UNION OF INDIAversusPRINCE MUFFAKAM JAH AND ORS.

A                            UNION OF INDIA
                                   v
                     PRINCE MUFFAKAM JAH AND ORS.

                                OCTOBER 20, 1994

B                [N!.N. VENKATACHALIAH, CJ!, S. MOHAN
                          AND DR. A.S. ANAND, JJ.]

         Arbitration Act, 194(}-Section 15/16--Dispute relating to jewels belong-
  ing to two trusts-Arbitration Award-Validity of-:Petition u/s 15/16--Ap-
C plication for il)terpretation-No public interest involved-Intervenor signed
  reference and pµrticipated throughout in arbitration proceedings-fntervention
  Application misconceived and devoid of merit.

          Constitution of India-Article 363-Merger Agreement dated 25th
    January 195Q-Dispute arising out of-Jurisdiction of Courts.
D
          The maiji dispute related to the jewels belonging to the two trusts.
    The dispute was referred to arbitration. There was a divergence of opinion
    between the two arbitrators and the matter was referred to the nmpire.
    The Award was submitted to this Court for appropriate orders. The Union
E   of India filed a petition u/s 15/16 of the Arbitration Act, 1940, questioning
    the validity an~ correctness of the Award. The trustees also filed a petition
    u/s 15/16 of th~ Act. Pending adjndication of these interlocutory applica·
    lions the present application for intervention bad been filed seeking to
    restrain the Union of India from making any payment of the amount to
    the Nizam of Hydm1bad for the purchase of the Jacob Diamond and other
F   priceless jewels which, according to him, were State property, to appoint
    commission to Investigate into the true ownership of those jewels claimed
    to be the private property of the Nizam of Hyderabad, declare the Jacob
    Diamond as private property of Nizam of Hyderabad as State property
    and declare tlie priceless jewels as regalia and antiqnities and art
G   treasnres.

           The intei:-venors claiming to be public-spirited citizens urged that
     there was a cl~r conceptual division between the Nizam's personal' and
     private property and the State property. The Jacob Diamond which the
     Union of India was offering to purchase was the property of the State of
H    Hyderabad and, thus, of the nation and not the personal property of the
                                         582
                  U.0.1. v. MUFFAKAM JAH [MOHAN, J.]                      583

Nlzam of Hyderabad. There were other priceless jewels which constitut,d A
regalia and, therefore, they were State Jewels. The sons and successors of
Nizam could not claim such Regalia as the private property merely because
they were inherited as heirloons. Most of the priceless jewels of ihe Nizam
were antiquities and were treasures in view of their being over hundred
years old as such were the priceless remains of nation's cultural heritage B
and were entitled to protection and preservation for the benefit of the
nation and its citizens.

      In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of Trust, preliminary objec·
lion was taken that the application for intervention was motivated and
misconceive and the reliefs sought for by the intervenors fell outside the       C
purview of the jurisdiction of this Court in view of the provisions of Article
363 of the Constitution of India. It was stated that the application con·
tained gross misrepresentation. In fact, identical contentions regarding
the ownership were taken by the Union of India when Intervenor was
closely involved with and participated in the arbitration proceedings.           D
These contentions were dismissed by the Court on two occasions as well
as by the Umpire. Ownership of the items of jewellery of the trusts was
questioned by the Union of India even in the objections filed against the
Award. A white .. paper was also drawn up and presented to parliament.
Therefore, according to the Trust it was not open to any one now to raise
dispute on the ownership. If, at all, the dispute could be raised only by the    E
Ruler.

      Dismissing the application, this Court

      HELD : 1.1. The applicants had no locus standi to seek intervention, F
that too; at this belated stage. Besides, there was no public interest
involved. Invervenor No. 4 as early as in 1991, in his capacity as Director
General, National Museum, not only signed the reference but participated
throughout the arbitration proceedings. The case of the applicants that .
the various items of the jewellery constituted the private property of the
Nizam was without merit. In fact, there were applications by Union of India G
raising the same issue. Those applications were dismissed. Before the
Umpire also an application was filed raising the contention that these
items of jewellery had vested in the State and had become the property of
the nation. The Nizam had no power or authority to include them in the
deeds of Trusts executed by him and the question of buying these items of H
    584                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A jewellery which, in fact, belonged to the State could not and did not a rise,
    as the Union could not possibly buy its own property. [588-G-H, 589-A]

          1.2 Article 363 bars the jurisdiction of all the Courts in any dispute
    arising out qf any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement,
    sanad or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed
B   before the commencement of this Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian
    State. [590-1)]

          Madhtlv Rao Scindia and others v. Union of India, [1971] 1 SCC 85,
    relied on.
c         CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION : I.A. No. 10 of 1993.

                                         IN

          Writ Petition (c) No. 1429 of 1979.

D         (Under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.)

