, therefore, differs from the provisions of some systems of D
national law governing the challenge of an award, where an appeal
to the courts on points on law may be permitted." [Redfern &
Hunter, Law and Practice of International Commercial Arbitra-
tion, 2nd End., p.461).
E
In our opinion, therefore, in · proceedings for enforcement of a
foreign award under the Foreign Awards Act, 1961, the scope of enquiry
before the court in which award is sought to be enforced is limited to

.
~
grounds mentioned in Section 7 of the Act and does not enable a party to
the said proceedings to impeach the award on merit.
F
II. BAR TO THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE AWARD UNDER
SECTION 7(1) (a) (ii) OF THE ACT

As indicated earlier, the grievancl of Renusagar is that the Arbitral
Tribunal on October 1, 1985 decided the perliminary objection raised by
Renusagar that the Arbitrators had become functus officio and were not G
entitled to proceed with the arbitration proceedings on merits and that the
Arbitral Tribunal thereafter proceeded to deal with the merits of the claim
of General Electric without any further notice to Renusagar and as a result
Renusagar was unable to present its case before the Arbitral Tribunal. This
objection was not raised by Renusagar either before the learned Single H
60 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Judge or before the division bench of the High Court. We have, however,
considered the same and we do not find- any substance in it. After the
Terms of Reference had been drawn before the Arbitral Tribunal on
February 8,1984, the parties had appeared before the Arbitral Tribunal at
Paris for hearing which lasted for ten days between February 25 to March
8, 1985 and during the course of the said hearing Renusagar presented
B typed submissions and legal authorities before the Arbitral Tribunal. In
these hearings, the Arbitral Tribunal concluded hearing on Issues 22(g) to
(p) and the matter was thereafter adjourned by the Arbitral Tribunal to
June 10 but on account of sudden illness of Dr. Dixit, One of the ar-
bitrators, the matter had to be adjourned and it was ultimately fixed for
' C October 1, 1985. On June 26, 1988, the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal
sent a notice to the parties wherein it was stated that the adjourned hearing
would take place in London on Tuesday from October 1 to 4 and to
continue if necessary during the following week from October 7 to 11. In
the said communication, it ·was further stated :
D "5. At the beginning of the hearing, the Tribunal will be prepared
to hear submissions if necessary on the adequacy of the evidence
before us on the relevant issues of U.S. foreign tax credit. But the
main purpose of the meeting is to deal with the respondent's
counter claims together with the claimant's claims for 119,053 U.S.
E dollars (unpaid purchase price of spare parts) and 103,500 U.S. ·,
dollars (unpaid repairs on 75 M.V.A. Transformers).

6. All the above counter claims and claims are old, so before going
into details ·as to merit, the Tribunal will wish to consider- submis- '·•
F sions on the raised issues of limitation, laches, estoppel, abandone-
ment and whether the right party is being sued."

On July 22, 1985 M/s Khaitan & Partners, on behalf of Renusagar,
sent a communication to the Arbitrators giving notice that Renusagar was
G abandoning and withdrawing items (ii) to (vi) and (viii) of its claim set forth
in para 19(g) of the Terms of Reference as amended by Paris hearings. On
August 10, 1985 Mis Khaitan Partners, on behalf of Renusagar, sent a
conuilunication to the Arbitrators wherein a reference was made to the
notice issued by Renusagar to the effect that the ICC Arbitration Tribunal
had become functus officio and neither the ICC Arbitration Tribunal could
H proceed with the arbitration nor Renusagar could participate in the same
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.) 61

on the ground that the application submitted by General Electric under A
section 3 of the Foreign Awards Act had been rejected by Mirzapur Civil
Court and the said order of the court had not yet been set aside or stayed
by the Allahabad High Court in the revision petition filed by General
Electric Renusagar, through their advocates (M/s Khaitan & Partners) also
sent petition dated August 23, 1985 to the Secretary General ICC as well B
as Secretariat, ICC of Arbitration reiterating their objection that the ar-
bitrators had become functus officio and could not proceed and/or func-
tion. In his communication to M/s Khaitan & Partners dated September 2,
1985 the Chairman of the Arbitral Tribunal intimated that the question as
to the effect of the suit filed in the Mirzapur Court on the arbitration would
be considered as a preliminary issue at the scheduled meeting on October C
1, 1985. On September 23, 1985, M/s Khaitan & Partners, on behalf of
Renusagar, addressed a communication to Mr. Roberto Power in the ICC
(copies of the same were sent to the Arbitrators as well as to General
Electric) wherein it was stated : "Our plea is totally different. It is that the
Arbitrators have become functus officio in the facts and law stated by us D
in the 23rd August, 1985 document and our telexes to the Arbitrators
copies of which have been sent to ICC. Therefore, the question of our
appearing before the Arbitrators or their determining the plea raised by
us cannot and does not arise." In the communication dated September 28,
1985 from M/s Khaitan & Partner, it is stated : "We have been repeatedly E
informing you that the Arbitrators have become functus officio. Therefore,
be so kind as not to communicate with us any further regarding the
arbitration which has become infructuous". From these documents, it would
appear that the stand of Renusagar was that the Arbitrators had become
functus officio and they could not proceed with the arbitration and there
was, therefore, no question of Renusagar appearing before the Arbitral
F
Tribunal on the dates fixed for hearing. In these circumstances, it is not
open to Renusagar to say that the Arbitral Tribunal, after having rejected,
(by majority) the said objection raised by Renusagar, by order dated
October 1, 1985 should have given a further notice to Renusagar asking
them to appear to make their submission before the Arbitral Tribunal on G
the merits on issues 22(q) to 22(bb). In this context, it may also be stated
that issue 22(q) and 22(r) relate to the claim of US$ 119,053=91 for
purchase price of spare parts which is not disputed by Renusagar and issue
22(s) relates to claim for compensatory damages on the said amount which
has been allowed on the same basis as the claim for compensatory damages H
62 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A or regular interest (item No. 2) under Issue 22(k). Rest of the matters
convered by Issue 22(t) to 22(bb) related to counter claims of Renusagar
and claims by General Electric against counter claims which have been
disallowed by the Arbitral Tribunal.

We are, therefore, of the opinion that the enforcement of the arbitral
B award is not barred by S. 7(i) (a) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act on the
ground that Renusagar was unable to present its case before the Arbitral
Tribunal.

III OBJECTION TO THE ENFORCEABILITY OF THE AWARD
c ON THE GROUND THAT IT IS CONTR4RYTO THE PUBLIC
POLICY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

Shri Venugopal has urged that although under sub-clause (b) of t}le
clause (2) of Article V of the New York Convention the recognition and
D enforcement of an arbitral award can be refused if the competent authority
in the country where recognition and enforcement is sought fiilds that the
recognition or enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public
policy ofthat country, i.e., the country where the award is sought to be
enforced, a departure has been made in Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign
Awards Act which prescribes that the foreign award may not be enforced
·E under the said Act if the court dealing with the case is satisfied that the
enforcement of the award would be contrary to public policy. The submis-
sion of Shri Venugopal is that ins. 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Act, the Parliament
has deliberately refrained from using the words "public policy of India"
which implies that the words "public policy" are not restricted to the public
F policy of India but would cover the public policy of the country whose law _,_
(_ .
governs the contract or of the country of the place of arbitration and the
enforcement of an award would be refused if it is contrary to such public
policy. In this context Shri Venugopal has invited our attention to the
provisons of section 7(1) of the Arbitration (Protocol &Convention) Act,
1937 wherein' the words used are "and enforcement thereof must not be
G contrary to the public policy or law of India". According to Shri Venugopal
while under the 1937 Act, objections to enforcement are limited to the
public policy of India or law of India, there is no such limitation in section
7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act. Shri Venugopal has also placed
reliance on the decision of this Court in V/O Tractoroexport, Moscow v. Mis
H Tarapore & Co. & Anr., [1970) 3 SCR 53 wherein this Court has held that
·-
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.) 63

there was clear deviation from lht: rigid and strict rule that the courts must A
stay a suit whenever an international commercial arbitration as con-
templated by the Protocol and the Conventions, was to take place and that
it was open to the legislature to deviate from the terms of the Protocol and
the Convention and that it appears to have given only a limited effect to
the provisions of the 1958 Convention. we find it difficult to accept this B
contention. It cannot be held that by not using the words "public policy of
India" and only using the words "public policy" in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of
the Foreign Awards Act, Parliament intended to deviate from the
provisions of the New York Convention contained in Article V(2) (b)
which uses the words "public policy of that country" implying public policy
of the country where recogniton and enforcement is sought. That Parlia- C
ment did not intend to deviate from the terms of the New York Convention
is borne out by the amendment which was introduced in the Act by Act 47
of i973 after the decision of this Court in Tractoroexpon case (supra)
whereby section 3 was substituted to bring it in accord with the provisions
of the New York Convention. The Fore\gn Awards Act has been enacted D
to give effect to the New York Convention which seeks to remedy the
defects in the Geneva Convention of 1927 that hampered the speedy
settlement of disputes through arbitration.

The Foreign Awards Act is, therefore, intended to reduce the time
taken in recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards. The New E
York Convention seeks to achieve this objective by dispensing with the
requirement of the leave to enforce the award by the courts where the
award is made and thereby avo~d the problem of "double exequatur". It also
restricts the 'scope of enquiry before the court enforcing the ·award by
eliminating the requirement that the award should not be contrary to the
F
principles of the law of the country in which it is sought to be relied upon.
Enlarging the field of enquiry to include public policy of the courts whose
law governs the contract or of the country of place of arbitration, would
run counter to the expressed intent of the legislation.

With regard to the provisions of the Arbitration (Protocol & Con- G
vention) Act, 1937, it may be stated that Section 7(1) of the said Act, as
originally enacted, read as under :

"7. CONDITIONS FOR ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN
AWARDS~l) In order that a foreign award may be enforceable H
64 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A under this Act is must have-

(a) been made in pursuance of an agreement for arbitration
which was valid under the law by which it was governed,

(b) been made by the tribunal provided for in the agreement
B or constituted in manner agreed upon by the parties.

( c) been made in conformity with the law governing the arbitra-
tion procedure,

(d) become final in the country in which it was made.
c
( e) been in respect of a matter which may lawfully be referred
to arbitration under the law of British India,

and the enforcement thereof must not be contrary to the public
policy or the law of British India.
D
(2) A foreign award shall not be enforceable under this Act if
tlie Court dealing with the case is satisfied that-

(a) the award has been annulled in the country in which it was
made, or
E
(b) the party against whom it is sought to enforce the award
was not given notice of the arbitration proceedings insufficient time
to enable him to present his case, or was under some legal in-
capacity and was not properly represented or,
F (c) the award does not deal with all the questions referred or
contains decisions on matter beyond the scope of the agreement
for arbitration :

Provided that if the award does not deal with all questions
referred the Court may, if it thinks fit, either postpone the enfor-
G
cement of the award or order its enforcement subject to the giving
of such security by the person seeking to enforce it as the Court
may think fit,

H
(3) if a party seeking to resist the enforcement of a foreign
award proves that there is any ground other than the non- existence
-1\-
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.) 65

of the conditions specified in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of sub-section A
(1), or the existence of the conditions specified in clauses (b) and
(c) of sub-section (2), entitling him to contest the validity of the
award, the Court may, if it think fit, either refuse to enforce the
award or adjourn the hearing until after the expiration of such
period as appears to the Court to be reasonably sufficient to enable B
that party to take the necessary steps to have the award annulled
by the competent tribunal."

By Indian Independence (Adaptation of Central Acts and Ordinan-
ces) Order 1948, the words "British India" were substituted by the words
"the Provinces", which words were substituted by the words "the States" by C
the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950. By Part B States (Laws) Act, 1951
the words the States" were substituted by the word "India". The aforesaid
amendments introduced from time to time indicate that the words "public
policy" and "the law of India" are independent of each other and the words
"public policy" are not qualified by the words " of India" which follow the D
word "law'' because there was no separate public policy for each Province
or State in India. This means that even in the Protocol and Convention Act
of 1937 the legislature had used the words "Public Policy" only and by the
said words it was intended to mean "the public policy of India". The New
York Convention has further curtailed the scope of enquiry by excluding
contravention of law of the court in which the award is sought to be E
enforced as a ground for refusing recognition and enforcement of a foreign
award. The words "law of India" have, therefore, been omitted in Section
7(1) (b) (ii) of the foreign Awards Act. It cannot, therefore, be said that
by using the words "Public Policy" only Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign
Awards Act seeks to make a departure from the provisions contained in F
the Protocol and Convention Act of 1937 and, by using the words "Public
Policy" without any qualification, Parliament intended to broaden the scope
of enquiry so as to cover public policy of other countries, i.e., the country
whose law governs the contract of the country of the place of arbitration.
In the U.K., the Arbitration Act, 1975 has been enacted to give effect to
the provisions of the New York Convention, Section 5(3) of the said Act G
provides as under :

"Enforcement of a Convention award may also be refused if the
award is in respect of a matter which is not capable of settlement
by arbitration, or if it would be contrary to public policy to enforce H
<iG SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the award.''

Although the words "public policy" only are used without indicating
whether they refer to public policy of England authors of authoritative tex1
books have expressed the view that they only mean "English public policy".
In Russel on Arbitration, 12th Edn. at p. 384 it is stated :
B
"The New York Convention is to the same effect. Accordingly,
though the 1975 Act does not so specify, it must be taken that
reference is intended to English public policy-which indeed the
only public policy into which the English courts can sensibly
inquire."
c
The same view is expressed in Dicey & Morris on Conflict of Laws, 11th
Edn., Vol.I at pp.586-7.

We are, therefore, of the view that the words "public policy" used in
D section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act refer to the public policy
of India and the recognition and enforcement of the award of the Arbitral
Tribunal cannot be questioned on the ground that it is contrary to the
public policy of the State of New York.

IV MEANING OF 'PUBLIC POLICY' IN SECTION 7(1) (b) (ii)
E OF THE ACT

While observing that "from the very nature of things, the expresions
'public policy' 'opposed to public policy' or 'contrary to public policy' are
incapable of precise definition" this Court has laid down-

F "Public policy connotes some matter which concerns the public
good and the public interest. The concept of what is for the public
good or in the public interest or what would be injurious or harmful
to the public good or the public interest has varied from time to
time." (See: Central Inland Water Transport Corporation Ltd. &
G Anr. vs. Brojo Nath Ganguly and Anr., (1986) 2 SCR 278 at p.372).

