AJAY RASTOGI

The accused five men were convicted by the Sessions Court for murder (Sec. 302 IPC) and related offences after violently assaulting the deceased Balveer Singh, causing multiple injuries to vital organs and ultimately his death. The High Court reduced the murder conviction to culpable homicide not amounting to murder un…

The prosecutrix, a married woman with three children, entered into a long‑term sexual relationship with the appellant after he promised to marry her. She became pregnant in 2011, later divorced her husband in 2014, and filed a complaint in 2015 alleging that the appellant had given a false promise of marriage. The Sess…

The appellants filed a declaratory suit challenging a relinquishment deed and were dismissed by the trial court on a preliminary issue of limitation, a decision affirmed by the first appellate court and the Delhi High Court. They contended that the limitation period should be extended to twelve years under Article 136 …

Jindal Steel and Power Ltd. (JSPL) sought a distribution licence for its captive power plant to supply electricity to an industrial park and two villages in Raigarh, Chhattisgarh. The State Electricity Regulatory Commission granted the licence, but the Appellate Tribunal later cancelled it on the ground that JSPL did n…

The appellant, Harkirat Singh Ghuman, contested the 2019 Punjab/Haryana Superior Judicial Service examination, alleging procedural irregularities such as a missing question in Paper V (Criminal Law), absence of an OMR sheet and transparent answer key for Paper VI (General Knowledge), non‑provision of Bare Acts, and den…

The Supreme Court examined bail applications of two accused under the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA) for alleged offences under Sections 38, 39 and 13. The Court held that the charge‑sheet material did not show reasonable grounds to believe that the accusations under Sections 38 and 39 were prima fac…

The petitioner, Imtiyaz Ahmad Malla, was selected as a constable in the Jammu and Kashmir Executive Police and issued an appointment letter in 2009, but his appointment was cancelled after it was discovered that he had concealed his involvement in a criminal case (FIR No. 52/2007 under RPC s.379 and Forest Act s.6). He…

The deceased, Jayashree, married appellant No.3 and was allegedly subjected to physical and mental harassment by her mother‑in‑law and father‑in‑law (appellants) for dowry. She died by jumping into a well, and the prosecution charged the appellants under IPC sections 498A (dowry harassment) and 306 (abetment of suicide…

The appellants, owners of a 10,000 sq ft plot in Kaithal, sued the respondents for possession after a lease to Burmah Shell (later transferred to Bharat Petroleum) expired in 1998. The lease had a renewal clause exercised once, and the Central Government, under the Burmah Shell (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act, 1976, …

The appellant, Deepak Dongre, was ordered to leave District Jalna for two years under Section 56(1)(a)(b) of the Maharashtra Police Act, 1951, based on five offences (three dated 2013‑2018 and two from 2020) and confidential witness statements. He challenged the externment order through a statutory appeal and a writ pe…

Messer Griesheim GmbH (now Air Liquide Deutschland GmbH) obtained a money decree of the English High Court, a superior court of a reciprocating territory, for US $5.8 million. The decree, exceeding Rs 20 lakhs, was filed for execution before the Delhi High Court. The Division Bench held that only a District Court could…

The appellant filed a suit for injunction to prevent the defendant from obstructing possession of agricultural land, and six months later filed a suit for specific performance of the same agreement to sell. The trial court dismissed the specific performance suit, holding that the appellant had omitted to claim that rel…

The appellants, daily‑wage non‑teaching staff of Sree Sankaracharya University, were regularised in 1996 and de‑regularised in 1997, leading to their termination. The University argued that the appointments were irregular and therefore fell outside the protection of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. The Industrial Tri…

The Supreme Court examined the State of Haryana's practice of granting licences for group housing colonies on a "First Come First Serve" (FCFS) basis under the Haryana Development and Regulation of Urban Areas Act, 1975. The Court found that neither the public notice nor the Final Development Plan or the 2012 policy in…

The Supreme Court examined the sale of assets of the sick company Bharat Commerce & Industries Ltd. (BCI) by the operating agency IDBI under the Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985. The appellant, Rajiv Kumar Jindal and others, was the sole bidder for Block IV but failed to furnish the required ban…