          Dipankar P. Gupta, Solicitor General and G.L. Sanghi, S.
    Sukumaran, Manmohan, Mrs. A.K. Verma for JBD & Co., P. Parmesh-
    waran, C. V., Sobba Rao, U.A. Rana, Om Prakash Verma and Mrs. Manik
    Karanjawala1 for the appearing parties.
E
          The following Order of the Court was delivered :

          M0114N, J. By this Interl'.ention Application the intervenors seek to:

          (i) re5train the Union of India from making any payment of the
F             amount of Rs. 180 crores to the Nizam of Hyderabad for the
              purchase of the Jacob Diamond and other priceless jewels which,
              according to him, are State property;

          (ii) in the alternative to direct the recipients of the said sum of Rs.
               180 crores to deposit in a separate Bank_ account or in foced
G
               deposit;

          (iii) to 1appoinl a Commission to investigate into the true ownership
                of 'the Jacob Diamond and the other priceless jewels claimed to
                be the private property of the Nizam of Hyderabad, and if found
H               to be State property the Union of India should acquire and take
                      U.0.1. v. MUFFAKAMJAH (MOHAN, J.]                      585

               possession of the same without any payment whatsoever;               A
           (iv) declare the Jacob Diamond as private property of Nizam of
                Hyderabad, as State property;

           (v) declare the priceless jewels as Regalia and antiquities and art
               treasurers.                                                          B
           The main dispute relates to the jewels belonging to the two Trusts,
     namely, HEH The Nizam's Jewellery Trust and HEH the Nizam's Sup-
     plementary Jewellery Trust. The writ petitions and the connected civil
     appeals were disposed of by an order dated 25th April, 1989 referring the
     same to arbitration. There was a divergence of opinion between the two         C
     arbitrators and the matter was referred to Mr. Justice A.N. Sen as the
     Umpire. He rendered an Award that the Government of India would pay
     a sum of Rs. 225,37,33,959. This amount was reduced by Rs. 45 crores since
     there was a typographical error with reference to Item 33 of the Schedule
     of valuation of the Award. As a result, the liability of the Union of India    D
     to purchase 173 items of jewellery comprised in the two Trusts came to Rs.
     180,37,33,959.

           The Award dated 27.7.1991, was submitted to this Court for ap-
     propriate orders. The parties had the notice of the filing of !Le Award. The
     award was not implemented and the Union of India, filed I.A. No. 8 of          E
     1991 on 29.8.1991, being a petition under Section 15/16 of the Arbitration
     Act, 1940, questioning the validity and correctness of the award. The
     following prayers were made in the said I.A.:

                "(i) Set aside the Award of the Ld. Umpire dated 27th July,         F
             1991 and remit the same back to him for a fresh determination of
             the values;
·~

                (ii) Stay the operation of the Award of the Ld. Umpire till the
             disposal of this Petition."
                                                                                    G
            The Trustees also filed a petition under Sections 15/16 of the Ar-
     bitration Act, 1940, being I.A. No. 9 of 1991on6.9. 1991. Relief prayed for
     in the said I.A. is reproduced Inter alia :

                 "Remit the Award of the Hon'ble Umpire dated 27th July, 1991
             for reconsideration under Section 16 of the Arbitration Act on the H
    586                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A            grounds submitted herein;

           Pending adjudication of these interlocutory applications the present
    application for 'intervention, being IA. No. 10 of 1993, has been preferred
    on August 10, 1993 praying for the grant of relief as extracted above. By
    an order of this Court dated 10.2.1994 the said application was dismissed
B   stating that the reasons would be recorded and furnished later. We here
    below give th~ reasons;

          The intetvenors claiming to be public-spirited citizens would urge
    that there was e. clear conceptual division between the Nizam's personal
c   and private property and the State property. The Jacob Diamond which
    the Union of India is offering to purchase is the property of the State of
    Hyderabad and, thus, of the nation and not the personal property of the
    Nizam of Hyderabad. In support of this statement, certain documents are
    relied on.
D
           There are other priceless jewels which constitute Regalia and, there-
    fore, they are ~tale je.wels. The sons and successors of Nizam cannot claim
    such Regalia as the private property merely because they were inherited
    as heirlooms. As a matter of fact, the Nizam requested the Central Board
    of Revenue to accord recognisation to the articles or jewellery, as his
E   heirloom under Wealth Tax of Heirloom Jewellery of Rulers) Rulers, 1958
    for the purpos¢s of clause (xiv) of sub-section (1) of Section 5 of the Wealth
    Tax Act, 1957. Notwithstanding the above, these items were illegally trans-
    ferred and diverted to private Trusts created by him. Article 11(3) of the
    merger agreement dated 25th January, 1950 clearly states, if any dispute
F   arises as to whether any item of property is the private property of Nizam
    or the State property, it shall be referred to a person nominated by the
    Government of India, whose decision would be final and binding on all
    concerned.