The need for applying the touchstone of public policy has been thus
explained by Sir William Holdsworth-

"In fact, a body of law like the common law,. which has grown up
H gradually with th~ ·growth of the nation, necessarily ifcquires some
RENU SAGAR POWER LID. v. ELECTRIC CO. (AGRAWAL, J.] 67

fixed principles and if it is to maintain these principles it must be A
able, on the ground of public policy or some other like ground, to
suppress practices which, under ever new disguises, seek to weaken
or negative them". (History of English Law, Vol.III, p.55).

Since the doctrine of public policy is somewhat open-textured and
flexible, judges in England have shown certain degree of reluctance to B
invoke it in domestic law. There are two conflicting position which are
referred as the 'narrow view' and the 'broad view'. According to the narrow
view courts cannot create new heads of public policy whereas the broad
view countenances judicial law making in this areas. (See : Chitty on
Contracts, 26th Ed., Vol.I, para 1133, pp.685-686). Similar is the trend of C
the decision in India. In Gherulal Paraklt v. Mahadeodas Maiya & Ors.,
[1959) suppl. 2 SCR 392 this Court favoured the narrow view when it said:

"......though the heads are not closed and though theoretically
it may be permissible to evolve a new head under exceptional
circumstances of a changing world, it is admissible in the interest D
of stability of society not to make any attempt to discover new
heads in these days" (p.440)

In later decisions this Court has, however, leaned towards the broad
view. (See : Murlidhar Agarwal & Anr. etc. v. State of UP & Ors., [1975) 1 E
SCR 575 at p.584; Central Inland Water Transport Corporation v. Brojo
Nath Ganguly (supra) at p.373 and Rattachand Hira Chand v. Askar Nawaz
Jung (Dead) by LRs and Ors., [1991) 3 SCC 67 at pp.76-77).

In the field of private international law, courts refuse to apply a rule
of foreign law or recognise a foreign judgment or a foreign arbitral award F
if it is found that the same is contrary to the public policy of the country
in which it is sought to be invoked or enforced. The English Courts follow
the following principles :

"Exceptionally, the English court will not enforce or recognise a G
right conferred or a duty imposed by a foreign law where, on the
facts of the particular case, enforcement or, as the case may be,
recognition, would be contrary to a fundamental policy of English
law. The court has, therefore, refused in certain cases to apply
foreign law where to do so would in the particular circumstances
be contrary to the interests of the United Kingdom or contrary to H
68 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A justice or morality". (See : Halsbury's Laws of Englad, IV Ed.,
vol.8, para 418).

A distinction is drawn while applying the said rule of public policy
between a matter governed by domestic law and a matter involving conflict
of laws. The application of the doctrine of public policy in the field of
B conflict of laws is more limited than that in the domestic law and the courts
are slower to invoke public policy in case involving a foreign element than
when a purely municipal legal issue is involved. (See : Vervaeka Vs. Smith,
1983 (1) AC. 145 at p. 164 Dicey & Morris, Conflict of Laws, 11th Ed.,
•
\.

Vol.1 p.92; Cheshire & North, Private International Law, 12th Ed., p.128-
C 129). The reason for this approach is thus explained by Professor
Graveson:

"This concern of law in the protection of social institutions is
reflected in its rules of both municipal and conflict of laws. Al-
though the concept of public policy is the same in nature in these
D two spheres of law, its application differs in degree and occasion,
corresponding to the fact that transactions containing a foreign
element may constitute a less serious threat to municipal institu-
tions than would purely local transaction". (R.H. Graveson : Con-
flict of Laws, 7th Ed, p.165).
E
In Louchs v. Standard Oil Co. of New York, 224 NY 99 (1918)
Cordozo, J. has said:

".. :··The Courts are.not free to refuse to enforce a foreign right at
the pleasure of the judges, to suit the individual notion· of expedien-
F cy or fairness. They do not close their doors unless help would
violate some fundamental principle of justice, some prevalent
conception of good morals, some deep-rooted tradition of the
common weal". (p.111).

The particular rule of public policy that the defendant invokes may
G be of this overriding nature and therefore enforceable in all actions, or it
may be local in the sense that it represents some feature of internal policy.
If so it must be confined to cases governed by the domestic law and it
should not be extended to a case governed by foreign law. In order to
ascertain whether the rule is all-pervading or merely local, it must be
H examined in the light of its history, the purpose of its adoption, the object
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.)

to be accomplished by it and the local conditions. (See: Cheshire and North
69

A
...
Private International Law, 12th Ed., p.129)

The cases in which the English courts refuse to enforce a foreign·
acquired right on the ground that its enforcement would affront some
moral principle the maintenance of which admits of no possible com-
promise, have been classified as under- B
> "(i) Where the fundamental conceptions of English justice are
disregarded;

(ii) Where the English conceptions of morality are infringed; C
(iii) Where a transaction prejudices the interests of the United
Kingdom or its good relations with foreign powers;

(iv) Where a foreign law or status offends the English conceptions
of human liberty and freedom of action;" D

(See :Cheshire and North Private International Law, 12th Ed,
p.131-133)

As observed by Lord Simon of Glaisdale "an English Court will
exercise such a jurisdiction with extreme reserve". Vervaeka v. Smith, (1983) E
1 Ac 145 at pp.164.

In Dalmia Dairy Industries Ltd. v. National Bank of Pakistan, [(1978)
2 Lloyd's Law Reports 223) the Court Appeal extend the doctrine of public
policy to embrace the principle that the English court& of should refuse to F
enforce an award arising out of a contract between persons who· are
nationals of foreign states which were at war with each other but each of
which was in friendly relationship with England. In support of the
applicability of the doctrine, it was argued that it would be harmful to
international relations of the United Kingdom with friendly countries if it G
were to allow the machinery of its courts to be used to enforce a judgment,
or an arbitral award in favour of a national of one foreign state friendly to
the United Kingdom, against the national of another foreign state, also
friendly to the United Kingdom, when the two foreign states are enemies
of one another. Negativing the said contention, the Court of Appeal
(Mcgaw, LJ .) has held: H
70 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A "If there is no authority binding on us which specifically adopts
that supposed doctrine, or principle, we should unhesitatingly
decline to make new law to that effect in this case. We should
regard it, on balance, as being contrary to public policy for such
a principle to apply." (p.300)

B In Deutsche Schachtbau-und Tiejbohrgesellschaft mbH v. Ras Al
Khaimah National Oil Co., [1987) 2 All ER 769, decided by the Court of
Appeal, Sir John Donaldson M.R. has said:

"Consideration of public policy can never be exhaustively defined,
c but they should be approached with extre111e caution. As Burrough
J. remarked in Richardson V. Mellish (1824) 2 Bing 229 at 252,
(1824-34) All ER Rep 258 at 266: 'It is never argued at all but
when other points fail.' It has to be shown that there is some
element of illegality or that the enforcement of the award would
be clearly injurious to the public good or, possibly, that enforce-
D ment would be wholly offensive to the ordinary reasonable and
fully informed member of the public on whose behalf the powers
of the state are exercised". (p.779)

The approach of the American courts to the doctrine of public policy
E in its application to recognition and enforcement of foreign arbitral awards
under the New York Convention is reflected in the decision of the US
Court of Appeals in Parsons & Whittemore Overseas Co. Inc. v. Societe
Genera/a De L'lndustrie Du Papier (Rakta) and Bank of America, 508 F.2d
969 (1974), wherein it has been observed-

F fhe general pro-enforcement bias informing the Convention and
explaining its supersession of the Geneva Convention points
towards a narrow reading of the public policy defense. An expan-
sive construction of this defense would vitiate the Convention's
basic ,effort to remove per-existing obstacles to enforcement" .
.......We conclude, therefore, that the convention's public policy
G
defense should be construed narrowly. Enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards may be denied on this basis only where enforce-
ment would violate the forum state's most basic notions of morality
and justice". (pp.973-974)

H Whil~ dealing with arbitration agreements in intern~tional business
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 71

transactions, the U.S. Supreme Court, has disapproved a parochial retus<.I A
by the courts of ofone country to enforce an international arbitration
agreement as well as the 'parochial concept that all disputes must be
resolved under our laws and in our courts". It has been observed:

"We cannot have trade and commerce in world markets and
international waters exclusively on our terms, goverfled by our 1a\vs, B
a~d resolved in our Courts'. (Fritz Scherk v.AlbeTto-Culrer Co., 41
L.Ed.2d, 270 at pp.279 and 281}

Similarly in Mitsubishi Motors Corporation v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth
Inc, 87 L Ed 2d 444, it was observed- C
"We conclude that concerns of international comity, respect for
the capacities of foreign and transnational tribunals, and sensitivity
to the need of the international commercial system for predict-
ability in the resolution of disputes require that we enforce the
parties' agreement, when assuming that a c0ntrary result would be D
forthcoming in a domestic context'. (pp.456-457)

In France, a distinction is made between international public policy
('ordre public international'} and the national public policy. Under the new
French Code of Civil Procedure, an international arbitral award can be set E
aside if the recognition or execution is contrary to international public
policy. In doing so it recognises the existence of two levels of p'1blic
policy-the national level, which may be concerned with purely <lo"'.lostic
considerations, and the international level, which is IIB restrieb\/e in its
approach. (See : Redfern and Hunter, Law and Practi..;e of-International
Commercial Arbitration, 2nd Ed.p.445). F

According to Redfern and Hunter, 'If a workable definition of
'international public policy" could be found, it would be an effective way
of preventing an award in an international arbitration from being set aside
for purely domestic policy considerations~. But in the ab;;ence of such a G
. definition 'there are bround to be practices whkh 5orne s!at.s "'11 ~1rd
as contrary to international Public interest :md othersbl:es ~11 rt$11See:
Redfern & Hunter (supra) pp. 445-446).

In view of the absence of a workable definition of 'international
public policy" we find it difficult to costrue the expression 'public policy" H•
72 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A in Article V (2) (b) of the New York Convention to mean international
public policy. In our opinion the said expression must be construed to mean
the doctrine of public policy as applied by the courts iu which the foreign
award is sought to be enforced. Consequently, the expression 'public policy'
in Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act means the doctrine of
public policy as applied by the court in India. This raises the question
B whether the narrower concept of public policy as applicable in the field of
public international law should be applied or the wider concept of public
policy as applicable in the field of municipal law.

Keeping in view the object underlying the enactment of the Foreign
C Awards Act, this Court has also favoured a liberal construction of the
provisions of the said Act. In Renusagar case I, it has been observed:

"It is obvipus that since the Act is calculated and designed to
subserve the cause of facilitating international trade and promotion
thereof by providmg for speedy settlement of disputes arising in
D such trade through arbitration, any expression or phrase occurring
therein should receive, consisting with its literal and grammatical
sense, a liberal construction". (p.492).

This would imply that the defence of public policy which is perrnis-
E sible under Section 7(1) (b) (ii) should be construed narrowly. In this
context, it would also be of relevance to mention that under Article I (e)
- of the Geneva Convention Act of 1927, it is permissible to raise objection
to the enforcement of arbitral award on the ground that the recognition or
enforcement of the award is contrary to the pubµc policy or to the prin-
ciples of the law of the country in which it is sought to be relied upon. To
F the same effect is the provision in Section 7(1) of the Protocol & Conven-
tion Act of 1837 which requires that the enforcement of the foreign award
must not be contrary to the public policy or the law of India. Since the
expression "public policy" covers the field not covered by the words "and
the law of India" which follow the said expression, contravention of law
G alone will not attract the bar of public policy and something more than
contravention of law is required.

Article V (2) (b) of the New York Convention of 1958 and Section
7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act do not postulate refusal of recog-
nition and enforcement of a foreign award on the ground that it is contrary
H to the law of the country of enforcement and the ground of challenge iii
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 73

confined to the recognition and enforcement being to the public policy of A
the country in which the award is set to be enforced. There is nothing to
indicate that the expression "public policy" in Article V(2) (b) of the New
York Convention and Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act is
not used in the same sense in which it was used in Article I(c) of the
Geneva Convention of 1927 and Section 7(1) of the Protocol and Conven-
B
tion Act of 1937. This would mean that "public policy" in Section 7(1) (b)
(ii) has l;>een used in a narrower sense and in order to attract to bar of
public policy the enforcement of the award must invoke something more
than the violation of the law of India. Since the Foreign Awards Act is
concerr.ed with recognition and enforcement of foreign awards which are
governed by the principles of private international law, the expression C
"public policy" in Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act must
necessarily be construed in the sense the doctrine of public policy is
applied in the field of private international law. Applying the said criteria
it must be held that the enforcement of a foreign award would be refused
on the ground that it is contrary to public policy if such enforcement would D
be contrary to (i) fundamental policy. of Indian law; or (ii) the interests of
India; or (iii) justice or morality.

V. IS THE AWARD CONTRARY TO PUBLIC POLICY OF
INDIA?
E
Having examined the scope of public policy un:der section 7(1) (b)
(ii) of the Foreign Awards Act, we will now proceed to consider the various
ground on the basis of which the said provision is invoked by Renusagar
to bar the enforcement for the award of the Arbitral Tribunal. As indicated
earlier, Renusagar has invoked the said provision on the ground that
enforcement of the award would be contrary to the public policy for the F
reason that such enforcement.

(a) would involve contravention of the provisions of FERA;

(b) would amount to penalising Renusagar for not disregarding the G
interim orders passed by the Delhi High Court in the writ petition filed by
Renusagar;

(c) w~uld enable recovery of compound interest on interest;

( d) would result in payment of damages on damages; H
74 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R. .....
A (e) would result in unjust enrichment by General Electric;

We will examine the submissions of learned counsel under each head
' separately.