R. Chandramohan, managing director of D‑Cube Constructions (P) Ltd., complained that two demand drafts of Rs 5 lakhs and Rs 3 lakhs were not credited to his company’s current account (No. 3600) with City Union Bank but were instead credited to a separate account (No. 4160) opened in the name "D‑Cube Construction". The …

Nasima Naqi, the wife of a deceased tenant, continued to occupy a shop premises let for non‑residential purposes since 1988. After the tenant's death in 2002, the landlord sued for eviction alleging default in rent and that the statutory five‑year protection for heirs under the West Bengal Premises Tenancy Act, 1997 ha…

The case concerned candidates selected in the 1983 Western Command panel of the Military Engineering Service (Non‑Industrial Class III and IV) recruitment who were appointed only in 1987‑88. They claimed that their seniority should be fixed by the order of merit in the 1983 select panel, while the authorities had grant…

The appellants, who qualified the 6th Jharkhand Combined Civil Services Examination 2016 and were appointed after completing probation, challenged the cancellation of their appointments by the High Court, which had held that Paper‑I marks should be excluded from the merit list and that qualifying marks must be met in e…

The petitioners, Anganwadi workers and helpers employed under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme in Gujarat, sought gratuity benefits under the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972. The Gujarat High Court’s Division Bench held that they were not employees and thus ineligible for gratuity, overturning an e…

The case involved a violent assault on the house of an informant during Holi, resulting in the death of Dhanpal. Thirteen persons were charged under IPC sections 147, 148, 149, 450, 452, 302 and 307. The trial court convicted all of them, but the High Court upheld convictions only of two accused and acquitted the remai…

The appellants were arrested under the Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime Act, 2015 and the Special Court extended their judicial custody beyond 90 days to 180 days on the basis of reports from the Public Prosecutor, without producing the accused physically or virtually and without informing them of the a…

The Odisha Lokayukta, acting under Section 20(1) of the Odisha Lokayukta Act, 2014, directed the Directorate of Vigilance to conduct a preliminary inquiry into a corruption complaint lodged by a Deputy Superintendent of Police against an elected MLA. The High Court set aside this order without hearing the Lokayukta, al…

The appellant, Horticulture Experiment Station Gonikoppal, failed to deposit EPF contributions for the period 1975‑1988 and was assessed damages under Section 14B of the Employees Provident Fund & Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952. The appellant argued that mens rea or actus reus should be required before imposing suc…

Kewal Krishan executed a power of attorney in favour of his brother Sudarshan Kumar, who then executed two sale deeds on 10 April 1981 transferring parts of the suit properties to his minor sons and wife for Rs 5,500 and Rs 6,875. The appellant sued for injunction and later amended the suits to seek a declaration that …

BSNL issued a circular on 12 June 2012 revising infrastructure charges for active links of licensed telecom operators, stating it would apply retrospectively from 1 April 2009 with a 10% annual increase. The operators had already paid charges upfront under the earlier 2006 circular and challenged the retrospective levy…

The Supreme Court examined the forfeiture of M/s. Platinum Theatre, a partnership firm, under the Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act, 1976. The competent authority had ordered forfeiture under Section 7 because more than 50% of the theatre's value (Rs.13.12 lakhs) remained unexplai…

The Union of India appealed against orders of the Central Administrative Tribunal and the Delhi High Court that had equated Junior Design Officers (JDOs) with Civilian Technical Officers (CTOs) and fixed the JDO pay scale at Rs.7500-12000, the same as CTOs, under the Fifth Central Pay Commission. The respondents, the I…

The appellant contractor and respondent entered a development agreement for a wind‑farm project that contained an arbitration clause providing for a three‑member tribunal, each party appointing one arbitrator who would then select a presiding arbitrator. A dispute arose over payments; the respondent invoked arbitration…

The Punatsangchhu‑I Hydro‑electric Project contract between the Bhutan Hydro‑electric Authority and Larsen & Toubro contained an arbitration clause (Clause 67) that referred to the Indian Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 in the absence of a Bhutanese arbitration law. After Bhutan enacted its Alternative Dispute R…