          Besides, the Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 provides for
G the compulsof3' acquisition of these antiquities and art treasures for preser-
    vation in public places. Most of the priceless jewels of the Nizam are
    antiquities and are treasures in view of their being over hundred years old
    as such are tjie priceless remains of nation's cultural heritage and are
    entitled to protection and preservation for the benefit of the nation and its
H   citizens.
                 U.0.1. v. MUFFAKAMJAH (MOHAN, J.]                        587

      In the counter affidavit filed on behalf of the Secretary of HEH The       A
Nizam's Jewellery Trust and one of the Trustees in the HEH Nizam's
Supplementary Jewellery Trust, preliminary objections are taken that the
application for intervention is motivated and misconceived. The applicants
were neither parties in the writ petition nor did they participate in the
arbitration proceedings. As such, they have no locus standi whatever.
                                                                                 B
      The reliefs sought for by the intervenors fall outside the purview of
the jurisdiction of this Court in view of the provisions of Article 363 of the
Constitution of India.

       The application contains gross misrepresentation. In fact, identical      C
contentions regarding the ownership were taken by the Union of India
when Intervenor No. 4, Dr. L.P. Sihare, was working as Director General,
National Mnseum and was closely involved with and participated in the
arbitration proceedings. These contentions were dismissed by the Court on
two occasions as well as by the Umpire, Mr. Justice A.N. Sen, in his Award       D
dated 27th July, 1991. Therefore, there are no materials on which this Court
could come to a different conclusion. As far as the State of Hyderabad is
concerned there was no Regalia. Ownership of the items of jewellery of
the Trusts was questioned by the Union of India even in the objections
filed against the Award. It was only after examh.ation of all the relevant       E .··
materials an offer was made to purchase items of jewellery, eventually,
realising fully, after prolonged consideration, there was no force in such
contentions. The claim, that the Jacob Diamond was property of the State,
is untenable. On the contrary, the documentary evidence clearly shows that
the Jacob Diamond was bought from the private funds of the Nizam. The
letter dated 22nd September, 1897 from C.E. Crawaley, Comptroller                F
General, Hyderabad State, enclosing a report on the payments to the
Nizam for the years 1888-1892 sent to the British Resident at Hyderabad,
T.C. Plowden, establishes the same. It categorically states that the Im-
perial/Jacob Diamond was bought from the private funds of the Nizam. A
letter dated 2nd September, 1897 issued by the British Resident to the           G
Foreign Department, Simla also confirms this position. At the time of
integration of the States the Rulers were asked to submit the list of their
private properties. After scrutiny and discussions by the Ministry of Home
(States) with the erstwhile Rulers such declared properties were accepted
considering the facts and circumstances of each Ruler. A white Paper was
also drawn up and presented to Parliament. Therefore, it is not open to          H
    588                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 4S.C.R.

A any one now t<) raise dispute on the ownership. Hence, this cannot be a ·
    matter of litigation any longer. Even otherwise, the litigation itself stands
    barred by constitutional provisions. The position of the Late Nizam was
    considered by this Court in several decisions. In Ameerunnissa Begum v.
    Mehboob Begum and others, reported in AIR 1955 SC 352 it was held that
    the Nizam of tlyderaba<l enjoyed uncontrolled sovereign powers. To the
B   same effect are the findings of this Court in Director of Endowments v.
    Akram Ali, AIR (1956) SC 60.

          If the Rµler had exercised sovereign power in his State and has set
    apart any property as private property no dispute can arise concerning the
C   same. It has been so held in Vishnu Pratap Singh v. State of M.P. and Others,
    reported in [1990] Supp. SCC 43. To the same effect are observations of
    this Court in Revathinnal Balagopala Venna v. His Highness Sri Padmanab-
    hadasa Vennti (since deceased) and Ors., JT (1991) SC 301.

         Two Trusts which govern the jewellery have been created with the
D' approval of t~e Government of India. They have been validated by the
   Nizam's Trust Deeds Validaticn Act, 1950. Further, by letter dated 23rd
   of January, ~989, written by the Ministry of States to the Nizam, the
   Government .of India have accepted the jewellery and other moveable
   property specified in the list furnished as the private property of the Nizam.
E No doubt, the letter records that the acceptance is subject to Article II,
   sub-Article (3) of the Agreement. But, that does not mean the intervenors
   could raise a dispute. If, at all, the dispute could be raised only by the
   Ruler. The claim for exemption under the Wealth Tax Act has bearing on
   the issues. T~erefore, it is prayed that the application may be dismissed.