(a) Violation of FERA
B
As mentioned in the Preamble, FERA is a law regulating certain
payments, dealings in foreign exchange and securities, transactions in-
directly affecting foreign exchange and the import and export of currency
for the conservation of the foreign exchange resources of the country and
the proper utilisation thereof in the interests of the economic development
c of the country. It was preceded by Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1947.
Similar enactments providing for exchange control exist in other countries.
In the United Kingdom, there is a similar enactment, viz., Exchange
Control Act, 1947, which remains in force but its operation has been
suspended since 1979. The view of the English courts is that the exchange
D control legislation does not belong to the field of revenue laws and appllca-
tion of such law is not obnoxious to English public policy. (See -Kahler V.
Midland Bank Ltd., 1950 A.C. 24 at p. 27, 36, 46-47 and 57; Zivnostenska
Bank National Coporation v. Frankman, 1950 A.C. 57, at p. 72 and 78). In
re. Herbert Wasg & Co. Ltd., (1956) 1 Ch. 323, Upjohn J., has said :
E "In cannot 'be doubted that legislation intended to protect the
economy of the nation and the general welfare of its inhabitants
regardless of their nationality by various measures of foreign ex-
change control or by altering the value of its currency, is recognised
by foreign courts although its effect is usually partially confiscatory. \.
F Probably there is no civilized country in the world which has not
at some stage in its history altered its currency or restricted the
rights of its inhabitants to purchase the currency of another
country. (p.349) ... In my judgment these courts must recognii.e the
right of every foreign State to protect its economy by measures of
foreign exchange control and by altering the value of its currency.
G Effect must be given to those measures where the law of the foreign
State is the proper law of the contract or where the movable is
situate within the territorial jurisdiction of the State." (pp.351)

H
The following principle of Private International Law is applicable in
relation to such legislation :
,_
RENUSAGARPOWERLID. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 75

"Rule 212 (1).-A contractual obligation may be invalidated or A
discharged by exchange control legislation if-

(a) such legislation is part of the proper law of the contract; or

(b) it is part of the law of the place of performance; or
B
(c) it is part of English law and the relevant statute or statutory
instrument is application to the contract.

Provided that foreign exchange legislation will not be applied if it
is used not with the object of protecting the economy of the foreign
State, but as an instrument of oppression of discrimination." C
(See: Dicey & Morris, the Conflict of Laws, 11th Ed., Vol. II, p.
1466)

In the comments on the said rule, it is stated:
D
"An English court would clearly refuse to enforce a contract the
making or performance of which was prohibited by the Exchange
Control Act 1947 (now suspended) or by any statutory instrument
made in virtue of that Act, or which was prohibited -by earlier
United Kingdom exchange control legislation. This would apply E
irrespective of the proper law of the contract and irrespective of
the place of performance. The question whether the Act or
statutory instrument applied to the transaction would have to be
answered by construing it in accordance with the· principles of
statutory interpretation which are part of English law. If it did so
apply, it would be an example of an "overriding salute". F
(See : Dicey & Morris (supra) p. 1469)

In support of this statement of law reference has been made to the
decision of House of Lords in Boissevain v. Weil, 1950 A.C. 327. In that
case, the respondent, a British subject, and the appellant, a Dutch subject, G
were involuntarily resident in Monaco .1D enemy occupied territory, in
1944, due to war conditions. The respondent borrowed a sum of 960,000
French francs from the appellant in Monaco on an undertaking to repay
the money in sterling in London at an agreed rate of 160 francs to the
pound and drew cheques in blank for· the full amount on English Bank. H
76 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R. ,i

A The appellant filed a suit in England claiming 6,000 pounds from the
respondent. The said claim was opposed by the respondent on the ground
that the loans given by the appellant to the respondent were invalid and
illegal being contrary to Regulation 2(1) of ihe Defence (Finance) Regula-
tions, 1939. The said claim of the appellant was allowed by the trial judge,
but on appeal, it was dismissed by the Court of Appeal. The House of Lord
B agreed with the view of the Court of Appeal that regulation 2(1) prohibited
this borrowing and therefore rendered the appellant's claim for repayment
unmaintainable. Lord Radcliffe, who delivered the main speech, has ob-
served:

c "If reg. 2 did extend to this transaction it forbade the very act of
borrowing, not merely the contractual promise to repay. The act
itself being forbidden, I do not think that it can be a source of civil
rights in the courts of this country. .... A court that extended a
remedy in such circumstances would merit rather to be blamed for
stultifying the law than to be applauded for extending it." (p.341)
D
,,
Another interesting case is that of Wilson, Smithett & Cope Ltd. v.
Terrozzi, (1976) 1 Q.B. 683. In that case, the plaintiffs were b.rokers on the
London Metal Exchange and the defendant, Terruzzi, was a dealer and
s11eculator in metals who lived in Italy. The defendant entered into various
,E contracts for the sale and purchase of metals with the plaintiffs and a sum
of 195,000 pounds was payable by the defendant to the plaintiffs in respect
of those contracts. · Before entering the said contracts, defendant had,
however, not obtained ministerial authorisation as required by the Italian
Exchange Control Regulations. An action was brought in the English court
F by the plaintiffs against the defendant in which the defendant pleaded that '·
it was milawful for him under Italian law to enter into any of the contracts
which were "exchange contracts" within the meaning of Article VIII, section
2(b) of the Bretton Woods Agreement and unenforceable by reason of the
Bretton Woods Agreements Order in Council, 1946. The said plea of the
defendant was rejected by the trial judge who gave a judgment in favour
G of the plaintiffs and the said judgment was affirmed by the Court of
Appeal. It appears that the judgment of the English court was sought to
be enforced by the plaintiffs in Italy but the Italian Court refused to
I'-
recognise and enforce the said judgment of the view that since the contracts
were entered in violation of the Italian Exchange Control R.fgulations their
H enforcement would amount to infringement of Italian public policy and the
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 77

contracts were unenforceable in Italy (See : Mauro Rubino-Sammartano, A
Public Policy in Transnational Relationships, p. 91).

Our attention has also been invited to a decision of the Supreme
Court of Austria dated May 11, 1983 which is extracted, in brief, in
YEARBOOK of Commercial Arbitration, Volume X (1985) pp. 421- 23.
In that case, an award had been made in favour of the appellant who was B
a national of Holland against the respondent who was an Austrian whereby
the respondent was directed to pay to the appellant DM 667.500. The
appellant sought enforcement of the award in Austria and the said enfor-
cement was opposed by the respondent on the ground that the underlying
contracts, though nominally delivery contracts, were in reality sales and C
purchases on a margin basis and such contracts are contrary to Austrian
foreign exchange law, unless specific authorisation thereof was given by the
competent authorities. The respondent invoked Article V(2) (b) of the
New York Convention, 1958 to oppose the recognition and enforcement of
the award. The Austrian Supreme Court dismissed the claim of the Dutch
national and held that the award could not be recognised and enforced by D
the court in view of Article V(2) (b) of the New York Convention and, in
that context, it was held :

"That the transactions concluded between the parties are not
subject to Austrian but to Dutch law is irrelevant because domestic E
law is applicable to the examination whether there has been a sale
and purchase on a margin basis, for determining whether enforce-
ment is to be refused. According to Art, 81, para.4, of the Austrian
Law on Enforcement ·Procedure, enforcement has to be refused if
sought for award rendered in respect of claims which, under
Austrian law, cannot be brought before Austrian courts. This is a F
specific, special provision of domestic Austrian law on public
policy." (p.422)

Dr. FA.. Mann has also expressed view to the same effect. He has
said:
G
"There remains the question whether a foreign judgment rendered
in disregard of foreign exchange regulations operating in the
' ,., country in which it is to be enforced, may or must be reflected by
the courts of the latter country as being contrary to order public.
Subject to local regulations the answer would seem to be in the H
78 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A affirmative."

(See : F.A. Mann, The Legal Aspect of Money, 5th Ed., (1992) p.
403 note 31)

As laid dt>wn by this Court, FERA is a statute enacted for the
B "national economic interest" and the object of various provisions in the said
Act is to.ensure that the national does not lose foreign exchange which is
very much essential for the economic survival of the nation [See : L.I. C. v.
Escorts, [1986) Supp. 3 SCR 909, at p.981 and M.S Wagh & Ors. v. Jay
Engineering Works Ltd., [1987) 1 SCR 981, at p. 987).
c Keeping in view the aforesaid objects underlying FERA and the
principles governing enforcement of exchange control laws followed in
other countries, we are of the view that the provisions contained in FERA
have been enacted to safeguard the economic interests of India and any
· violation of the said provisions would be contrary to the public policy of
D India as envisaged in section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Act. The submissions urgeil
by Shri Venugopal to show that there has been a violation of the provisions
of FERA, therefore, need examination.

Shri Venugopal has made a two-fold submission in this regard. In the
first place, he has urged that in awarding delinquent interest, under item
E No. 3 the ·Arbitral Tribunal has acted in disregard of the provisions of
FERA and secondly the enforcement of the award of the Arbitral Tribunal
would result in violation of the provisions of FERA. As regards the first
submission relating to award of delinquent interest, it may be stated that
the said submission involves an attack on the merits of the award which is
F impermissible at the stage of enforcement. We have, however, examined
this submission on merits and are of the view that it is without substance.
Shri Venugopal has urged that under the ~riginal approval of January 2,
1964 by the Government of India of the tenns of the loan by General
Electric to Renusagar the total amount of loan was to be repai<Vm 16 equal
semi-annual instalments between the 30th and the 120th month from the
G effective date of the contract with specific provision for interest from the
16th to the 30th month to be capitalised and the interest was specifically
\..restricted to the period from the 16th to the 30th month and thereafter on f"' I
capitalisation from the 30th month to the 120th month and that no interest
was payable without FERA sanction after the due date of each instalment.
H This contention is no longer open to Renusagar in view of the earlier
. RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECfRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 79

decision of this Court in Renusagar Case I, wherein this court has con- A
sidered the question whether there was an obligation to pay further interest
after June 30, 1967 till payment under the contract. This Court has referred
to Articles 111-A(C) (iii) and XIV(b) of the contract and has held:

"In our view these provisions which are to be found in the contract
clearly show that the promissory notes are not sole and exclusive B
repository of GEC's right to claim and receive future interest on
unpaid price after June 30, 1967 but that the contract itself provides
for the obligation to pay such interest after that date till payment.
...... It is, therefore, clear that the Contract contains the obligation
to pay future interest from June 30, 1967 onwards till payment and C
that these two claims have been preferred by GEC before the
Court of Arbitration of I.C.C. as arising not merely "out of' but
under the contract." (pp. 477-478)

Shri Venugopal has, however, urged that the earlier approval to the
terms of the contract was of no consequence in view of the subsequent D
refusal by the Government on August 1, 1969 to approve the agreement
between General Electric and Renusagar with regard to the rescheduling
of the dates of payment of inStalments 1, 2, 4 and 5. This contention also
stands concluded by the decision in Renusagar Case I wherein it has been
observed: E
"In July 1969 Renusagar sought the Central Government's
approval to the rescheduling of the dates of payment as embodied
in October 1968 Amendment as also in the Memorandum of the
Meeting held in December 1968 but by letters dated August 1,
1969 and August 4, 1969 the Central Government declined to F
approve the rescheduling of the dates of payment on the ground
that it would result in larger out-flow of foreign exchange and
advised Renusagar to effect payments as per the original schedule
including instalments which had since fallen due. The result was
that the original schedule of payment remained operative and there G
was delay on the part of the Renusagar to m~e payment of certain
instalments on due dates." (p.457)

From the observations aforementioned in Renusagar Case I it appar-
ent that the original contract postulates payment of interest till payment
and the effect of the order of the Government of India dated August 1, H
80 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A 1969 was that the original schedule of payment remained operative. Since
the original contract had been approved by the Government of India it
cannot be said that the award of interest for delayed payment of instal-
ments involved violation of the provisions of FERA.

Shri Venugopal has submitted that in Renusagar Case I this Court
B was only required to consider the question of arbitrability of the disputes
and was not concerned with the merits of the claim and, therefore, the said
decision cannot be held to conclude the matter. We are unable to agree.
It is true that in that case this Court was considering the question of
arbitrability of the disputes but for the purpose of deciding that issue it was
C necessary to consider whether disputes arose out of or are related to the
contract and for that purpose it was necessary to construe the terms of the
contract and it cannot, therefore, be said that the said decision does not
conclude this aspect of the matter. In this context, it may also be pointed
out that after the decisio~ ~ Renusagar Case I an application for clarifica-
D tion of the said judgment was moved by Renusagar in this Court wherein
clarification was sought in respect of certain paragraphs in the judgment
and in the said application no objection was raised with regard to the
observation quoted above. Moreover, the said application was dismissed
by this Court by order dated October .29, 1988.

E As regards the second submission of Shri Venugopal that the enfor-
cement of the Arbitral award would constitute violation to section 9(1) of
FERA which imposes prohibition to make any payment to or for the credit
of any person resident outside India except in accordance with any general
or special exemption from the provisions of this sub-section which may be
F granted conditionally or unconditionally by the Reserve Banlc. The submis-
sion is that in view of the earlier order of the Government of India dated
1, 1969 refusing to approve rescheduling of payments the oar of section 9
will operate and no order enforcement of the award can be made. The
High Court in this regard has placed reliance on the provisions of section
47(3) of FERA. which provides as follows:
G
"Neither the provisions of this Act nor any term (whether expressed
or implied) contained in any contract that anything for which the
permission of .the Central Governm'ent or the Reserve Banlc is
required by the said provisions shall, not be done without that
H permission, shall '.prevent legal proceedings being brought in India
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECfRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.) 81

to recover any sum which, apart from the said provisions and any A
such term, would be due, whether as debt, damages or otherwise,
but-

(a) the said provisions shall apply to sums required to be paid by
any judgment or order of any court as they apply in relation
to other sums; B

· (b) no steps shall be taken for the purpose of enforcing any
judgment or order for the payment of any sum to which the
said provisions apply except as respects so much thereof as
the Central Government or the Reserve Bank, as the case C
may be, may permit to be paid; and

(c) for the purpose of considering whether or not to grant such
permission, the Central Government or the Reserve Bank, as
the case may be, may require the person entitled to the benefit
of the judgment or order and the debtor under the judgment D
or order, to produce such documents and to give such infor-
mation as may be specified in the requisition."

In Mis Dhanrajamal Gobindram v. Mis Shamji Kalidas & Co., [1961)
3 SCR 1020, this Court has construed the provisions of section 21 of the E
Foreign Exchange Act, 1947. Sub- section (3) of se~ion 21 of the said Act
was more or less similar to section 47(3) of FERA. This Court has held:

"Sub-section (3) allows legal proceedings to be brought to recover
sum due as a debt, damages or otherwise, but no steps shall be
taken to enforce the judgment, etc., except to the extent permitted F
by the Reserve Bank.