Udai Bhan Singh, a Postal Assistant, was charged with misconduct for authorising payments of National Savings Certificate commissions to fictitious agents, resulting in a loss of Rs.6.65 lakh. The disciplinary inquiry found the charges proved, leading to a reduction in pay, which was later enhanced to dismissal by the …

The first respondent, a Junior Engineer in Aurangabad Municipal Corporation, was transferred to the Planning Department, promoted to Town Planner on probation in June 1998 and confirmed in May 1999. In August 2002 the Municipal Commissioner deleted his name from the seniority list of Deputy Engineers and, the next day,…

Geeta Gupta purchased a property in 1994 that had been let to Ramesh Chandra Dwivedi since 1975 under an agreement with Dhruv Narayan Tripathi, who claimed power of attorney from the original owners. The second respondent applied under Section 16 of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Evi…

The appellant, Bhagwan Narayan Gaikwad, was convicted under IPC s.326 read with s.149 for violently amputating the victim's right arm and leg in 1993. The High Court upheld the conviction and sentenced him to five years' rigorous imprisonment and a monetary compensation under CrPC s.357. After serving five months, the …

The widowed appellant and her children filed a consumer complaint alleging that the death of the husband after a kidney transplant was due to post‑operative medical negligence. The National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission dismissed the complaint, finding no negligence, and the appellants appealed under Section 2…

The appellant, GPSK Capital Pvt. Ltd. (formerly Mantri Finance Ltd.), sought exemption from SEBI registration fees on the ground that it had acquired the Calcutta Stock Exchange membership of individual broker Srikant Mantri and claimed continuity of fee payment under paragraph 4 of Schedule III of the SEBI (Stock Brok…

The case concerned the selection of two vacancies in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) for non‑State Civil Service officers in 2014. Baidyanath Yadav (appellant) was recommended by the Department of Agriculture and subsequently selected by the UPSC, while Aditya Narayan Roy (respondent No.1) challenged the proces…

The plaintiff filed a suit for specific performance and the defendant filed a written statement followed by a counter‑claim. The trial court allowed the counter‑claim, but the High Court quashed it, prompting a reference to the Supreme Court on the interpretation of Order VIII Rule 6A of the CPC. The Court held that Ru…

The State of Manipur detained Buyamayum Abdul Hanan under the Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1988. The detainee alleged that the detaining authority supplied only illegible or blurred copies of the documents on which the detention order was based, thereby denying him an…

The appellant sought a compassionate appointment after his father, a government employee, died while in service on 16 June 2004. The father had applied for retirement on medical grounds before his death, but the retirement was approved only after his death, with effect from an earlier date. The State rejected the appel…

The Gwalior Development Authority (GDA) invited bids in 1997 to lease a plot of 27,887.50 sq. meters under a transport city scheme. The highest bidder, Bhanu Pratap Singh, was allotted the land and required to pay the consideration in four instalments by October 1999, but he completed payment only in August 2005. The p…

M/s Dyna Technologies entered into a contract with M/s Crompton Greaves for construction work on an aquaculture project, which was terminated prematurely, leading Dyna to claim compensation for loss of profit, idle charges and unproductive use of machinery. The arbitral tribunal awarded Rs 27,78,125 for the unproductiv…

The plaintiff Heavy Engineering Corporation (HEC) ordered equipment from Simon Carves India Ltd. (SCIL) and obtained two bank guarantees from Standard Chartered Bank (formerly ANZ Grindlays) as security for advances. SCIL failed to deliver, and HEC demanded encashment of the guarantees, which the bank refused. The High…

The appellants, Chanchalpati Das and Madhu Pandit Das, senior leaders of ISKCON Bengaluru, were charged under IPC sections 468, 471, 406 and 120B for alleged theft and criminal breach of trust of a luxury bus belonging to the ISKCON Kolkata branch. The complaint was filed in 2009, eight years after the alleged incident…

The appellants, members of OBC‑NCL, MBC‑NCL and EWS, applied for the post of Civil Judge under a Rajasthan High Court advertisement dated 22 July 2021 and scored higher marks in their reserved categories, but their caste or income certificates were issued after the last date of application (31 August 2021). The Rajasth…

