S ABDUL NAZEER

The case concerned the grant of occupancy rights to Nadakerappa, a protected tenant, under the Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961. The Land Tribunal had awarded occupancy rights in 1982, which the landowners later challenged through multiple writ petitions and appeals. The High Court Single Judge dismissed one petition o…

Punjab National Bank (PNB) filed a petition under Section 7 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC) against Jailaxmi Sugar Products Pvt Ltd, alleging default and seeking initiation of a corporate insolvency resolution process (CIRP). The Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) issued a certificate of recovery on 1 November 20…

The Supreme Court examined a claim for compensation under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 after Satpal Singh, a Qatari resident, died in a road accident in India in 1998, leaving his widow Satinder Kaur and three minor children as dependants. The Court held that the deceased's income should be calculated from his 1984 emp…

The Delhi Administration issued a Section 4 notification under the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 to acquire lands in several villages, carving out an exception for lands where building plans had been sanctioned before 5 Nov 1980. Respondent Kidarnath Mohindernath claimed his land was exempt because a building plan was san…

Hasmat Ali filed a suit seeking a declaration that Amina Bibi was his tenant until 31‑03‑2003 and an order for eviction. The trial court decreed in part and directed the defendant to vacate the premises. The defendant's first appeal was dismissed, and a second appeal under Section 100 of the CPC was dismissed by the Or…

M/s Meena Devi Jindal Medical Institute & Research Centre challenged a land acquisition made under Section 4 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, on the ground that the notification merely stated "planned development of Delhi" without specifying the purpose, rendering it vague. The High Court dismissed the writ petition,…

The appellant, Chotkau, was convicted and sentenced to death for the rape and murder of a six‑year‑old girl based solely on the testimonies of three prosecution witnesses and circumstantial evidence. The Supreme Court found serious contradictions in the witnesses' accounts regarding the FIR filing, the handling of the …

The Roads and Buildings Department of Telangana floated a tender for construction of a BT road, requiring bidders to own a batch‑type hot‑mix plant within 100 km of the work site. The appellant, M/S N Ramachandra Reddy, submitted a certificate showing the plant at 99.05 km, while the fourth respondent complained that t…

The Assam Industrial Development Corporation (AIDC) sought to acquire land of Gillapukri Tea Company for a plastic park. Notifications under Sections 4 and 6 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 were issued in 2008‑2009 and the award and estimate were sent to the State Government on 30‑Jan‑2010. The Government approved th…

The Supreme Court entertained a writ petition under Article 32 seeking implementation of various protective measures for children under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2015. The Court noted that the Ministry of Women and Child Development was still preparing a Standard Operating Procedure (S…

The appellant-builder company entered into a Joint Development Agreement and a subsequent MoU with Respondent No.2 to develop a property and sell flats, but a dispute arose over the alleged sale of four excess flats beyond the agreed share. Respondent No.2 filed a criminal complaint alleging cheating and criminal breac…

The deceased, a 52‑year‑old Assistant Professor, died in a motor vehicle accident, leaving behind his wife, two daughters and his mother‑in‑law who lived with the family and was financially dependent on him. The appellants filed a claim petition under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, but the Kerala High Cou…

Vilasini, a woman living below the poverty line, was convicted under Section 8(1) and (2) of the Kerala Abkari (Amended) Act, 1997 for possessing three litres of arrack. The trial court sentenced her to six months of rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 1 lakh, with a default three‑month simple imprisonment for non‑p…

The State of Uttar Pradesh sought recovery of license fee and interest from Prem Chopra for a retail liquor shop licence for FY 2002-03. Prem Chopra surrendered the licence, was asked to pay the balance, and filed a writ petition which resulted in an interim stay of the recovery proceedings subject to a partial deposit…

The State of Madhya Pradesh sought to acquire 38.178 hectares of land in Village Sala for rehabilitation of persons displaced by the Sardar Sarovar Dam. The Land Acquisition Officer initially awarded compensation based on low market values, which the landowners challenged, leading the Reference Court to re‑determine ma…