The effect of these provisions is to prevent the very thing which
is claimed here, namely, that the Foreign Excha~ge Regulation Act
arms persons against performance Act arms persons against per-
formance of their contracts by setting up the shield of illegality. G
An implied term is engrafted upon the contract of parties by the
second part of sub-s. (2), and by sub-s. (3), the responsibility of
obtaining the permission of the Reserve Bank before enforcing
judgment, decree or order of court, is transferred to the decree-
holder. The section is perfectly plain, though perhaps it might have H.
82 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A been worded better for which -a model existed in England."-
(p.1031)

To the same effect is the Jaw laid down by the House of Lords in
England in Contract and Trading Co. v. Barbey, (1960) AC 244 wherein in
following observations from the judgment of Somerwell LI in Cummings v.
B London Bullion Company Ltd., (1952) 1 KB 327, have been quoted with
approval:

"The person entitled to the payment issues a writ.The fact that
permission has not been obtained is not a defence to the action.
c On the one hand, the Plaintiff can obtain judgment, the money due
under the judgment being subject to Part II of the Act and the
Rules to which I have referred. The defendant assuming that the
admitting liability, apart from the provisions of the Act, can make
a payment into court. The Act is not to be used to enable the
Defendant to retain the money in his pocket ·but to control its
D
reaching its destination, namely, the plaintiff." (p.253)

Shri Venugopal has urged that section 47(3) cannot be applied in the
present case because it postulates a situation where permission of the
Central Government has not been sought and that in the present case
E permission was sought but was refused earlier. In 'our view the earlier
refusal by the Government by give its approval to the rescheduling of
payment of instalments does not in any way preclude the Government of

F
India from considering the matter in the light of the subsequent develop-
ments and it cannot be said that merely because the Government of India
had refused to give its approval to rescheduling of payment of instalments
it would not grant permission under section 47(3) of FERA to the enfor-
-
cement of the judgment that may be passed in these proceedings. It has
also been urged that section 47(3) of FERA is applicable where the legal
proceedings are brought in India to recover a sum which is 'due', i.e., as
G liquidated sum presently owing and the said provision would not apply to
an obligation to pay on a future date. We do not find atiy support for this
submission from the language of section 47(3) of FERA wherein the words
used are "to recover any sum which, apart from the said provisions and any
such term, would be due, whether as debt, damages or otherwise". The
words "would be" which precede the word "due" indicate that the quantum
H of the amount has to be fixed in the legal proceedings and that it need not
RENU SAGAR POWER LID. v. ELECTRIC CO. (AGRAWAL, J.] 83

be a pre-determined amount. Moreover in the present case, we are con- A
cerned with the proceedings for the enforcement of the award wherein the
amount due has already been determined by the Arbitral Tribunal. We are,
therefore, unable to hold that the enforcement of the award would involve
violation of any of the provisions of FERA and for that reason it would be
contrary to public p0licy of India so as to render the award unenforceable
in view of section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Act.
B

(b) DISRE.GARD OF THE ORDERS OF DELHI HIGH COURT

It is the fundamental principle of law that orders of courts must be
complied with for any action which involves disregard for such order would C
adversely effect the administration of justice and would be destructive of
the rule of law and would be contrary to public policy. The question,
however, is whether the enforcement of the award of the Arbitral Tribunal
would involve disregard of any order of a court. The submission of Shri
Venugopal is that in the matter of withholding of payment of regular
interest Renusagar were acting in accordance with the interim orders that D
were passed by Delhi High Court in the writ petition filed by Renusagar
which remained in operation from 1970 to 1980 and, therefore, the Arbitral
Tribunal was in error in awarding compensatory damages for retention by
Renusagar of the amount of income tax payable on the regular interest
during the period the writ petition was pending in the Delhi High Court E
and enforcement of the award of compensatory damages on regular inter-
est under item 2 is, therefore, contrary to public policy. We find it difficult
to accept this contention. Renusagar had filed an application, C.M. No.
286-W/70, in C.W. 170/70 in the Delhi High Court. Prayer (i) of C.M. No.
286-W/70 was as under :
F
"Pending the hearing and final disposal of this petition for an
interim order an injunction restraining the Respondent and its
officers, servants and agents from taking any steps on proceedings
in enforcement furtherance, pursuance or implementation or in
and manner giving effect to the said order both dated 11.9.69 or G
from preventing the payment by the petitioner of tax-free interest
of 6% per annum to IGE in accordance with the approval granted
by the Respondent Orders dated 8.9.65 and 7.6.67 and to grant
an ex-parte order pending notice."

On February 24, 1970, the following interim order was passed in C.M. H
84 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP, 3 s.c.R.'.

A No. 286-W/70:

"There shall be interim injunction as prayed for Mr. Kirpal to file
his counter by 24.3.70."

The matter came before the court after notice on May 18, 1970 on
B which ·date the following order was passed :

"Mr. Ravinder Narain stated that he will give security, of the assets
of the company to the satisfaction of the Commissioner of Income
Tax, Lucknow for Rs. four lacs. Let this be done within a month
from today. Interim injunction and stay to continue. In default of
c compliance, as above, petition for stay will stand dismissed."

From the prayer contained in C.M.286-W and the orders dated
February 24, 1970 and May 18, 1970 passed on the said application, it
would appear that pending the hearing and final disposal of the writ
D petition, there was an interim injunction restraining the Union of India, the-
respondent in the said writ petition, and its officers, servants and agents
from taking any steps on proceedings in enforcement, furtherance, pur-
suance or implementation or in any manner giving effect to the said orders
·dated September 11, 1969 whereby t:pr exemption had been withdrawn and
~so restraining from preventing Renusagar from paying tax on interest of
E 6% per annum to General Electric in accordance with the approval
granted under orders dated September 3, 1965 and June 7, 1967. The only
condition imposed by the Court was the Renusagar was required to give

-
security for Rs. 4,00,000/- to the satisfaction of Commissioner of Income-
Tax, Lucknow within one month. These orders would, therefore, show that
F on furnishing of the said security Renusagar was free to remit regular
interest @ 6% per annum to General Electric as per the approval granted
under orders dated September 8, 1965 and June 7, 1967. The said orders
of the Delhi High Court did not also prevent Renusagar from depositing
in the Government Treasury the income tax payable on the amount of
regular interest payable @ 6.1/2% per annum. The said orders instead of
G preventing Renusagar from remitting the said amount of tax free interest
in fact permitted Renusagar to make Ole said ·payments to General
Electric. It cannot, therefore, be said that in retaining the_ said amount With
itself while the writ petition was pending in the Delhi High Court during ,...
the period from 1970 to 1980 Renusagar was acting in accot;pance with the
H orders passed by the Delhi High Court and the payment of the said amount
} RENU SAGAR POWER LID. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL,J.] 85
)

by Renusagar to General Electric or depositing in the Government A
Treasury the income tax on the amount of regular interest payable to
General Electric would have amounted to disregard of the said orders. In
the circumstances, it is not possible to hold that in awarding compensatory
damages under item No. 2 for wrongfully withholding the amount of
regular interest during the period from 1970 onwards the Arbitral Tribunal B
has penalised Renusagar for not disregarding the order of Delhi High
Court of the enforcement of the said award would be contrary to public
policy of India.

(c) Interest on Interest (Compound Interest)
c
This relates.to award of compensatory damages under items Nos. 2,4
and 6. It has been urged that the award of interest on interest (compound
interest) is not. permissible under the law of New York as well as the law
in India and is also contrary to public policy of the State of New York as
well as the public policy of India. While construing the provisions of D
Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act, we have held that under
the said provisions the enforcement of a foreign award can be objected
only on the ground of such enforcement being contrary to public policy of
India and that public policy of other countries e.g. country of the law of
contract of the courts of the place of arbitration cannot be taken into
consideration. For that reason an objection to the enforceability of the E
award of the Arbitration Tribunal cannot be entertained on the ground it
is contrary to the public policy of the State of New York. We would,
however, examine v. ·1ether award of interest on interest or compound
.. interest is contrary to public policy of India. Before we refer to the law in
India in this regard, we may take note of the law in England to which F
reference has been made by Shri Venugopal during the course of his
submissions. At common law in England the principle that is applied is that
laid down in "the reluctant decision" of the House of Lords in London
Chatham and Dover Rly Co. v. South Eastern Rly Co., 1893 A.C. 429, that
in the absence of any agreement or statutory provision for the payment of
interest, a court has no power to award interest, simple or compound, by G
way of damages for the detention (i.e., the late payment) of a debt. The
injustice resulting from this rule has been sought to be removed by legis-
lative intervention. By Section 3 of the Law Reform (Miscellaneous
Provisions) Act, 1934 power was conferred on the Court of record to award
interest in proceedings for recovery of any debt or damages where the debt H
86
.
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A remained unpaid until the judgment was given. Section 3 of the 1934 Act
was repealed and replaced by Section 35-A inserted in the Supreme Court
Act, 1981 by the Administration of Justice Act, 1982 and power to award
interest was extended to cover a case where the debt is paid late, after
proceedings for its recovery has begun but before they have been con-
B eluded. The power to award interest does not extend to a case where a
debt is paid .later but before any proceeding for its recovery have begun.
The rule in London Chatham and Dover Rly. Case has been qualified by
the Court of Appeal in Wadsworth v. Lyda/I, [1981) 2 All. E.R. 401 to apply
only to claims for interest by way of general damages and does not extend
to claims for special damages. In the field of admiralty law simple interest
c. is awarded, as a matter of course, on damages recovered in a damage
action. In the area of equity the Chancery Courts, differing from the
common law courts, have regularly awarded simple interest as ancillary
relief in respect of equitable remedies, such as specific performance,
rescission and the taking of an account and the Chancery courts have
D regularly awarded interest, including not only simple interest but also
compound interest, when they thought that justice so demanded, that is to
say in cases where money had been obtained and retained by fraud or
where it had been withheld or misapplied by a trustee or anyone else in a
fiduciary position. [See : President of India v. La Pintada Cia Naveqacion
SA, (1984) 2 All. E.R.773).
E
In Australia, the matter has been considered by the Australian High
Court in the recent decision in Hungerfords v. Walker, (1989) 63 Aus. UR
210. Mason, CJ and Wilson,J ., after referring to the decisions of the House

-
of Lords in London chatham and Dover Rly Co. v. South Easterin Rly. Co.
(supra) and President of India v. La Pintada Cia (supra) have observed-
F
"But we see no reason for allowing the reluctance of the common
law to extend to cases where the defendant's breach of contract
or r,~gligence has caused the p!aintiff to pay away or the defendant
to wit~hold money and, as a result, the plaintiff has been deprived
G of the use of the money so paid away or withheld". (p.218)

They upheld the decision of the full court of South Australia awarding
damages for the added cost of funding the business with borrowed money
as a result of the loss of the use of money overpaid in tax by awarding
compound interest for reason that simple interest would not reflect ac-
H curately the extent of the respondent's loss since simple interest almost
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECfRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 87

undercompensates the injured party's true loss. It was observed : A
"The disdain of the common law for interest especially compound
interest, is a relic from the days when interest was regarded as
necessarily usurious". (p.218)

Brennan and Deane JJ. have expressed their general agreement with the B
reasons given by Mason, C.J. and Wilson, J. but Dawson, J. has given a
dissenting judgment.

It appeals that in Canada also, the Candian Federal Court of Appeal
has expressed the view that there is no longer any reason to retain the C
common law rule against interest as damages and the said rule has been
described as "a judge-made limitation on the awarding of interest which is
clearly no longer seel} to be good public policy". (See : Algonquin Mercantile
Corp. v. Dart Industries Canada Ltd. (1987) 16 CPR (3d) 193 at 201).

This would show that award of interest on damages or interest on D
interest i.e. compound interest is not regarded as being against public
policy in these countries. ·

We may now examine the law governing award of interest in India.
Shri Venugopal has placed reliance on the provisions of Section 3 (3) (c)
of the Interest Act, 1978. Section 3 empowers a court to allow interest and E
sub-s. (3) of the said section provides.exceptions fo the main provision. In ·
clause (c) of sub-section (3) it is laid down that nothing in this section shall
empower the court to ·award interest upon interest. Shri Venugopal has
also placed reliance on the decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy
Council m Bengal Nagpur Rly. Co. Ltd. v. Ruttanji Ramji, AIR (1938) PC F
67; and the decisions of this Court in Union of Indi.a v. West Punjab
Factories, (1966) 1 SCR 580; Union of India v. Watkins Mayor & Co., AIR
(1996) SC 275; Union of India v. Rallia Ram, (1964) 3 SCR 164 and
Thowardas v. Union of India, AIR (1955) SC 468. The decision of the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Bengal Nagpur Rly. Co. v.
Ruttanji Ramji (supra) is based on London Chatham & Dover Rly. Co. case G
(supra) and following the said decision, it has been laid down that "interest
for the period prior to the date of the suit may be awarded, if there is an
agreement for the payment of interest at a fixed rate, or it is payable by
the usage of trade having the force of law, or in the provision of any
substantive law entitling the plaintiff to recover interest". The said decision H
88 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A of the Privy Council has been followed by this Court in Thawardas v. Union
of India (supra), Union of India v. Rallia Ram (supra) and Union of India
v. Watkins Mayor& Co. (supra) and Union of India v. West Punjab Fact01ies
(supra), and it has been held that in the absence of any agreement, express
or implied, or for any provision of law, it is not possible to award interest
by way of damages. This would show that there is no absolute bar on the
B award of interest by way of damages and it would be perfilissible to do so
if there is usage or contract, express or implied, or of any provision of law
to justify the award of such interest. Merely because in Section 3(3) (c) of
the Interest Act, 1978, the court is precluded from awarding interest on
interest does not mean that it is not permissible to award such interest
C under a contract or usage or under the statute. It is common knowledge
that provision is made for the payment of· compound interest in contracts
for loans advanced by banks and financial institutions and the said con-
tracts are enforced· by courts. Hence, it cannot be said that award . of
interest on interest, i.e., compound interest, is against the public policy of
D India. We are, therefore, unable to accept the contention that award of
interest on interest, i.e., compound interest is contrary to public policy of
India and the award in respect of compensatory damages awarded under
item nos. 2, 4 and 6 cannot be enforced under Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the
Act.

E (d) Damages on Damages

This objection relates to award of compensatory damages under item
no.4. The submission of Shri Venugopal is that since the contract did not
provide for payment of interest for the period subsequent to the date of
maturity, the delinquent interest that has been awarded under item no.3 is
F in the nature of damages and the award of compensatory damages under
item no.4 amounts to award of damages on damages which is impermissible
and is contrary to public policy of India. In support of this submission, Shri
Venugopal has placed reliance on the decision of this Court in Trojen &
Co.Ltd. v. R.M. N.N. Nagappa Chettiar, [1953) SCR 789, wherein interest
G had been allowed on damages and it was contended before this Court that
the said interest could not be allowed on damages because it would amount
to awarding damages on damages which is opposed to precedent and
principle. The court rejected the said contention and held that interest is
allowed by court of equity in the case of money obtained or detained by
fraud and in that case, the plaintiff had paid the money to defendants on
H account of fraudulent practices by the defendants on the plaintiffs.
-~ RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.) 89
_,,
In the present case, the said decision has no application because the A
basic postulate of the contention of Shri Venugopal is that the contract did
not make any provision for payment of interest for the period subsequent
to the date of maturity of the promissory notes. This contention has been
considered by us and it has been negatived and in view of the earlier
decision of this Court in Renusagar Case I we have held that the contract
provided for payment of interest for the period subsequent to the date of
B
maturity of the promissory notes till actual payment was made. In the
circumstances, it cannot be said that the delinquent interest that has been
awarded under item no.3 has been awarded by way of damages and not by
way of interest. Once it is held that delinquent interest awarded under item
no. 3 is by way of interest than there is no question of damages being c
awarded on damages and it is, therefore, not necessary to go into the
~ question whether awarding damages on damages is contrary to public
policy of India.