The appellants, employed as Data Entry Operators of Bhavnagar Municipal Corporation, were initially placed in the Rs 4,000‑6,000 pay‑scale but were later granted the higher Rs 5,000‑8,000 scale of the next promotional post. In 2010 the corporation corrected this by withdrawing the higher scale, revising it to the first…

BBR (India) Private Limited and S.P. Singla Constructions entered into a contract containing an arbitration clause that did not specify a seat. The first arbitrator fixed the place of proceedings at Panchkula, Haryana, which the Court treated as the jurisdictional seat under Section 20(2) of the Arbitration and Concili…

The appeal concerned whether Bhonri Devi, a Hindu widow, became the absolute owner of an ancestral HUF house she occupied in lieu of her pre‑existing right to maintenance. The Supreme Court examined Section 14(1) of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, interpreting "possessed by" and "acquired" in its widest sense to includ…

The respondents, a group of MBBS graduates who appeared in the NEET‑PG 2019 examination, failed to secure postgraduate medical seats due to their lower merit rank, even though about 153 seats remained vacant after the final counselling on 31 May 2019. They filed writ petitions seeking admission beyond the statutory cut…

The accused were convicted by a Fast Track Court and the conviction was upheld by the High Court for offences under IPC sections 302 r/w 149, 148, 123 and 447. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the testimony of ten prosecution witnesses, all of whom were related to the deceased and to each other, and found material…

The Supreme Court examined two Special Leave Petitions filed by IDBI Bank Ltd. challenging a High Court order that dismissed its application to execute a sale deed of KOFL's sole immovable property and revived winding‑up proceedings against KOFL. The Court held that the winding‑up petition must be revived because the m…

The respondent, Vedic Resorts, held two insurance policies covering its resort buildings. A mob of 200‑250 persons entered the resort after sheltering a criminal gang, causing damage assessed at Rs. 202.216 lakhs. The insurer, National Insurance Co., denied the claim invoking Clause V(d) of the policy, alleging the los…

The plaintiff Jagtar Singh claimed a right of pre-emption as a co‑sharer in a joint khewat when the owners Jhabbar Singh sold portions of the land without giving notice. While the trial court and the first appellate court held that a partition order dated 31‑July‑1982 by the Assistant Collector severed the joint status…

Ram Gopal, the former sarpanch of Har Gangoli, was accused of murdering his neighbour Pratap Singh after taking him on the evening of 19 December 1995; the victim was found dead the next morning. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the "last seen together" theory, the short interval between the…

The respondents defaulted on three loan facilities secured by an equitable mortgage and the bank initiated SARFAESI proceedings, eventually conducting an e‑auction of the mortgaged property. The respondents challenged the auction on two grounds: a typographical error in the door number in the auction notice and the auc…

The appeal arose from the Kathua gang‑rape case where the accused Shubam Sangra claimed to be a juvenile. The Chief Judicial Magistrate, relying on municipal and parental testimony, held him a minor, a decision affirmed by the High Court. The State appealed, arguing that contradictory documentary evidence required refe…

Mukesh Kumar Raigar, a constable in the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), was found to have suppressed details of a pending criminal case in his verification form at the time of appointment. Disciplinary proceedings under CISF Rules 36 and 54 led to his removal from service after a fresh departmental enquiry. R…

The dispute concerned the seniority of Assistant Radio Officers in the Uttar Pradesh Police Radio Service, where 50% of vacancies were to be filled by direct recruitment and 50% by promotion from Radio Inspectors. Promotee candidates received appointment letters on 31 January 1996 while direct recruits were appointed o…

The dispute concerned whether a new industrial unit, Rubfila International Ltd., was entitled to a five‑year exemption from the enhanced power tariff under the Kerala Government Order of 6 February 1992 from the date of commercial production (26 March 1995) or from the date of energisation (16 September 1995). The Kera…

The deceased Rahul Pundlik Meshram was last seen with the accused at the house of PW‑8 and later found dead with multiple stab wounds. The trial court convicted the three surviving accused under IPC sections 302 and 34 based solely on circumstantial evidence, including the "last seen" theory, recovery of a weapon, and …