The appeal concerned the eligibility of candidates holding a two‑year Art and Craft diploma awarded by Kurukshetra University through distance education for posts of Arts and Crafts teachers in Haryana, where the recruitment advertisement required a two‑year diploma from the Haryana Industrial Training Department or an…

The appellant, a homebuyer, paid Rs.21.18 lakh to the respondent for the construction of a flat, which remained incomplete beyond the presumed two‑year period. The Madhya Pradesh State Consumer Dispute Redressal Commission ordered the respondent to refund the entire amount with 9% simple interest and a modest litigatio…

D.K. Agrawal, a chartered accountant, was alleged to have committed professional misconduct by depositing only the last digit of tax amounts and claiming full sums. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India referred the complaint to its Disciplinary Committee, which reported that Agrawal was guilty of misconduct.…

The Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC) cancelled the candidature of eight candidates who had scored higher marks than the last selected candidates in the 30th Bihar Judicial Service Examination because they did not produce original certificates at the time of their interview, although they had submitted self‑attest…

The land of about 3.23 guntas in Attapur village was acquired in 1981 for the extension of Nehru Zoological Park. The initial award by the Land Acquisition Officer paid only Rs 6 per sq yard. After repeated litigation, the Reference Court enhanced compensation to Rs 250 per sq yard with solatium and interest. The High …

The appellants, directors of Priknit Apparel Ltd, received an investment of Rs 2.5 crore from Respondent No. 2 (SMC Global Securities) in exchange for 2,50,000 equity shares, but failed to launch an IPO as per the memorandum of understanding. The complainant filed a police complaint in Delhi which was dismissed, and su…

The respondent Mohammed Basheer claimed ownership of about two acres of jenmam land, asserting that it was not a private forest under the Kerala Private Forests (Vesting and Assignment) Act, 1971 and that a certificate of purchase issued by the Land Tribunal under s.72K of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 vested title…

The State of West Bengal and others appealed against a Calcutta High Court order that had quashed a notification cancelling Fair Price Shop (FPS) vacancies. The vacancy had been declared in January 2014, and the applicant, Gitashree Dutta, was selected but not appointed before the State issued a cancellation notice in …

The appeal concerned a partition suit filed by the daughter of Ramasamy Gounder, who claimed a one‑fifth share in property that was originally purchased by his brother Marappa Gounder in 1938. The lower courts held that Marappa died in 1949, that the property was joint family property and thus devolved by survivorship …

The Supreme Court examined whether the Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (LA Act) continues to apply to land acquisitions undertaken under the Bangalore Development Authority Act, 1976 (BDA Act) after the LA Act was repealed by the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlemen…

The plaintiff, a coparcener in a Hindu Undivided Family, challenged a settlement/gift deed executed by his father, the Karta, which transferred a portion of the joint family property to a non‑coparcener. The plaintiff sought a declaration that the deed was null and void and partition of his share. The defendants conten…

The appellant, a director of a mining company, was granted a lease to excavate sand in specific plots in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, but was alleged to have mined sand outside the permitted area, leading to registration of an FIR under Section 379 IPC, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and the …

BSES Rajdhani Power Ltd. and BSES Yamuna Power Ltd., distribution licensees in Delhi, challenged the Delhi Electricity Regulatory Commission’s (DERC) tariff orders that altered the methodology for computing AT&C losses, depreciation, FR/SR salaries, fringe benefit tax, and interest on consumer security deposits during …

The appellant, a 21‑year‑old wife residing in Chennai, sought the transfer of her husband’s petition for annulment of marriage filed in the Family Court at Vellore to the Family Court at Chennai under Section 24 of the Code of Civil Procedure. She also had two other matrimonial petitions – restitution of conjugal right…

The West Bengal Small Industries Development Corporation Ltd. (the Corporation), a government undertaking, purchased a factory complex and subdivided it into plots, leasing three bare‑land plots to M/s Sona Promoters Pvt. Ltd. (respondent). The lease was terminated for failure to commence construction, and the Corporat…