(e) Unjust Enrichment
D
Relying upon the decision of the Supreme .Court of Romania dated
February 16, 1985, which is extracted, in brief, in the Year Book of
Commercial Arbitration, VoLXIV, 1989, pp.689 to 691, Shri Venugopal has
submitted that unjust enrichment is contrary to public policy of India and
since the enforcement of award of the Arbitral Tribunal would result in E
unjust enrichment of General Electric it cannot be enforced under Section
7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign Awards Act. This contention of Shri Venugopal
has a bearing on the award of deliquent interest under item no. 3, as well
as on the award of compensatory damages under item nos. 2 and 4 and
award of costs under item no. 7.
F
In the case decided by the Romanian Supreme Court, a Lebanese
shipowner had agreed by a charter party with the Romanian State
enterprise to transport from Costantza (Romania) to Bandar Abbas (Iran)
certain goods which had been sold C&F to an Iranian buyer. The voyage
was interrupted at Tripoli (Labanon) where· the shipowner had its seat. At
Tripoli all merchandise disappeared, according to the shipowner because G

'
of war, and according to the Romanian enterprise because of a local
fraudulent sale. The dispute was referred to arbitration and in the arbitra-
~
tion award, the shipowner was directed to refund to the Romanian
enterprise part of the freight it had received as well as the value of the lost
goods. The Romanian enterprise sought enforcement ~f the arbitration H
"\
90 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A award in Romania. The Labanese shipowner objected to the request on
, various grounds including the ground that it was not obliged to refund the
value of the goods since they had been fully paid for by the Iranian buyer.
It was submitted that the enforcement of the award was contrary to
Romanian public policy since it resulted in unjust enrichment of the .
Romanian enterprise inasmuch as the said enterprise was allowed to
B receive for the second time the price of goods which had already been paid
by the Iranian buyers. Rejecting the said objection the Romanian Supreme
Court held that the arbitral award showed that the Romanian enterprise
meant to obtain repayment of the value of the cargo and the freight on
behalf of the Iranian buyer acting as agent or trust and since the Romanian
C enterprise did not act on its own behalf, although it had no express
mandate, the conditions for unjust enrichment were not met in the case at
issue and, consequently, the public policy of Romanian international
private law had not been violated. The said decision had proceeded on the
basis that unjust enrichment was part of the public policy of Romai:iian
D international private law but in that case it was found that there was no
violation of the said principle of public policy.

The principle of unjust enrichment proceeds on the basis that. it
would be unjust to allow one person to retain a benefit received at the
expense of another person. It provides the theoretical foundation for the
E law governing restitution. The principle has, however, its crities as well as
its supporters. In the words of Lord Diplock : ".... there is no general
doctrine of unjust enrichment in English law. What it does is to provide
specific remedies in particular cases of what might be classed as unjust
enrichment in a legal system that is based upon civil law." [See: Orakpo v.
F Manson investments Ltd., 1978 A.C. 95 at p.104). In the law of Restitution
by Goff and Jones, it has, however, been stated "that the case law is now
sufficiently mature for the courts to recognise a generalised right of res-
titution" {3rd Edn., p.15). In Chitty on Contracts, 26th Edn., Vol. I, p. 1313,
para 2037, it has been stated that "the principle of unjust enrichment is not
yet clearly established in English law". The learned editors have, however,
G expressed the View :

"Even if the ·Jaw has not yet developed to that extent, it does not
follow from the absence of a general doctrine of unjust enrichment
that the specific remedies provided are not justifiable by reference
H to the principle of unjust enrichment even if they were originally

'
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 91

found without primary reference to it." (pp.1313-1314--para 2037) A

In Indian law the principle of unjust enrichment finds recognition in
the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (Sections 70 and 72)

y.le do not consider it necessary to go into the question whether the
principle of unjust enriclup.ent is a pa~t of the public policy of India since B
we are of the opinibn that even if it be assumed that unjust enrichment is
contrary to pub1ic policy of India, Renusagar cannot succeed because the
unjust enrichment must relate to the enforcement of the award and not to
its merits in view of the limited scope of enquiry in proceedings for the
enforcement of a foreign award under the Foreign Award Act. The Objec- C
tions raised by Renusagar based on unjust enrichment do not relate to the
enforcement of the award because it is not the case of Renusagar that
General Electric ·has already received the amount awarded under the
arbitration award and is seeking to obtain enforcement of the award to
obtain further payment and would thus be unjustly enriching itself. The D
objections about unjust enrichment raised by Renusagar go to the merits
of the award, that is, with regard to the quantum awarded by the Arbitral
Tribunal under item nos. 2, 3, 4 and 7, which is beyond the scope of the.
objections that can be raised under Section 7(1) (b) (ii) of the Foreign
Awards Act. To hold otherwise would mean that in every case where the
arbitrators award an amount which is higher than the amount that should E
have been awarded, the award would be open to challenge on the grond
of unjust enrichment. Such a course is not permissible under the New York
Convention and the Foriegn Awards Act. We have, however, examined the
objections rised by Renusagar relating to unjust enrichment even on merits
and we are not satisfied that the amounts awarded under items Nos. 2, 3, F
4 and 7 are so excessive as to result in unjust enrichment of General
Electric.

One of the contentions that was urged by Shri Venugopal in support
of the objections.relating to uD.jl,lst enrichment was that the compensatory
damages should have been awarded after deducting the US tax payable by G
General Electric on the amount of regular interest as well as delinquent
interest. Reliance, in this regard, has been placed on the decision of the
House of Lords in British Transport Commission vs. Gourley, [1955] 3 All
Eng. R. 796, wherein it has been laid down that when assessing damages
for loss of actual or prospective earnings allowance must be made for any H
92 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A income tax 'an the earnings. This rule in Gourley's case (supra) will,
. however, apply only where two conditions are satisfied : (1) the money, for
the loss of which damages are awarded, would have been subjected to tax
as income; and (2) the damages awarded to the plaintiff are not ~ubject to
tax in his hands. [See : Chitty on Contracts, 26th Edn., Vol. I, pp. 1186-87,
para 1841].
B
In Hanover Shoe v. United Shoe Machinery Corporation, (1968) 20
L.Ed. (2d) 1231, the Court of Appeal had remanded the matter to the
District Court to take account of the additional taxes Hanover would have
paid for computation of damages, on the view that since only after-tax
C profits can be reinvested or distributed to shareholders, Hanover was
damaged only to the exteIJ.[ of the after-tax profits that it failed to receive.
The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the said decision of the Court of Appeal
and held that the.District Court did not err on the question of computation.
The Court observed :

D "As Hanover points out, since it will be taxed when it recovered
damages from United for both the actual and the trebled damages,
to diminish the actual damages by the amount of the taxes that it
would have paid had it received greater profits in the years it was
damaged would be to apply. a double deduction for taxation,
E leaving Hanover with less income than-it would have had if United
had not injured it;" (p.1247)

Since General Electric would be liable to pay U.S. tax oh the amount
of compensatory damages awarded under item ~os. 2 and 4 of the Award,
it cannot be said that there would be unjust enrichment by General Electric """'
F on account of non-deduction of U.S. tax payable on the amount of regular
interest and delinquent interest while assessing compensatory damages
under item nos. 2 and 4.

As regards amount of delinquent interest awarded under item no. 3,
G it has been submitted that since interest is not payable under the contract
in respect of the period subsequent to the date of maturity of the promis-
sory notes, the award of delinquent interest for the said period would result
in unjust enrichment. This argument about liability for such interest has
already been considered by us and we have found that under the contract
interest is payable for the period subsequent to the maturity of the promis·
H sory notes till payment. There is, therefore, no substance in the contention
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. (AGRAWAL, J.) 93

about unjust enrichment on this account. With regard to the award of A
delinquent interest under item no. 3 and compensatory damages on the
delinquent interest under item no. 4 it has been contended that in view of
the agreement between General Electric and Renusagar for rescheduling
of the instalments Renusagar were not required to pay the instalments as
per the original schedule and, therefore, Renusagar could not be held B
liable for interest for delayed payment of the instalments which fall due till
August _1, 1969, and they could not also be saddled with compensatory
damages for non-payment of instalments that fall due till August 1, 1969
as per the original schedule. We have dealt with the effect of order of the
Government of India dated August 1, 1969, refusing to give its approval to
the proposed arrangement for rescheduling of-payment of instalmente and C
we have held that as a result of such refusal the original contract regarding
payment of those instalments would revive and Renusagar were required
to pay the instalments in accordance with the terms of the said contract
and were required to pay interest for delayed payment of those instalments
and therefore it cannot be said that award of delinquent interest for the D
period during which the matter was pending consideration with the
Government of India, would result in unj:ust enrichment of General
Electric.

As regards item no.7 relating to costs, the case of Renusagar is that
the costs awarded by the arbitrators are excessive and unconscionable E
and further that the costs incurred in relation to the litigation in India1
which was been found inadmissible earlier by the Arbitral Tribunal ha~
been included in the costs of arbitration that have been awarded resulting
in unjust emichment of General Electric. We have considered this objec-
- tion of Renusagar and we do not feel that it can be a ground for refusal
of enforcement of award under Section 7(1)(b)(ii) of the Foreign Awards
F

Act.

For the reasons aforesaid, none of the objectipns raised by the
Renusagar against the enforcement of the award under Section 7(1)(b)(ii)
of the Foreign Awards Act for the reason that such enforcement is contrary G
to public policy of India merits acceptance.

VI RELEVANT DATE FOR CONVERSION OF 'l'HE AMOUNT
AWARDED FROM FOREIGN CURRENCY TO INDIAN CUR-
RENCY H

•
94 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A In the field of conflict of laws money serves a two-fold fun~tion, viz.,
(i) as a means of measurement; and (ii) medium of payment. The currency
in which a debt is expressed or a liability to pay damages is calculated is
called the "money of account" or "money of contract" or "money of meas-
ure~ent" and the currency in which the said debt or liability is to be
discharged is called the "money of payment". The money of account is to
B be ascertained from the terms of the contr.act construed in accordance with
the proper law of the contract and the money of payment is determined by
the law of the country in which such debt or liability is payable i.e. lex loci
solutionis. [See : Dicey & Morris "The Conflict of Laws", 11th Edn., Vol.2,
Rules 209 and 210).
c
Where the money of account and the money of payment are not
identical the amount of units of the currency of account owed by the debtor
must, by an exchange operation, be translated into the currency in which
he is obliged to pay. This is a matter of substance and the rate of exchange
D for such conversion is determined by the proper law of the contract or the
law governing the liability. (See : Dicey & Morris, "The Conflict of Laws"
pp.1442 and 1453). By this process the quantum of the monetary obligation
is determined. The questions relating to conversion of currency often arise
at the stage of discharge of the monetary obligation when the debtor makes
the payment in a currency other than the money of payment. Such conver-
E sion is to be made on the basis of the exchange rate prevailing on the date
of payment at the place of payment. (See : Dicey & Morris, the Conflict
of Laws, Rule 210(2) at pp. 1453-54: Mann : The Legal Aspect of Mo'1ey,
5th Ed., p.323). Conversion of the currency is also necessary in cases where
legal proceedings have to be instituted by the creditor. In some legal
F systems the judgment can be given by the courts in the currency of that
country only and, therefore, it becomes necessary to convert the monetary
obligation into the currency of that country at the time of institution of the
legal proceedings. The exchange for such conversion will depend on the
lex Jori, i.e., the law of the forum and in many legal system it is the date
the cause of action arose, i.e., the date of breach while in some system it
G is the date of judgment. In legal systems where it is permissible to obtain
a judgment in foreign currency conversion would be necessary at the stage
of enforcement or execution of the judgment. Same problem would arise
when a judgment of a foreign court is sought to be enforced. The relevant
date for applying the exchange rate for such conversion depends upon the
H lex fori, i.e., the law of the forum because it is a matter relating to the

•
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. (AGRAWAL, J.] 95
•
procedure. (See : Cheshire & North, Private International Law, 12th Ed., A
p.106). What applies to enforcement of judgments equally applies to en-
forcement ofarbitral awards.