F          On a ~areful consideration of the above arguments, we are of the
    view that the applicants have no locus standi to seek intervention, that too,
    at this belatfd stage. Besides, there is no public interest involved. It also
    requires to pe noted that Invervenor No. 4, Dr. L.P. Sihare, as early as
    1991, in his. capacity as Director General, National Museum, not only
G   signed the reference but participated throughout the arbitration proceed-
    ings. The case of the applicants that the various items of the jewellery
    constitute tile private property of the Nizam is without merit. In fact, there
    were applications by Union of India raising the same issue. Those applica-
    tions were dismissed.

H          Before the Umpire also an application was filed raising the conten-
                U.0.1. v. MUFFAKAM JAR [MOHAN, J.]                    589

lion that these items of jewellery have vested in the State and have become A
the property of the nation. The Nizam had no power or authority to include
them in the deeds of trusts executed by him and the question of buying
these items of jewellery which, in fact, belonged to the State cannot and ·
does not arise, as the Union cannot possibly buy its own. property. The
Umpire rejected the same by the following finding :
                                                                             B
            "The arbitration agreement proceeds clearly on the basis that
        all the items of jewellery comprised in the said two trusts belong
        to the said two Trusts and the Umpire must proceed on the basis
        of this arbitration agreement. The Umpire derives his jurisdiction,
        authority and power on the basis of the arbitration agreement C
        entered into by the parties and the order passed by the Court and
        the umpire cannot sit in judgment over the same and cannot pass
        any order which will have the effect of modifying or altering or
        interfering with the arbitration agreement and the order passed by
        the Supreme Court on the basis thereof. Accordingly I hold that
        this application on behalf of the Union of India is not maintainable D
        and must, therefore, be dismissed."

      The White Paper on Indian States (revised edition of 3rd March,
1950) states as uoder :              ""

            "Settlement of Rulers Private Properties ..... so far as their   E
      · private properties are concerned, the Rulers were required to
        furnish by a specified date inventories of immovable property,
      . securities and cash balances claimed by them as private property.
        The settlement of any dispute arising in respect of the properties
        claimed by a Ruler was to be by reference to an arbitrator ap-       F
        pointed by the Government of India.

           In the past the Rulers made no distinction between private and
        State property; they could freely use for personal purposes any
        property owned by their respective States.
                                                                             G
            It also records that all questions relating to property were
        settled without recourse to arbitration."

        The White Paper further records :

        "By and large the inventories were settled by discussion between H
    590                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A            the representatives of the Ministry of States, the Ruler concerned
             and the representatives of the province or Union as the case may
             be. This method made it possible to settle these properties on an
             equitable basis within a remarkable short period and without
             recourse even in a single case to arbitration. The settlements thus
             made are final as between the States and the Rulers concerned. "
B
           The 1'4erger Agreement dated 25th January, 1950 under Article II
    (3) states as follows :

                ''If any dispute arises as to whether any item of property is the
            ,pri~ate property of His Exalted Highness the Nizam of Hyderabad
c            or $tate property, it shall be referred to such independent person
             as t\ie Government of India may nominate and the decision of that
             person shall be final and binding on all concerned. "

          Article 363 bars the jurisdiction of all the courts in any dispute arising
D   out of any provision of a treaty, agreement, covenant, engagement, sanad
    or other similar instrument which was entered into or executed before the
    commencement of this Constitution by any Ruler of an Indian State.

          This Court while interpreting this Article in Madhav Rao Scindia and
    Others v. Union of India, [1971] 1 SCC 85 at page 191 states as follows :
E
                 "But the Constituent Assembly .did not want to open up the
           . Pandora's box. Without Article 363, Article 362 would have opened
             the flood gates of litigation. The Constituent Assembly evidently
             wa!l.ted to avoid that situation. That appears to have been the main
F            rea$on for enacting Article 363. Some of the Rulers who had
             ent~red into Merger Agreements were challenging the validity of
             those agreements, even before the draft of the Constitution was
             finalised. Some of them were contending that the agreements were
             tak~n from them by intimidation; some others were contending
             that there were blanks in the agreements signed by them and those
G            blapks had been filed in without their knowledge and to their
             prejudice. The merger process went on hurriedly. The Constitu-
             tiop-makers could not have ignored the possibility of future chal-
             lenge to the validity of the Merger Agreements. Naturally they
             would have been anxious to avoid challenge to various provisions
H            in the Constitution which are directly linked with the Merger
                 U.0.l. v. MUFFAKAM JAH [MOHAN,J.]                    591

        Agreements."                                                         A
        Again, at page 248, this Court observed:

           "That is why Article 363 really embodied the principles of Acts
        of State which regulated and guided the rights and obligations
        under the covenants or merger agreements by incorporating the        B
        doctrine of unenforceability of covenants or merger agreements
        coming into existence as Acts of State."

      This affords a compete answer to the contentions raised by the
applicants. Hence, we conclude the intervention application is miscon-
ceived and is wholly devoid of merit.

A.G.                                                 Petition disposed of.