The appellant Raj Kumari filed a partition suit claiming a one‑fourth share in a tenement allotted to her mother Suhagwanti. The respondent Surinder Pal Sharma defended the suit by producing a registered Will dated 02‑01‑1992, allegedly executed by Suhagwanti in his favour and attested by Ramesh Kumar (the appellant's …

The Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi filed a private complaint under Section 200 CrPC alleging defamation against six persons, including Manoj Kumar Tiwari (A‑1) and Vijender Gupta (A‑5). The Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate issued summons, but the two appellants challenged the order. The Supreme Court held that …

Neelima Srivastava was appointed as a temporary music teacher in 1984 on a leave vacancy and continued in service for over three decades. She sought regularisation under the Uttar Pradesh Secondary Education Department Regularisation Rules, 2001, filing multiple writ petitions. The High Court Single Judge in 2006 and a…

HDFC Bank granted a loan to borrowers who mortgaged a flat as security. When the borrowers defaulted, the bank issued a notice under Section 13(2) of the SARFAESI Act to take possession of the secured asset. The appellant, Hemraj Ratnakar Salian, claimed to be a tenant of the flat since June 2012 and sought protection …

The case concerned whether the Central Government could appoint a team of medical inspectors to inspect homoeopathy colleges, or whether that power lay exclusively with the Central Council of Homoeopathy (CCH) under the Homoeopathy Central Council Act, 1973. The High Court was divided: a Single Bench held that the powe…

The Food Corporation of India (FCI) awarded a recruitment contract to UMC Technologies Pvt. Ltd. (appellant). After a written exam, police seized documents that appeared to be leaked question papers, prompting FCI to issue a show‑cause notice on 10‑04‑2018 alleging breach of bid conditions. The appellant replied, but F…

The Government of India appealed a Delhi High Court order that allowed Vedanta Ltd. and its affiliates to enforce a foreign arbitral award under Sections 47 and 49 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The Court examined the applicable limitation period for filing an enforcement petition, the scheme of the 199…

The Supreme Court examined the eligibility criteria for the Teacher Eligibility Test (TET) under the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) guidelines, specifically the meaning of the term “pursuing” in clause 5(ii). The petitioners, who had been appointed as Assistant Teachers while still enrolled in a Teacher …

The State of Gujarat appealed against the High Court’s order granting bail to Sandip Omprakash Gupta under the Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime Act, 2015 (the 2015 Act). The key issue was whether an FIR under the 2015 Act could be maintained when no FIR had been registered against the accused after the …

The case concerned an appeal by Neeraj Dutta against the State under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, where the prosecution alleged that the public servant had demanded and accepted illegal gratification. The central issue was whether, in the absence of the complainant’s direct or primary evidence of demand, the…

The deceased, Gohar Mohammed, was killed when his car was rear‑ended by a bus owned by Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) awarded Rs.31.90 lakh compensation, holding the owner liable because the vehicle was operated without a valid permit and in breach of insurance…

The dispute concerned the inter‑se seniority of Income Tax Inspectors in Gujarat, where direct recruits (selected through CGLE‑2010) and promotees (appointed in 2009‑10) were to be interspaced. The High Court had quashed a seniority list dated 13 February 2018 and restored the earlier list of 7 September 2016, relying …

The Supreme Court examined a land acquisition under the urgency provision of Section 17 of the Land Acquisition Act, 1894, where the acquiring authority failed to tender 80% of the estimated compensation before taking possession and also did not pass an award within two years as required by Section 11A. The Court held …

The Supreme Court examined the winding‑up of six open‑ended mutual‑fund schemes of Franklin Templeton, focusing on the interplay between SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996, particularly Reg. 18(15)(c) and Regs. 39‑42. The Court held that when the trustees, by majority, decide to wind up a scheme under Reg. 39(2)(a),…

The respondent, a police inspector, was accused of demanding illegal gratification and was acquitted in a criminal trial under the Prevention of Corruption Act. Separate departmental proceedings found him guilty of misconduct and dismissed him from service. The Karnataka Administrative Tribunal set aside the dismissal,…