In the instant case, there is no dispute that the money of account as
well as the money of payment is the same, nameiy, U.S. dollar. Here, the
question of convertibility from U.S. dollar to Indian rupees arises in the B
context of enforcement of the award of the Arbitral Tribunal which is in
U.S. dollar. We are, therefore, required to examine the position under the
Indian law with reference to conversion of foreign currency into Indian
currency at the stage of enforcement of a judgment or award in foreign
currency. c
Prior to 1975, the law in England, was that an English court will not
give judgment for the payment of an amount expressed in foreign currency
. and the amount of any foreign currency had to be converted in sterling on
or before !he date of judgment and the date for the purpose of such D
conversion was the date when the cause of action arose. This was the law
laid down by the House of Lords in Re.United Railways of Havana & Regla
Warehouses Ltd., 1961 AC. 1007. This decision was overruled by the House
of Lords (by majority) in 1975 in Miliangos v. George Frank (Textiles) Ltd.,
1976 A.C. 443. In that case, a Swiss seller had agreed to supply English
buyers with goods at a price expressed in the contract in Swiss francs. The E
good and invoices were delivered but the price was not paid and bills of
exchange drawn in Switzerland and accepted by the buyers were
dishonoured on presentation. The seller throught action in England
wherein he claimed the sums due in Swiss francs. Originally he had asked
for conversion of Swiss francs into sterling at the breach date in view of F
the law laid down Re. United Railways of Havana's case (supra) but
subsequently in view of the decision of the Court of Appeal in Schorsch
Meire G.M.B.H. v. Bennin, 1975 Q.B. 416, the seller amended his statement
of claim so as to claim the amount due to him in Swiss francs as an
alternative to claiming judgment in sterling. Bristow, J. gave judgment for G
the money due expressed in sterling, holding that the rule that the English
courts could express their judgments only in discussion the question
whether the rule applying to money obligation should apply as regards
claims for damages for breach of contract or for tort. In his dissenting
opinion, Lord Simon, has reitreated the law laid down in Havana Railways
case (supra). It may be of interest to note that Lord Wilberforce, who gave H

r
96 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A the leading speech in Miliangos case (supra) had appeared in Havana
Railway case (supra) but failed to persuade the House of Lords to accept
his contention. He, however, succeeded 15 years later, in having his views
accepted by the House of Lords. Subsequently in Owners of M. V. Elef-
therot1ia v. Owners of M. V. Despina and Services Europe At/antique Sub
(Seas) of Paris v. Stockhoims Rederiaktiebolag Svea of Stockholm, 1979 A.C.
B 685, the House of Lords has extended the rule laid down in Miliangos case
(supra) to claims for damages for tort and breach of contract. The rule laid
down in Miliangos case has been held to be applicable to an action at
common law on a foreign judgment {See : Dicey & Morris's 17ie Conflict of
I.Laws, 11th Edn., Vol.2, p. 1461). In relation to arbitral awards the matter
chad come up before the Court of Appeal in Jugoslavenska Oceanska
Plovidba v. Castle Investment Co. Inc., {1974) Q.B. 292 wherein it was held
that an award could be made by the arbitrators in England in terms of U.S.
sterling had not been altered either by Parliament or by any decision of the
House of Lords. The Court of Appeal reversed the said decision and,
D following Schorsch Meier G.m.b.H v. Hennin, (supra), gave judgment for
the seller ordering the buyers to pay the sum due in Swiss francs, or the
equivalent in sterling at the time of payment. Affirming the said decision
of the Court of Appeal and departing from its earlier decision in the
Havana Railways case (supra), the House of Lords has held that it was
legitimate for the House of Lords to·depart from the "breach date conver-
E sion" rule and recognise that an English court was entitled to give judgment
for a sum of money expressed in a foreign currency in the case of obliga-
tions of a money character to pay foreign currency arising under a contract,
the proper law of which was that ?f a foreign country and where the money
of account and payment is that of that country, or possibly ofsome other
F country but not of the United Kingdom. It was further held that the claim
had to be specifically for the foreign currency or its sterling equivalent and
the conversion shall be at the date of payment, i.e., the date when the courts
authorise enforcement of the judgment in terms of sterling. The said
decision was, however, confined in its application to foreign money obliga-
tion and the court left open for future dollar and that same could be
G enforced by converting the foreign currency into sterling at the rate prevail-
ing at the date of the award. While referring the said decision, Lord
Wilberforce, in Wiliangos case (supra), has said:

"In the case of arbitration, there may be a minor discrepancy, if
H the practice which is apparently adopted (see the '!ugoslavenska
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL,J.] 97

case [1974) Q.B. 292, 305 remains as it is, but I can see no reason A
why, if desired, that practice should not be adjusted so as toenable
conversion to be made as at the date when leave to enforce in
sterling is given." (p. 469)

The impact of Miliangoes case was not confined to the British :,,hores.
It has been felt across the Atlantic and there is a perceptible change in the B
law in Canada as well as in the United States.

Following the law in England the Supreme Court of Canada had
applied the Breach date rule for convreting foreign currency into Candian
dollar in two earlier decisions. (See: The Custodian v. Bhucher, [1927] SCR C
420 at p.427; Gatineau Power Co. v. Crown Life Insurance Co., [1945] SCR
655 at p.658 But subsequent to Miliangos case (supra), Carruthers J. of the
High Court of Ontario, in Batavia Times Publishing Co. v. Davis, [1978]
DLR (3d) 144, applied the judgment date rule in a suit for enforcement of
a foreign judgment. Distinguishing the earlier judgments of the Supreme
Court as dealing with actions based on the original cause of action, the D
learned judge held that in a proceeding to enforce a foreign judgment he
was free to adopt that conversion date which is his view "avoids an injustice"
and is "in step with commercial needs". The said judgment was affirmed by
the Court of Appeal. [(1980) 102 DLR (3d) 192). In Clinton v. Ford, [1982)
137 DLR (3d) 281 the Court of Appeal of Ontario affirmed the order of E
the trial judge applying the rate prevailing at the date of the Statement of
Claim on the view that in awarding judgment on a foreign judgment the
trial judge should be free to adopt a date for the conversion of foreign
currency into domestic currency which avoids injustice and which.is in step
with commercial needs.
F
The federal law in the United States is thus explained by Prof. P.A.
Mann:

"Where the breach or wrong occurred in a foreign country (espe-
cially by non-payment of money due there), the damages are
measured in the currency of that country and the dollar equivalent G
calculated at the rate of exchange obtaining at the date of judgment
can be recovered; where the breach or wrong occurred in the
United States (especially by non-payament of foreign money due
there), the damages, being measured in dollars, are to be converted
at the rate of exchange of the date of breach or wrong". (Mann: H
98 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.CR.

A Legal Aspects of Money, 5th Ed., p.347)

According to the learned author the first part of the above statement
~s based on the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Deutsche Bank
Filiale Nurenberg v. Humphrey, (1926) 272 US 517 and the latter part of the.
statement is supported by the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Hicks
B v. Guiness, (1925) 271 US 711.

. Most of the States, including State of New York (till recently), follow
the old English rule and apply the rate of exchange prevailing at the date
of breach. In the State of New York, however, there has been a departure
C in some cases where the jµdgment-date ru.le has been applied. (See : John
S. Metcalf Co. v. Mayer, (1925) 211 N.Y. Supp. 53, and Sirie v. Godfrey,
(1921) 186 N.Y. Supp. 52. Even in the matter of application of the breach
date rule in actions for enforcement of a foreign judgment, the New York
courts have applied the breach date rule with effect from the date of the
D judgment sought to be enforced. In Indaq v. lrridelco Corpn., (1987) 658
F.Supp. 763, one of the cases on which reliance was placed by Shri
Venugopal, the action was brought to enforce a judgment entered in favour
of the plaintiff by the courts of Switzerland and the United States District
Court in New York held that the date of entry of Swiss judgment, rather
than the date of breach of underlying obligation, i.e., its agreement to repay
E certain notes, was controlling as to application of breach-day conversion
rule. It was held that the date of award for damages by Cantonal Court
was relevant date for applic!ltion of breach date conversion rule even
though that judgment was subsequently appealed. In taking this view, the
court relied upon the decision in Competex SA. V. Lalord (1986) 783 F.Zd
F 333. It appears that the provisions in this regard contained in section 27 of
the Judiciary Law of the State of New York have now been amended in
1987. Earlier section 27 provided that all judgment or decrees rendered by
any court for any debt, damages or costs, all executions issued thereupon,
and all accounts arising from judicial proceedings .shall be computed, as
near as may be, in U.S. dollars and cents, rejecting lesser fractions, and no
G judgment or other proceeding, shall be considered erroneous for such
means. Section 27 as amended reads us under :

"27. (a) Except as provided in subdivision (b) of this section,
judgments and accounts must be computed in dollars and cents.
H In all judgments or decrees rendered by any court for any debt,
I
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL,J.] 99

damages or costs, all execution issued thereupon, and all accounts A
arising from judicial proceedings shall be computed, as near as
may be, in U.S. dollars and cents, rejecting lesser fractions, and
no judgment or other proceedings, shall be considered erroneous
for such means.

(b) In any case in which the cause of action is based upon an B
obligation denominated in a currency other than currency of the
United States, a court shall render or enter a judgment or decree
in the foreign currency of the underlying obligation. Such judgment
or decree shall be converted into currency of the United States at
the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of entry of the judgment c
or decree."

As a result of this amendment, instead of breach-daterule which was
prevailing earlier the judgment-date rule has been introduced. This amend-
ment came into operation on July 20, 1987. It was introduced at the request
of New York State bar Association and the Erie County Bar Association D
and it was supported by the Association of the Bar of the City of New
York. According to the chairman of the Committee on International Trade
alid Transactions of the New York State Bar Association the said amend-
ment was necessary because in view of the decision of House of Lords in
Miliangos case "a number of transactions which would otherwise by E
governed by New York, and, involve professional and financial advisors in
New York, have been structured in England and covered by English law."

In India, the law relating to conversion of foreign currency into
Indian currency in the matter of enforcement of judgments or awards is
governed by the decision of this Court in Forasol case (supra). That case p
arose out of a contract between Forasol, a foreign company and the Oil
and Natural Gas Commission, a Government oflndia Undertaking. Certain
disputes arose between the parties which were referred to arbitration in
accordance with the arbitration clause contained in the contract. The said
arbitration was governed by the Indian Arbitration Act, 1940. The award
directed certain payment to be made in French Francs but did not specify G
the rate of exchange at which the French Francs were to be converted into
ludian rupees. Proceedings were initiated in Delhi High Court for passing
,a decree in terms of the award and a question arose as to the exchange
rate . for conversion of French Francs into Indian rupees. This Court
examined the question with reference to the following dates - H
•
100 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A (1) the date when the amount become due and payable ;

(2) the date of the commencement of the action;

(3) the date of the decree;

B (4) 'the date when the court orders execution to issue; and

(5) the date when the decretal amount is paid or realised.

The court also pointed out that in a case where a decision has been
passed by the Court in· terms of an award made in a foreign currency a
C sixth date, namely, the date of award also enters the competition. As there
was lack of authority of any Indian court, this Court has considered the
decision of English Courts including the Miliangos case (supra).

The first date, i.e., the date when the amount became due and
D payable, was not accepted by the Court for the reason that it cannot be
said to be just, fair or equitable because in a case where the rate of
exchange has gone against the plaintiff, the defendant escapes by paying a
lesser sum than what he was bound to and thus is the gainer by his default
while in the converse case where the rate of exchange has gone against the
defendant, the defendant would be subjected to a much greater burden
E than what he should bear. The Court felt that the same criticism would
apply to the second of the dates, namely, the date of the commencement
of the action or suit because suits are not often· disposed of for an
unconscionably long tline and if we take into account the time that wowd
be spent in appeals, further appeals, and revision and review applications
which may be filed, the longevity of the litigation is doubled, if not tripled,
F so that none can with any certainty predict even a probably date for its
termination. As regards the third date, namely, the date of the decree, the
Court observed that a decree crystallizes the amount payable by the
defendant to the plaintiff and it is the decree which entitles the judgment-
creditor to recover the judgment debt through the processes of law. Deal-
G ing with the objection that the date of the decree of the trial court is not
final decree for there may be appeals or other proceedings against it in
superior courts and by the time the matter is finally determined, the rate
of exchange prevailing on that date may be nowhere near that which
prevailed at the dak of the decree of the trial court, it was observed that
this difficulty is easily overcome by selecting the date when the action is
H finally disposed of, in the sense that the decr.ee becomes final and binding
- RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 101

between the parties after all remedies against it are exhausted. As regards A
the fourth date, i.e., the date when the court orders execution lo issue, it
was felt that execution of a decree is not a simple matter because it involves
execution of a money decree and the judgment-debtor's property has to be
attached and pending attachment a third party, at times set up by the
judgment-debtor, may prefer a claim to the attached property which will
have to be investigated and determined by the executing court and even B
where no claim is preferred the attached property cannot be brought to
sale immediately and certain formalities have to be complied with and even
after the sale has taken place, the judgment-debtor may further hold up
the receipt of the sale proceeds by the decree-holder by raising objection
to the conduct of the sale and at time, a fresh auction sale may be have to C
be held if the auction purcha:er commits default in paying the balance of
the purchase price and a considerable time would thus elapse between the
date when the court orders execution to issue and the date of the receipt
of the sale proceeds by the decree-holder. It was also pointed out that at
times the judgment debt is not recovered in full when the attached property
is sold in execution and further application for execution may become D
nece~sary and this would lead to an anamolous position for the Court
would have to fix the rate of exchange, which may be different from each
application for execution. A further difficulty that was pointed out by the
court was that execution can only issue for a sum expressed in Indian
currency and it cannot be for a sum which would be determined and fixed
by executing court at the time of granting an execution application. With E
regard to the fifth date, namely, the date of payment, the Court felt that
there were three practical and procedural difficulties namely, payment of
court fees, the pecuniary limits f?f the jurisdiction of courts and execution.
Keeping in view the consideration referred to above, this Court -declined
to adopt the rule laid down in Miliangos case (supra) and held that it would
be fair to both the parties to take the date of passing the decree, i.e., the
F
date of judgment. The said date was also held applicable to a case where
a decree is made in terms of an award made in a foreign currency.