The Supreme Court examined the practice of the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) of issuing operative orders without accompanying reasons, which prejudiced the parties and violated their right to a fair hearing under Article 21 of the Constitution. In the present case, the NCDRC pronounced an oper…

The Supreme Court upheld a penalty of Rs 1 crore each on DKG Buildcon Private Ltd. and R.C. Gupta & Co. for willfully failing to comply with multiple SEBI summons issued during an investigation into share‑price manipulation of Shonkh Technology International Ltd. (STIL) and the alleged facilitation of Ketan Parekh’s ma…

The appellants claimed that they had acquired possession of a village plot in Delhi before the respondents obtained a registered sale deed and mutation in 1989, and they challenged the mutation on the ground of adverse possession, leading the Financial Commissioner to set aside the mutation and vest the land in the Gao…

The Supreme Court examined whether a stock broker must obtain a separate SEBI certificate of registration for each stock exchange where he operates, or whether a single registration suffices, and whether the ad valorem fee prescribed in Schedule III must be paid for each registration. The Court held that the expression…

The appellant National Insurance Co. Ltd. denied fire‑insurance claims of Harsolia Motors, a commercial enterprise, which led the respondents to file a complaint under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (CPA 1986). The Gujarat State Commission held the respondents were not "consumers" because the insurance was for a com…

The appellants were appointed as lecturers in private Ayurvedic colleges between 1978 and 1979. When the Bihar Private Medical (Indian System of Medicine) College (Taking over) Act, 1985 came into force, the State took over the colleges and, via a 1986 notification, set a cut‑off date of 1 June 1986 for assessing the e…

The case arose from a complaint that the General Manager of Punjab Roadways, in collusion with conductors, was selling and using illegally printed tickets, causing massive loss to the depot. An enquiry was conducted, tickets were seized, and an FIR was filed; fifteen persons were charged, of whom three conductors (Jarn…

The appellant, Sadhna Chaudhary, alleged that a police officer (respondent No.2) drugged and sexually exploited her, threatened to release obscene videos, and continued to harass her for two years, culminating in a violent assault in June 2020 for which she lodged an FIR under Sections 376, 323, 341, 354 and 379 IPC. T…

The case involves three appellants who, along with seven others, stopped a vehicle carrying the deceased and his friends, leading to a verbal altercation and subsequent assault with sticks and a brick that caused the deceased's death. The trial court convicted all six remaining accused under sections 302 and 304 IPC, a…

Constable Ram Karan of the CRPF assaulted a doctor and falsely accused him of sexual harassment. A departmental inquiry under Rule 27 of the CRPF Rules found the charges proved and imposed removal from service, which was affirmed by the appellate and revisional authorities. The Delhi High Court substituted the removal …

The appellant claimed that 26 pieces of suit jewellery kept in the temple's Kudavarai were his personal inheritance as the adopted son of Muthuthandapani Chettiar and sought exclusive possession. The respondent temple argued that the jewellery had been donated by the ancestors of Muthuthandapani as a specific endowment…

The Tamil Nadu Government appealed against a Madras High Court order that directed the creation of posts and reinstatement of village‑level workers (Makkal Nala Paniyalargal) who had been discontinued in 2011. The Supreme Court examined whether the courts can compel the State to create posts and regularise such workers…

The Punjab State Cooperative Agricultural Development Bank introduced a pension scheme for its employees in 1989, which was later withdrawn by deleting Rule 15(ii) of the 1978 service rules in 2014 with retrospective effect. Retired employees who had opted for the scheme and were receiving pensions challenged the amend…

The appellants, direct recruits selected as Assistant Engineers by the Tamil Nadu Public Service Commission, challenged the seniority accorded to compassionate appointees in the 1 January 2004 seniority list, arguing that such appointments to Class II posts violated Articles 14 and 16 and the Nagpal judgment which rest…

The Bank of Baroda had granted a loan to the partnership firm Global Packaging, which issued three cheques that were later dishonoured for insufficient funds. A complaint under Section 138 read with Section 141 of the Negotiable Instruments Act was filed against the authorised signatory Simaiya Hariramani and his partn…