The plaintiff, C. Doddanarayana Reddy, claimed he was a minor at the time of his father's death in 1963 and therefore sought partition of his share in the family property, alleging that a release deed executed that year was void. To prove minority, he relied on a school leaving certificate, but the certificate was not …

In a suit for partition, the plaintiffs filed the suit through power of attorney holders. The appellants sought to impound the powers of attorney under Order XIII Rule 8, contending that they were conveyances within the meaning of Article 23 of the Stamp Act (as amended by the Orissa Act, 2003) and therefore insufficie…

The plaintiffs filed a suit for declaration of title, possession and mesne profits, which was dismissed by the trial court. The trial court's decision was set aside by the first appellate court, and the defendants appealed the decree in a second appeal before the High Court of Tripura. On the scheduled hearing date, th…

The appellant, sister of the respondent, filed a suit for partition of ancestral lands (items 1 and 2 of Schedule ‘A’) and a self‑acquired land (item 3 of Schedule ‘A’) claiming a one‑fourth share in the former and a one‑half share in the latter. The trial court granted these shares and ordered specific performance of …

The plaintiffs filed a partition suit claiming a half‑share in the coparcenary property of the Kattukandi Edathil family, asserting that the first plaintiff was the legitimate son of Damodaran and Chiruthakutty. The defendants denied that a marriage existed between Damodaran and Chiruthakutty and contended that the pla…

The Foundation of Independent Financial Advisors (FIFA) sought payment of trail commission for mutual fund distributors for the period after 23 April 2020, arguing that the commission was a recurring expense under SEBI Regulation 52 and therefore "due and payable" under the scheme. The respondents, Franklin Templeton T…

The State of Uttar Pradesh sued Farooqi Begum for declaration, possession and mesne profits of a 20‑bigha land that was claimed to be a government grove. The land had been granted rent‑free to Begum in 1924 by the Nawab of Rampur, but the successor allegedly resumed the grant in 1930 and the State took possession. Begu…

The Supreme Court examined whether the term “consent of the unitholders” in Regulation 18(15)(c) of the SEBI (Mutual Funds) Regulations, 1996 requires the approval of a majority of all unitholders or merely a majority of those who actually voted in the poll. The Court held that consent means the affirmative vote of a s…

Malluru Mallappa filed a suit for specific performance of an agreement to sell dated 30 March 2000, alleging the defendants had breached the contract. The defendants contended that the suit was barred by limitation and that the plaintiff was not ready to perform his part. The trial court dismissed the suit on both grou…

The appellant, a civil engineer, invested money with the respondents based on a profit‑sharing agreement, but the respondents failed to repay and issued a cheque that later bounced. The appellant filed a complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act, and subsequently the respondents sought to quash the …

Three former Indian Navy sailors who served in the Submarine Arm retired in 1983 challenged the Armed Forces Tribunal's order that excluded Submarine Pay from pension calculations. They argued that Submarine Pay, introduced by a 1967 Government letter, was "pay for all purposes" and should be part of the basic pay used…

The claimants, the mother and minor brother of 19‑year‑old Yitesh Sadana, sought compensation under the Motor Vehicles Act after his death in a bus accident caused by driver negligence. The Tribunal and the Delhi High Court awarded loss of dependency using a multiplier of 15, based on the mother’s age, and did not acco…

The complainant, a society treasurer, alleged that the appellant, N.S. Madhanagopal, hurled unparliamentary words during a dispute over waste‑water flow, and claimed offences under IPC sections 294(b) (obscene words) and 341 (wrongful restraint). The High Court refused to quash the proceedings, but the Supreme Court ex…

The appellant, Hari Shankar Aggarwal, was named as a nominee in a complaint under Sections 7 and 16 of the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954, based on information from the Commercial Tax Department, while the Local Health Officer had identified Devendra Singh Bhadauria as the director of the firm. Aggarwal cont…

Hardev Singh, a sub‑lessee of land originally leased by the Government to Lala Khushi Ram and later inherited by Harikishan Lal (Respondent No.2), challenged the declaration of his 2.49‑acre parcel as surplus under the Uttar Pradesh Imposition of Ceiling on Land Holdings Act, 1960. The Prescribed Authority had dismisse…