The practice which ought to be followed in suits in which a sum of
money expressed in a foreign currency can legitimately be claimed by the G
plaintiff and decreed by the court, has been thus indicated :

"•.... the plaintiff, who has not received the amount due to him in
a foreign currency and, therefore, desires to seek the assistance of
the court to recover that amount, has two courses open to him. He H
102 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.
-
A can either claim the amount due to him in Indian currency or in
the foreign currency in which it was payable. If he chooses the first
alternative, he can only sue for that amount as converted into
. Indian rupees and his prayer in the plaint can only be for a sum
in Indian currency: For this· purpose, the plaintiff would have to
convert the foreign currency amount due to him into Indian rupees.
B He can do so either at the rate of exchange prevailing on.the date
when the amount became payable for he was entitled to receive
the amount on that date or, at his option, at he rate of exchange
prevailing on the date of the filing of the suit because that is the
date which he is seeking the assistance of the court for recovering
c the amount due to him. In either event; the valuation of the suit
for the. purposes of court-fees and the pecuniary limit of the
jurisdiction of the court will be the amount in Indian currency
claimed in the suit. The plaintiff may, however, choose the second
course open to him and claim in foreign currency the amount due
D to him. In such a suit, the proper prayer for ,the plaintiff to make
in his plaint would be for a decree that the defendant do pay to
him the foreign currency sum claimed in the plaint subject to the
permission of the concerned authorities under the Foreign Ex-
change Regulation Act, 1973, being granted and that in the event
of the foreign exchange authorities not granting the requisite
E permission or the defendant not wanting to make payment in
foreign currency even though such permission has been granted or
the defendant not making payment in foreign currency or in Indian
rupees, whether such permission has been granted or not,. the
defendant do pay to the plaintiff the rupee equivalent of the foreign
F currency sum claimed at the rate of exchange prevailing on the
date of the judgment. For the purposes of court-fees and jurisdic-
tion the plaintiff should, however, value his claim in the suit by
converting the foreign currency sum claimed by him into Indian
rupees at the rate of exchange prevailing on the date of the filing
of the suit or the date nearest or most nearly preceding such date,
G stati~g his plaint what such rate of ~xchange is. He should further
give an undertaking in the plaint that he would make good the
deficiency in the court-fees, if any, if at the date of the judgment,
at the rate of exchange then prevailing, the rupee equivalent of the
foreign currency sum decreed is higher than that mentioned in the
H plaint for the purposes of court-fees and jurisdiction. At the
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.(AGRAWAL,J.] 103

hearing of such a suit, before passing the decree, the court should A
call upon the plaintiff to prove the rate of exchange prevailing on
the date of the judgment or on 'the date nearest or most nearly
preceding the date of the judgment. If necessary, after delivering
judgment on all other issues, the court may stand over the rest of
the judgment and the passing of the decr~e and adjpurn the matter B
to enable the plaintiff to prove such rate of exchange. The decree
to be passed by the court should be one which orders the defendant
to pay to the plaintiff the foreign cu~ ncy sum adjudged by the
court subject to the requisite permi ion of the concerned
authorities under the Foreign Exchange egulation Act, 1973,
being granted, and in the event of the Foreign change authorities C
not granting the requisite permission or the deferldant not wanting
to make payment in foreign currency even though such permission
has been granted or the defendant not making payment in foreign
currency or in Indian rupees, whether such permission has been
granted or not, the equivalent of such foreign currency sum con-
verted into Indian rupees at the rate of exchange proved before D
the court as aforesaid. In the event of the decree being challenged
in appeal or other proceedings and such appeal or other proceed-
ings being decided in whole in part in favour of the plaintiff, the
appeallate court or the court hearing the application in the other
proceedings challenging the decree should follow the same proce- E
dure as the trial court for the purpose of ascertaining the rate of
exchange prevailing on the date of its appellate decree on of its
order· on such application or on the date nearest or most nearly
preceding the date of such decree or order. If such rate of ex-
change is different from the rate in the decree which has been
challenged, the court should make the necessar}r modification with F
respect to the rate of exchange by its appellate decree or final
order. In all .such cases, execution can only issue for the rupee
equivalent specified in the decree, appellate decree or final order,
as the case may be. These questions, of course, would not arise if
pending appeal or other proceedings adopted by the defendant G
the decree has been executed or the money thereunder received
by the plaintiff." (pp.587-589)
····'·\·

Referring to arbitration, this Court has held that, on principle, there
can be and should be no difference between an award made by arbitrators H
SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A or an umpire and a decree of a court and has observed:

"In the types of cases we are concerned with here just as the courts
have power to make a decree for a sum of money expressed in a
foreign currency subject to the limitations and conditions we have
set out above, the arbitrators or umpire have the power to make
B an award for a sum of money expressed in a foreign currency. The
arbitrators or umpire should, however, provide in the award for
the rate of exchange at which the sum awarded in a foreign
currency should be converted in the events mentioned above. This
may be done by the arbitrators or umpire taking either the rate of
c exchange prevailing on the date of the award or the date nearest
or most nearly preceding the date of the award or by directing that
the rate of exchange at which conversion is to be made would be
the date when the court pronounces judgment according to the
award and-passes the decree in terms thereof or the date nearest
or most nearly preceding the ·date of the judgment as the court
D may determine. If the arbitrators or umpire omit to provide for
the rate of conversion, this would not by itself be sufficient to
invalidate the award. The court may either remit the award under
section 16 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, for the purpose of fixing
the date of conversion or may do so itself taking the date of
E conversion as the date of its judgment or the date nearest or most
nearly preceding it, following the procedure outlined above for the
purpose of proof of the rate of exchange prevailing on such date.
If however, the person liable under such an award desires to make
payment of the sum in foreign currency awarded by the arbitrators
or umpire without the award being made a rule of the court, he
F
would be at liberty to do so after obtaining the requisite permission
of the concerned authorities under the FERA." (pp.589-590)

While passing the decision in terms of U.S. dollars the leraned Single
Judge has not considered the matter of conversion of US dollars into
G Indian currency. The Division Bench has, however, adverted to this aspect
and applying the law laid down in Forasol case (supra) the decree has been
passed in terms of US dollars as well as Indian rupees on the basis of the
rupee-dollar exchange rate prevailing on the date of the decree passed by
the learned single judge. The said date was applied for the reason, that
H according to the Division Bench the Letter Patent Appeal filed by .
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 105

Renusagar was not maintainable. A
It appears that both the parties are not satisfied with said view of the
Division Bench of the High Court in applying the decision in Forasol case
(supra) to the present case.

B
Shri Venugopal has urged that in Forasol case (supra) this Court was
dealing with the enforcement of an award governed by the Indian Arbitra-
tion Act and that the principles laid down in the said decision cannot be
applied to the present case arising out of a foreign award which is not
governed by the provisions of the Indian Arbitration Act but is governed
by the provisions of the Foreign Awards Act. It is no doubt true that in the C
Forasol case (supra) this Court was dealing with an award governed by
Indian Arbitration Act but that does not affect the applicability of the said
decision to proceedings for enforcement of a foreign award in Indian
courts because the matter of conversion of foreign currency into Indian
currency at the stage of enforcement of an award is governed by the same D
principle irrespective of the fact whether the award is governed by the
Indian Arbitration Act or a foreign award governed by the Foreign Awards
Act. Moreover the position has been made clear bys. 4(1) of the Foreign
Awards Act which lays down that a foreign award shall subject to the
provisions of this Act be enforceable in India as if it were an award made
on a matter referred to arbitration in India. The said provision equates a E
foreign award to an Indian award for the purpose of enforcement with the
exception that such enforcement will be subject to the provisions of the
Foreign Awards Act. There is nothing in the provisions of the Foreign
Awards Act which excludes the applicability of the principles laid down in
Forasol case (supra) with regard to enforcement of foreign awards. In our F
opinion, therefore, the enforcement of the award in the instant case is
governed by the law laid down in Forasol case (supra).

Shri Venugopal has further urged that i:he matter· of conversion of
foreign currency and the rate of exchange for such conversion is not a
matter of procedure but is a matter of substance and it is governed by the G
proper law and that since the contract as well as performance of the
contract are both governed by the New Y.;)rk law, the breach-date rule
which was applicable in the State of New York at the relevant time, should
be applied for the purpose of ascertaining the exchange rate for conversion
of U.S. dollars into Indian rupees and that the rule· in Forasol case can H
106 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 3.C.R.

A have no application to the present case. Shri Venugopal has in this regard
placed reliance on certain observations in Legal Aspect of Money by F.A.
Mann, 5th Edn at p. 326-327 and The Conflict of Laws by Dicey & Morris,
11th Edn., Vol. II, p. 1454. We are unable to agree with this submission of
Shri Venugopal. The manner in which the court should pass the decree in
a case where a foreign award is sought to be enforced is matter of
B procedure and not of substance and is governed by lex Jori, i.e., the law of
the forum. The rule laid down in Miliangos case (supra) has been described
as a rule of procedure. (See : Owners of Eleftheratria v. Despina R, the
Despina R (supra), at p. 704; Cheshire & North's Private International Law,
12th Edn., p. 100). For the same reasons the principles laid down inForasol
C case (supra) must be held to be rule of procedural law and would be
applicable to the proceedings for enforcement of a foreign award under
the Foreign Award Act.

The passage from Legal Aspects of Money by FA.Mann, on which
D reliance has been placed by Shri Venugopal reads thus :

"This situation involves two distinct questions: which is the legal
system that determines whether there exists a right or a duty to
convert the money of account into the (local) money of payment?
which is the legal system that governs the mechanics of the con-
E version (the type of the rate of exchange to be employed, the date
and the place with reference to which the rate is to be ascer-
tained)?

As regards the first point it is necessary to repeat that, except
F in unusual circumstances, the creditor suffers no prejudice from ·
payment in the moneta loci solutions. It is suggested, therefore,
that in generai i.e., where no problem of construction arises, the
question of the right or duty of conversion may be treated as one
relating to the mode of performance and consequently, subject to
the lex loci solutions. The decision on the second point, however;
G is. liable to encroach severely upon the substance of the obligation:
whether the creditor who is entitled to be paid 1,000 Spanish
pesetas in Gibraltar must accept the pound equivalent calculated
at the rate of peseta notes or of cable transfers to Madrid, or
calculated with reference to the rate prevailing at the date of
H maturity or payment, or calculated at the Gibraltar of Madrid rate
RENU SAGAR POWER LTD. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.) 107

- these are substantial matters on-which the quantum eventually A
received by the creditor depends, if payment is not made in actual
pesetas. These aspects, therefore, cannot be described as relating
merely to the mode of performance, but ought to be subject to the
proper law of the contract". (pp.326-327)

We find that in the said passage which falls in Chapter XI relating B
to "The Payment of Foreign Money Obligation" the learned author is
dealing with the conversion of the money of account to the money of
payment and he has not considered the matter of converability of the
foreign currency at the stage of enforcement of a judgment or award. We
have already inuicated that converability of the money of account into the C
money of payment involves determination of the liability and is a matter of
substance governed by the proper laws of contract. This question arises
prior to the stage of the judgment or award. Here we are dealing with a
case where the award has already been made and is sought to be enforced
in India and the question is about the conversion of the foreign currency D
in which the award has been made into Indian currency. This question has
been dealt with by Dr.F.A.Mann in Chapter XII relating to "The Institution
of Legal Proceedings and its effect upon Foreign Money Obligation" and
the learned author has stated :

"It is now clear that English law does not require any foreign money E
obligation to be converted into sterling for the purpose of institut-
ing proceedings or of the judgment; on the contrary, where the
plaintiff claims a sum of foreign money, he is both entitled and
bound to apply for judgment in terms of such foreign money and
it is only at the stage of payment or enforcement that conversion F
into sterling at the rate of exchange then prevailing takes place.
This is so whether the claim is for payment of a specific sum
contractually due or for damages for breach of contract or tort or
for a just sum due in respect of unjustified enrichment or for
restitution. Nor does it matter whether the contract sued upon is G
governed by English or by foreign law. Nor is it necessary to ask
for specific performance rather than payment: in either case the
defendant will be ordered to pay foreign money. Moreover an
award in an English arbitration may be expressed and enforced in
foreign currency and a foreign award or judgment so expressed
may be enforced like the English award or judgment." (p.352) H
108 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A The entire position has been thus summed up by Dr. Mann:

"As regards the date with reference to which the rate of exchange
is to be ascertained, the law is to a large extent settled. In connec-
tion with conversion for the purpose of proceedings the payment-
date rule is firmly established. Outside proceedings the date
B depends on the construction of the contract, but there exists a
strong tendency to apply the payment-date rule". (p.436)

Same is the position with regard to the passage at p.1454 of The
Conflict of Laws by Dicey & Morris, llfth Edn., Vol.II, which reads thus-

c "The quantum or'money tokens to be tendered is, however, always
a matter of substance and not a question of the manner of perfor-
mance. Hence it should always be governed by the proper law,
irrespective of the place of payment". (p.1454)

D The said passage falls under Rule 210 relating to discharge of foreign
currency obligations which is in following terms :

· "Rule 210 - Irrespective of the currency in which a debt is expressed
or damages are calculated (money of account), the currency in
which the debt or liability can and must be discharged (money of
E payment) is determined by the law of the country in whi.ch such
debt or liability is payable, but (semble) the rate of exchange at
which the money of account must be converted into the money of
payment is determined by the proper law of the contract or other
law governing the liability.

F a
If a sum of money expressed in foreign currency is payable
in England, it may be paid either in units of the money of account
or in sterling at the rate of exchange at which units of the foreign
legal tender can, on the day when the money is paid, be bought in
London in a recognised and accessible market, irrespective of any
official rate of exchange between that currency and sterling.
G
Quaere, whether this rate of exchange also applies if English law
is not the proper law of the contract".

At the beginning of the comment on the said rule, it has been stated:
•
~

"This Rule deals with th~ question whether a debtor has,,.by making a
H payment in a given currency discharged the debt. The effect of proceedings
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECTRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 109

in English court on a foreign currency obligation is not considered in this A
rule but in Rule 211". (p. 1453-54). This would indicate that the observa-
tions relied upon (at p. 1454) which follow this statement have no bearing
to the proceedings in a court on foreign currency obligations and have to
be confined to payments by a debtor in discharge of the debt.

RECONSIDERATION OF FORASOL CASE B

Shri Shanti Bhushan also does not wish to go by the principles laid
down in Forasol case and has submitted that the exchange rate for conver-
sion of foreign currency to Indian currency should be that prevailing on
the date of actual payment and that the law laid down Forasol case that C
the conversion should be on the basis of exchange rate prevailing on the
date of judgment does not lay down the correct law and that it needs
reconsideration. In this regard Shri Shanti Bhushan has urged that the
purpose of the rule relating to conversion of foreign currency into Indian
rupees at the stage of enforcement of a foreign award should be to ensure
that the amount that has been awarded under the award in foreign currency D
is available in full to the creditor and this can be achieved only if the
exchange rate for the purpose of such conversion is that prevailing on the
date of payment as held by the House of Lords in Miliangos case (supra).
According to Shri Shanti Bhuc;han the practical and procedural difficulties
pointed out by this Court for rejecting the date of payment rule are not of E
such significance so as to render the said rule inapplicable. Shri Shanti
Bhushan has also relied on the following passage from The Conflict of
Laws by Dicey & Morris :

"If a debt of other liability expressed in a foreign c~rrency is
payable in England, the debtor may tender pounds in discharge. F
This is "primarily a rule of construction" which was "understandable
at a time when foreign exchange was freely obtainable". Where this
is not the case, the rule may defeat the intention of the parties,
and it may therefore "require reconsideration". Despite a number
of dicta to the contrary, the debtor may also discharge his liability G
of tendering the foreign currency in specie, but the creditor_ cannot
compel him to do so. The rate of exchange to be applied is that
of the day when the debt is paid." (11th Edn., Vol.II p.1454).