Bhola Kumhar was convicted under IPC section 376 and the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act and sentenced to 12 years rigorous imprisonment with a fine. The Chhattisgarh High Court reduced his term to 7 years rigorous imprisonment but the appellant remained in custody for over 10 years due to alleged default on the f…

Three postgraduate medical students were suspended from their college and hospital after a FIR was lodged alleging they were responsible for a junior colleague's suicide. The suspension was based solely on the FIR, not on a prima facie finding under Section 6(1) of the Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999. The …

The appellant, Mohd. Abdullah Azam Khan, was elected to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 2017, but the election petitioner challenged his eligibility on the ground that he was under 25 years of age at the time of filing his nomination. The dispute centered on conflicting birth dates shown in two birth certific…

The first respondent filed a suit for declaration of ownership of a property and demolition of a structure erected by the appellant. The trial court proceeded ex parte against the appellant, deeming him to have been served, and passed a decree. The appellant appealed under Section 96 of the CPC, contending that summons…

The deceased was killed in a motor accident on 21 June 2012. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal initially awarded compensation based on a monthly income of Rs 9,000, which the Madras High Court enhanced to Rs 33,07,000 by assuming a monthly income of Rs 15,000. The Supreme Court examined the salary certificate for May …

Nagarathinam, who was in a troubled relationship, attempted a joint suicide with her twin sons by ingesting pesticide, but survived while the children died. She was convicted under Sections 302 and 309 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced to life imprisonment; the High Court later upheld the murder conviction and acq…

Mukeshbhai Vallabhbhai Abhangi was charged under the Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime Act, 2015 and the Indian Penal Code for alleged extortion, land grabbing and other offences as part of an organised crime syndicate. The High Court dismissed his bail application, but on appeal the Supreme Court examin…

The appellant, Atulbhai Vithalbhai Bhanderi, was charged under the Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime Act, 2015 and several IPC provisions for intimidating a victim, extorting money and facilitating land‑grabbing as part of an organised crime syndicate. He applied for bail during the pendency of trial, bu…

The Supreme Court examined an election petition filed under Section 100(1)(d)(iv) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, which alleged that the returned candidate, Kanimozhi Karunanidhi, had suppressed her spouse's PAN and income‑tax details in Form 26. The Court held that the petition contained only vague, bal…

Sabarmati Gas Ltd. entered into a gas‑sale agreement with Shah Alloys Ltd., which later defaulted on payments. The respondent was declared a 'sick company' by the BIFR, invoking a moratorium under SICA that barred legal recovery until the Code came into force on 1‑Dec‑2016. After issuing a demand notice under Section 8…

Keystone Realtors Pvt. Ltd. undertook a residential redevelopment project in Mumbai. The project’s built‑up area grew from 8,720.32 sq m to 32,395.17 sq m, triggering the need for an Environmental Clearance (EC) under the 2006 EIA Notification, which was granted on 2 May 2013. The appellant later increased the area by …

The State of Maharashtra filed a criminal appeal against the quashing of FIR No.185/2019 and the charge‑sheet against Dr. Maroti, a medical practitioner, who was alleged to have failed to report sexual assaults on minor tribal girls in a hostel as required under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) A…

Narsingh Ispat Ltd. had a Standard Fire and Special Perils policy with Oriental Insurance. After a violent intrusion on 23 March 2010 caused extensive damage to its factory, the insurer denied the claim invoking an exclusion clause that barred loss caused by "acts of terrorism". The Consumer Commission upheld the denia…

The appellant, Pawan Kumar, was selected as a constable in the Railway Protection Force (RPF) but was discharged during training for allegedly suppressing information about a criminal case in his attestation form. The FIR registered against him was later found to be false and he was acquitted, yet the employer claimed …

The appellant, Ashim Kumar Haranath Bhattacharya, was arrested in July 2012 under the National Investigation Agency (NIA) Act for offences including conspiracy, waging war, and violations of the Arms and Explosive Substances Acts. Although the charge sheet was filed in 2012, charges were only framed in 2019 and the tri…