The claimants, former employees of ONGC, alleged that delays by ONGC in forwarding their benefit scheme claims to LIC caused them loss, and the consumer forums held that they were consumers of ONGC, ordering ONGC to pay compensation. ONGC appealed, arguing that there was no consumer‑service provider relationship becaus…

The appellant, Ravi Namboothiri, was elected councilor of Ward No.5 of Annamanada Gram Panchayat in 2015. After his election, the respondent filed an election petition alleging that the appellant had failed to disclose a past conviction under the Kerala Police Act (Section 38 read with Section 52) in Form 2A, thereby f…

The instant appeals arose from five suits between 1950 and 1989 over a 1500 sq yard land in Ayodhya, claimed by Hindus as the birthplace of Lord Ram (Ram Janmabhumi) and by Muslims as the site of the Babri Masjid. The Allahabad High Court had directed a three-way partition of the disputed site, which the Supreme Court …

The Shia Central Board of Waqf Uttar Pradesh filed a Special Leave Petition (SLP) before the Supreme Court challenging a civil judgment dated 30 March 1946 passed by the Civil Judge, Faizabad. The petition was filed after an inordinate delay of 24,964 days, and the petitioner failed to provide a satisfactory explanatio…

The Supreme Court examined whether sales‑tax exemption/deferment granted to cement manufacturers under the Madhya Pradesh Commercial Tax Act, 1994, would continue to apply after the bifurcation of the erstwhile State of Madhya Pradesh into the reorganised State of Madhya Pradesh and the new State of Chhattisgarh. The C…

The appellant filed a suit for specific performance of a sale deed of agricultural land, which was settled by a compromise decree requiring payment of the balance consideration within one month. The appellant delayed five days, applied for permission to pay the balance, which the trial court allowed, and the sale deed …

The appellants, sons of M. Krishna Reddy, claimed that 8 guntas of land in Survey No.13, which they alleged was left out of a 1971 acquisition by the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA), had been illegally allotted to other parties. They filed writ petitions seeking cancellation of those allotments, while earlier hav…

Manoj Kumar Biswal died in a motor accident on 9 May 2013, leaving behind his wife and two minor sons who claimed compensation. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal awarded Rs 30,24,000 for loss of dependency, applying a multiplier of 16 for his age (33) and adding 40% of his income for future prospects as mandated in Pr…

The case concerned a cash‑for‑job scam in the Tamil Nadu Metropolitan Transport Corporation where candidates allegedly paid money to secure appointments, implicating the Transport Minister, his brother and personal assistant. An FIR was filed for offences under IPC sections 405, 420 and 506(1); the final police report …

The wife, Tarannum Akhtar, alleged dowry harassment and threatened termination of her pregnancy, filing an FIR on 1 April 2019 against her husband Md. Ikram and his in‑laws under Sections 341, 323, 379, 354, 498A read with Section 34 IPC. The in‑laws contended that the allegations against them were vague, general and o…

Kameshwar Singh, a Scale I officer of Canara Bank, was suspended and subjected to departmental inquiry for alleged misconduct. The inquiry, conducted by the Deputy General Manager (the Disciplinary Authority), concluded with a finding of guilt and the General Manager, a higher authority, imposed compulsory retirement u…

Moola Gounder died intestate leaving two sons, his wife and three daughters. The father's one‑third share in the coparcenary property was to be inherited by the six legal heirs. The youngest daughter, then a minor, sued for partition, alleging that a release deed executed by her mother (her natural guardian) relinquish…

The appellant Satya Deo was convicted of murder under IPC s.302 r/w s.34 and sentenced to life imprisonment. He claimed he was a juvenile at the time of the offence (aged 16 years 7 months) and sought relief under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. The Supreme Court examined the applicabi…

The appellant, C.S. Venkatesh, appealed a High Court order that had declared a 1975 sale deed executed by the deceased plaintiff, A.S.C. Murthy, as a nominal security transaction and directed specific performance of a reconveyance agreement. The Supreme Court examined whether the sale deed was an outright sale or a mor…