These observation have been made in comment under Rule 210 and,
so point out earlier, the said rule relates to payment made by debtor in H
110 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A discharge of the debt and does not deal with proceedings in courts for
enforcement of foreign currency obligations which have been dealt with .in
Rule 211, which is in following terms :

"Rule 211 - (1) An English court can give judgment for an amount
expressed in foreign currency.
B
(2) For procedural reasons the amount of the judgment must be
converted into sterling before execution can be levied. The date
for conversion will be the date of payment, i.e., the date when the
court authorises enforcement of the judgment, unless some other
date is prescribed by statute."
c
As regards the submissions of Shri Shanti Bhushan assailing the
correctness of the decision in Forasol case (supra) it may be stated that
even Miliangos case (supra) does not provide for conversion on the basis
of the exchange rate prevailing on the date of actual payment and it
D postulates conversion on the basis of the date when the court authorises
enforcement of the judgment. The rule in Miliangos case (supra) has not
been adopted in Section 27 of the Judiciary Act of New York, as amended
in 1987 and it provides that a judgment or decree in foreign currency shall
be converted into currency of the United States at the rate of exchange
prevailing on the date of entry of the judgment or decree. "The
E Legislature's concern of how this couple be effected by a sheriff" appears
to be the recison for not adopting the date of a execution of the judgment
in the amended provision. The practical and procedural difficulties pointed
out by this Court in Forasol case against adopting the date of payment
cannot, therefore, be ignored. As at present advised, we are not satisfied
F that the decision in Forasol case calls for reconsideration. Since this is the
only question raised in C.A. No. 379/92 filed by General Electric, the said
appeal must fail.

VIII : INTEREST PENDENTE LITE AND FUTURE INTEREST

G In an international commercial arbitration, like any domestic arbitra-
tion, the award of interest would fall under the following periods :

(i) period prior to the date of reference to arbitration:

(ii) period during which the arbitration proceedings were pending
H before the arbitrators;
RENU SAGAR POWER LID. v. ELECTRIC CO. [AGRAWAL, J.] 111

(iii) period from the date of award till the date of institution of· A
proceedings in a court for enforcement of the award;

(iv) period from the date of institution of proceedings in a court till
the passing of the decree; and
B
(v) period subsequent to the decree till payment.

.. The interest in respect of the period covered by item (i), namely,
prior to the date of reference to arbitration would be governed by the
proper law of the contract and the interest covered by items (ii) and (iii),
i.e., during the pendency of the arbitral proceedings and subsequent to the C
award till the date of institution of the proceedings in the court for the
enforcement of the .award would be governed by the law governing the
arbitral proceedings. These are matters which have to be dealt with by the
arbitrators in the award and the award in relation to these matters cannot
be questioned at the stage of enforcement of the award. At that stage the D
court is only required to deal with interest covered by items (iv) and (v).
The award of interest in respect of these period would be governed by lex
f ori, i.e., the law C'f the forum where the award is sought to be enforced.
According to Allen Redfern and Martin Hunter "once an arbitral award is
enforced in a particular country as a judgment of a court, the arbitral
post-award interest rate may by overtaken by the rate applicable to civil E
judgments." (See : Redfern & Hunter, Law and Practice of International
Commercial Arbitration, 2nd Edn., p. 406).

Moreover, section 4(1) of the Foreign Awards Act lays down that the
foreign award shall, subject to the provisions of this Act, be enforceable in F
India as if it were an award made on a matter referred to arbitration in
India. The provisions of the Arbitration Act, 1940 would, therefore, apply
in the matter of enforcement of awards subject to the provisions of the
Foreign Awards Act. With regard to interest, the following provisions, is
made in Section 29 of the Indian Arbitration Act :
G
"INTEREST OF AWRADS - Where and in so far as award is
for the payment of money the Court may in the decree order
interest, form the date of the decree at such rate as the Court
deems reasonable, to be paid on the principal sum as adjudged by
the award and confirmed by the decree." H
112 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A Unlike Section 34 of the Code of Civil Procedure, whereunder the
Court can award interest for the period of pendency of the suit as well as
for the period subsequent to the decree till realisation, Section 29 of the
Arbitration Act empowers the court to award interest from the date of
decree only. It has, however, been held that while passing a decree in terms
of the award, the Court can award interest for the period during which the
B proceedings were pending in the court, i.e., the period from the date of
institution of proceedings for the enforcement of the award in the court till
the passing of the decree in case arising after the Interest Act, 1978. (See
: Gujarat Water Supply & Sewerage Board v. Unique Erectors (Gujarat) (P)
Ltd. & Anr., [1989) 1 SCR at p.328). ,
c
In the instant case, the Arbitral Tribunal has awarded interest by way
of compensatory damages in respect of the period prior to the date of
reference as well as for the period covered by the arbitral proceedings upto
March 31, 1986. In respect of the period subsequent to March 31, 1986,
the Arbitral Tribunal has awarded interest only on item No. 1 (regular
D interest), item No. 3 (delinquent interest) and item No. 5 (costs of spare
parts) until the payment. No direction with regard to the payment of
interest pendente lite, i.e., for the period the proceedings were pending in
the Bombay High Court till the date of decree as well as for the period
_subsequent to the decree, has been given either by the learned Single Judge
E or by the Division Bench of the High Court. Taking into consideration the
facts and circumstances of the case we are not inclined to interefere with
that part of judgment of the High Court and to award interest for the
period the. proceedings for enforcement of the award were pending in the
Bombay High Court .and in this Court.

F Shri Shanti Bhushan has, however, placed reliance on the interim
order passed by this Court on February 21, 1990 whereby this Court stayed
the operation of decree and order under appeal subject to Renusagar
depositing the sum equivalent to one half of the decretal amount calculated
as on date and furnishing security to the satisfaction of the High Court in
G respect of the balance of the decretal amount and further directed that
interest in respect of the rest of the one half of the decretal amount which
wan not recoverable by General Electric by virtue of the said order would
be @ 10% per annum calculated from this day on the entirety of the
balance irrespective of the terms as to the rate and mode of calculation of
interest granted in or permitted by the decree under appeal. Shri Shanti
H Bhushan has urged that in view of the said order passed by this Court on
RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECfRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.) 113

February 21, 1990, General Electric is entitled to award of interest @ 10% A
per annum on the decretal amount after deducting the amount deposited
by Renusagar in pursuance to the orders dated February 21, 1990 and
November 6, 1990. The order dated February 21, 1990 was, in our opinion,
in the nature of an interlocutory order and the directions contained therein
were also interlocut0ry in nature which are subject to the final orders that
are passed in the appeals. We ought, here, to take notice of developments B
in the international monetary exchange system insofar as lndo-American
currencies are concerned. The effect of these changes in the exchange rates
made a land-slide change in the size of the financial obligations of
Renusagar under the Award. The liability thereunder in terms of Indian
rupees virtually became double. It is, however, true that so far General C
Electric is concerned, it secures no more than what the Award gave it in
terms of U .S.Dollars. This judgment assures to General El~ctric that
quantum of U.S. Currency. But the area of the discretion of the court is in
the interlocutory dispensation. We are, therefore, not inclined to award
interest pendente lite, i.e., during the pendency of the proceedings for
enforcement of the award in High Court as well as this Court and we D
hereby recall the directions contained in the order dated February 21, 1990
as regards payment of interest on the balance of the decretal amount. The
award of interest for the period subsequent to the date of passing of the
award till the passing of this judgment in these appeals is, therefore,
confined to the period till the date of institution of the proceedings for
enforcement of the Arbitration Award in the Bombay High Court i.e., upto E
October 15, 1986.

As regards future interest, we are inclined to take the view that for
the period subsequent to the date of this judgment Renusagar should pay
interest @ 18% on the decretal amount that remains due after adjusting
the sum of Rs.10,69,26,590 paid by Renusagar to General Electric in F
pursuance to the directions given by this Court on February 21, 1990 and
November 6, 1990 till the payment of the said balance amount.

IXADJUSTMENT OF THE SUM OF RS.10,69,26,500 DEPOSITED
BY RENUSAGAR AGAINST THE DECRETAL AMOUNT:
G
As indicated earlier, in pursuance to the orders of this Court dated
February 21, 1990, Renusagar deposited a sum of Rs. 9,69,26,590 on March
20, 1990 and a further amount of Rs.l,00,00,000 was deposited by
Renusagar in pursuance to the order dated November 6, 1990 on Decem-
ber 3, 1990. These amounts have been withdrawn by G~neral Electric. The H
114 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A question is how and at what rate the said amount should be adjusted
against the decretal amount. It is not disputed that on the date whea the
said deposite were made by Renusagar and were withdrawn by General
Electric, rupee-dollar exchange rate was Rs.17 per dollar. Shri Shanti
Bhushan has, however, s'ubmitted that although General Electric had
withdrawn has amount deposited by Renusagar, it was not able to use the
B same because the Reserve Bank of India did not grant the permission to
General Electric to remit the amount by converting the same into U.S.
dollars on account of the pendency of these appeals in this Court. In this
regard, Shri Shanti Bhushan has placed before us copies of the letters
dated April 30, 1990, June 25, 1990, September 10, 1990 and November 29,
:c1990 of the Reserve Bank of India. On the basis of the said letters, Shri
Shanti Bhushan has submitted that out of a sum of Rs.10.69 crores which
was received by General Electric it was permitted by the Reserve Bank of
India to utilise only Rs.3.52 crores for meeting administrative and opera-
tional expenses of the Liaison Office of General Electric and the rest of
the amount would be converted only after the decision in these appeals.
D Shri Shanti Bhushan has, therefore, submitted that the amounts deposited
by Renusagar should be converted from Indian rupees into U.S. dollat's at
the exchange rate prevalent on the date of the judgment of this Court and
not on the basis of the rate of exchange prevalent at the time of the said
payments by Renusagar. We are unable to agree with this submission. The
convertibility into U.S. dollars of money paid by Renusagar in fodian
E rupees is not the condition for discharge of the decree and as laid down
in Forasol case (supra) the decree can be discharged by payment in Indian
rupees and it is for General Electric to obtain the necessary permission
from the Reserve Bank of India for such conversion of Indian rupees to
U.S. dollars and the transfer thereof to the United States. If General
F Electric were finding a difficulty in such transfer on account of the pen-
dency of these appeals in this Court they could have moved this Court and
obtained necessary clarification in this regard. They did not choose to do
so. In these circumstances, the amount of Rs. 10,69,26,590 which has been
paid by Renusagar in pursuance to the order dated February 21, 1990 and
November 6,' 1990 has to be converted into U.S. dollars on the basis of the
G rupee-dollar exchange rate of Rs. 17.00 per dollar prevalent at the time
of such payment and calculated on that basis the said amount comes to US
$ 6,289,800.00.
_)

The judgment of the High Court passing a decree in terms of the
H award is, therefore, affirmed. This would cover the amount awarded by the
.RENUSAGARPOWERLTD. v. ELECfRICCO.[AGRAWAL,J.] 115

Arbitrnl Tribunal in U.S.Dollar and interest on amount· awarded under A
item nos. 1, 3 and 5 for the period from April 1, 1986 to October 15, 1986,
the date of filing of the petition by General Electric for enforcement of the
award in the Bombay High Court. The amount paid by Renusagar during
the pendency of these appeals will have to be adjusted against the said
decretal amount and the present liability of Renusagar under this decision B
has to be determined accordingly. Calculating on this basis the amount
payable by Renusagar under the decree in terms of U.S. dollars is:

Amount awarded by the Arbitral : 12,215,622.14
Tribunal
Interest of US $ 2,716,914.72 (the : 117,733.00 c
total amount awarded under item
nos. 1, 3 and 5) @ 8% per annum
from 1.4.86 to 15.10.86 in terms of
the award
12,333,355.14 D
Less : Amount paid by Renusagar in : 6,289.800.00
pursuance of the order dated
21.2.1990 and 6.11.1990 during the
pendency of the appeals in this
Court E
6,043,555.14

In accordance with the decision in Forasol case (supra) the said
amount has to be converted into Indian rupees on the basis of the rupee-
dollar exchange rate prevailing at the time of this judgment. As per F
information supplied by the Reserve Bank of India, the Rupee-Dollar
Exchange (Selling} Rate as on October 6, 1993 was Rs.31.53 per dollar.

At this stage it may be mentioned that after the arguments were
concluded and the judgment had been reserved, an application [I.A.No. G
9/93 in CA.Nos. 71 and 7W90] was filed on behalf of Hindalco Industries
Ltd. for amendment of the cause title to substitute the applicant as appel-
lant in C.A.No. 71/90 in place of Renusagar. The said application has been
moved on the ground that after the filing of the said appeal the :':,ombay
High Court, by its order dated April 22, 1993, has sanctioned a scheme of
amalgamation of Renusagar with Hindalco Industries Ltd. and the said H
li6 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993) SUPP. 3 s.c.R .
..
A scheme has also been sanctioned by the Allahbad High Court by its order
dated March 26,1993. A true copy of the said scheme of amalgamation has
been filed along with the said application. In clause (i) of para 4 of the
scheme, it is stated :

"(i) If any suit, appeal of other proceedings or whatever nature
B (hereinafter called "the proceedings") by or agfilnst he Transferor
Company be pending, the same shall not be abate, be discontinued
or be in any way prejudicially affected by reason of the transfer or
the undertaking of the Transferor Company or of anything con-
tained in this Scheme but the said proceedings may be continued,
c prosecuted and enforced by or against the Transferor Company as
if this Scheme had not been made."

In view of the aforesaid provision in the scheme, all pending suits,
appeals or other proceedings of whatever nature by or against the trans-
feror ~ompany, viz., Renusagar shall not abate or be discontinued or in any
D way be prejudicially affected by reason of the transfer of the undertaking
of Renusagar and that the said proceedings may be continued, presented
and enforced by or against Renusagar as if the scheme had not been made.
The scheme of amalgamation does not, therefore, in any way affect the
continuance of the proceedings in the above appeals in this Court by
E Renusagar and in these circumstances, we find no ground for substituting
_ the name of Hindalco Industries Ltd. as the appellant in place of
Renusagar in C.A.No. 71/90. The said application is, therefore, rejected.

In the result, C.A. Nos. 71 and 71A of 1990 and C.A.NO. 379 of 1992
are dismissed and the decree passed by the High Court is affirmed with
F the direction that in terms of the award an amount of US$ 12,333,355.14
is payable by Renusagar to General Electric out of which a sum of US $
6,289,800.00 has already been paid by Renusagar in discharge of the
decretal amount and the balance amount payable by Renusagar under the
decree is US $ 6,043,555d:4 which amount on conversion in Indian rupees
G at the rupee-dollar exchange rate of Rs. 31.53 per dollar prevalent at the
time of this judgment comes to Rs. -J19,05,53,293.56. Renusagar will be liable
to pay future interest @ 18% on this amount of Rs. 19,05,53,293.56 from
the date of this judgment till payment. The parties are left to bear their
own costs.

SM Appeals dismissed.