Satish Chand Surana filed a suit for specific performance of a sale agreement concerning two parcels of land, which the trial court dismissed ex‑parte. He appealed to the High Court of Chhattisgarh and, during the pendency of that appeal, filed an application under Order 41 Rule 27 of the CPC seeking permission to addu…

Farmers stored their chillies and other produce in a cold store that had taken a comprehensive insurance policy with United India Insurance. The cold store and the farmers obtained loans from Canara Bank, hypothecating the stored produce as security. A fire destroyed the cold store and the produce; the insurance compan…

The appellant was summoned as an additional accused under Section 319 of the Criminal Procedure Code after the trial of the original co‑accused had concluded with a conviction and sentence on the same day. The Supreme Court examined whether the power to summon under s.319 could be exercised after a judgment of convicti…

The appellant, a Physical Training Teacher, was charged under Section 306 IPC for alleged abetment of his student’s suicide, based on an FIR alleging harassment and insult. The High Court dismissed the appellant’s petition under Section 482 CrPC to quash the FIR, holding that the FIR disclosed a cognizable offence. On …

Ruchi Rawat, the appellant-wife, filed an application seeking transfer of a matrimonial suit (Original Suit No.23 of 2018) filed by her husband under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, from the Family Court in Etah to the Family Court in Mathura. She argued that she had no income, lived with her parents in Mathura, …

The respondent, owner of the Kannada daily "Jaya Kirana", was charged under Sections 500, 501 and 502 of the Indian Penal Code for publishing a news item that the appellant claimed was defamatory. The appellant filed a private complaint, which led to criminal proceedings; the respondent sought quash of the case under S…

Garg Builders entered into a construction contract with Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd (BHEL) that contained Clause 17 expressly barring any interest on monies due to the contractor. A dispute was referred to arbitration, and the arbitrator awarded pendente lite and future interest despite the clause. BHEL challenged the…

The appellant, a SEBC candidate, applied for a Forest Service post and was selected after availing age relaxation granted to reserved categories. The Gujarat Public Service Commission (GPSC) placed him in the reserved category list, but he argued that, per the Supreme Court's decision in Jitendra Kumar Singh, he should…

The appellant husband and his mother-in-law were convicted under Sections 498A (cruelty) and 306 (abetment of suicide) of the IPC for the suicide of their wife within eight months of marriage. The prosecution proved that the husband repeatedly demanded Rs.25,000 from the deceased's father, and upon failure, subjected h…

Ramesh Singh, the District Basic Education Officer, appointed 521 assistant teachers without the mandatory recommendation of a Selection Committee as required by Rules 16 and 19(3) of the Uttar Pradesh Basic Education (Teachers) Service Rules, 1981. The State suspended him and, under the Uttar Pradesh Civil Service (Di…

Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 113 of 2016 and Special Leave Petition (Diary) No. 34629 of 2017 were referred to a Constitution Bench to answer five questions concerning the scope of freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a) and the enforceability of fundamental rights against non-State actors. The petitions arose from st…

Thomas Daniel, a teacher who joined service in 1966, was promoted in 1989 and received increments that were later claimed to be excess because his leave without allowance for a postgraduate degree was deemed not countable for service benefits. After his retirement in 1999, the State of Kerala sought recovery of those i…

The Supreme Court entertained an application to correct a typographical error in its earlier judgment dated 16 November 2020 in the case of UMC Technologies Private Ltd. v. Food Corporation of India & Anr. (Civil Appeal No. 3687 of 2020). The application sought deletion of the words “including an employee of the appell…

The Supreme Court considered the Union of India's demand that telecom service providers (TSPs) pay Adjusted Gross Revenue (AGR) dues as determined in earlier judgments, while several TSPs were under insolvency proceedings. The Court examined whether spectrum, a natural resource licensed under the Indian Telegraph Act, …

The appellant was arrested in 2007 in connection with a bomb‑defusing case and, while in police custody, gave a confessional statement that was recorded by a Superintendent of Police under Section 15 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987. The appellant contended that the confession was not v…