Indian Penal Code, 1860

The appellant, a medical representative, was married to Panakanti Kavitha who was found dead in their rented house within three months of marriage. The prosecution alleged that the appellant had repeatedly harassed her for dowry, leading to her death by asphyxia due to throttling, and charged him under Sections 498-A, …

The Supreme Court considered an FIR (Case No.227 of 2017) registered in Arunachal Pradesh alleging cheating under sections 420, 120B and 34 IPC in connection with a Rs 1 crore payment for land situated in Rajasthan. The accused contended that the dispute was purely civil, involving a loan or advance for property purcha…

The appellant was summoned after a Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) in Aligarh rejected a police closure report under Section 173(2) CrPC and took cognizance of offences under Sections 147, 342, 323, 307 and 506 IPC as well as Section 190(1)(b) CrPC. The CJM based this decision not only on the protest petition filed by …

The appellant Kirpal Singh was convicted under Sections 302 and 307 of the IPC for the murder of his brother‑in‑law Balwinder Singh. The prosecution’s case relied primarily on the testimony of the victim’s wife, Sharan Kaur (PW‑5), and her son Daljit Singh (PW‑6), who alleged that the appellant acted out of jealousy ov…

The appellant, Ansar Ahmad, alleged that his son was killed in a contract murder orchestrated by two respondents, Subhash Yadav and Rajesh Vikram Singh. The High Court had granted regular bail to both respondents despite serious charges under multiple IPC sections and the Explosive Substances Act, and despite evidence …

The case arose from the Lakhimpur Kheri incident on 3 October 2021, where the accused, Ashish Mishra, allegedly drove vehicles into a crowd of protesting farmers, resulting in multiple deaths. The accused was charged under several IPC sections (147, 148, 149, 302, 307, 326 r/w 34 and 120B) and Arms Act sections (3, 25,…

Seema Singh, the mother of Sara Singh, filed a criminal complaint alleging that her son‑in‑law (respondent No.2) murdered his wife and staged the incident as a road accident. The case was transferred to the CBI, which produced expert reports from CRRI, AIIMS, CFSL and IIT. The High Court of Allahabad granted bail to th…

The case concerned the murder of Sanjay Sorle at a marriage ceremony, for which eleven persons were charged, including appellants A‑3 (Suresh) and A‑5 (Shanker). The trial court convicted the five remaining accused under Sections 148, 149 and 302 of the IPC, a decision affirmed by the High Court. On appeal, the Supreme…

The plaintiff filed a civil suit seeking declaration of tenancy and a permanent injunction, and during the suit applied for a temporary injunction under Order 39 of the CPC. The trial court granted the injunction, directing a status‑quo and finding the plaintiff prima facie in possession. On appeal, the High Court modi…

The appellant, Surajsinh alias Sonu Surajsinh, was convicted for kidnapping a seven‑year‑old boy from Ahmedabad and demanding a ransom of Rs 10 lakh, leading to the child's recovery in Dausa, Rajasthan. The trial court found the child’s testimony reliable and corroborated by police officers, other witnesses and call‑de…

On 29 September 1995 the deceased Daulat was assaulted at Gorelal's shop by a group of accused, leading to his death. The trial court convicted several accused under IPC sections 302, 147, 148 and 149 and sentenced them to life imprisonment; the High Court upheld most convictions and acquitted one. The appellants chall…

Sahib Hussain was convicted of murdering five persons, including three children, in a gruesome incident on 27 October 2006. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence – post‑mortem reports, statements of two eyewitnesses who did not see the killings, an extra‑judicial confession, forensic recovery of a blood‑sta…

The appellant, Mariappan, was convicted of murder and criminal intimidation for repeatedly assaulting his paternal aunt with an aruval, resulting in her death, amid a land dispute. He appealed, claiming he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia at the time of the offence and sought protection under Section 84 of the Indi…

The appellant Hazara Singh filed a criminal revision seeking enhancement of sentence against four accused who were convicted under Section 307 IPC for attempting murder and other offences. The trial court sentenced two accused to five years' rigorous imprisonment and the other two to three years, along with fines. The …

The Supreme Court entertained a public‑interest writ filed by Bachpan Bachao Andolan seeking protection for children employed in Indian circuses, who were subjected to physical, sexual and emotional abuse and denied education. The Court examined whether such employment violated the children’s fundamental rights, especi…

The deceased was found unconscious on the road and taken to a hospital where he allegedly regained consciousness and made an oral dying declaration accusing Waikhom Yaima Singh of assault before dying the next morning. The trial court acquitted the accused, finding the dying declaration unreliable due to lack of medica…

The petitioner, a father, was convicted of repeatedly raping his own daughter over a period of five years, resulting in the birth of a child. The trial court and the Bombay High Court at Goa upheld the conviction under Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code. The petitioner filed a Special Leave Petition before the Suprem…

Raghbir Singh was convicted under Section 302 IPC for the murder of Arjun Singh after eyewitnesses Nasib Singh and Banarsi testified that the appellant shot the victim. The appellant challenged the conviction on three grounds: the alleged delay in filing the FIR, the alleged non‑presence of the eyewitnesses at the hosp…

The landlords owned a property in Ujjain and let three rooms to the tenant at Rs.60 per month. The tenant defaulted on rent for March‑July 1976 and produced forged receipts; the landlords gave notice of termination for arrears and nuisance and sued for eviction under Section 12(1)(a) of the Madhya Pradesh Accommodation…

The appellant, a 68‑year‑old former managing trustee of two charitable trusts, was convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 for criminal misconduct, criminal breach of trust and misappropriation of grant‑in‑aid funds meant for schools for specially‑abled children. The High Court rejected his appeal agains…

The appellant was arrested for theft and granted bail, but a police officer (respondent No.2) allegedly paraded him half‑naked, verbally abused him on the basis of caste and physically assaulted him, illegally detaining him for four hours despite bail. An inquiry by the Sub‑Divisional Police Officer found the officer r…

The case concerned the murder of two persons in a wine shop in Tamil Nadu, for which appellants Periyasamy (A‑1) and R. Manoharan (A‑2) were convicted under sections 302 and 307 of the Indian Penal Code, with A‑2 also under section 109. The trial court relied mainly on the testimonies of three injured witnesses, who we…

The appellant was convicted of murdering four members of a family, house‑trespass and attempted suicide, and was originally sentenced to death for the murder under s.302 IPC. The High Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment with a direction that the appellant could not be released for 30 years, invoking …

The appellant, a minor at the time of the alleged incidents, accused the respondents of sexual intercourse based on a false promise of marriage, resulting in pregnancy and a forced termination. The FIR and subsequent restatement contained contradictory statements, and medical evidence disputed the claim of an abortion …

The Supreme Court examined a bail order that required the accused, who was charged with sexual harassment and related offences, to visit the complainant’s house, tie a rakhi, and give gifts as a condition of bail. The Court held that such conditions amount to judicial overreach, compel contact with the survivor, and pe…

The appellant, Jeetendra, was arrested in 2019 for alleged forgery of property documents that had earlier been used as a personal bond for his bail in a matrimonial dispute. Two police closure reports—one in 2013 and another in September 2019—concluded that no offence was committed. Despite these reports, the High Cour…

During his son’s wedding in Uttarakhand, the appellant fired a licensed gun towards the roof, causing pellets to strike five guests, two of whom died. The trial court convicted him under Sections 302 and 307 IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment and five years’ rigorous imprisonment, respectively. On appeal, the S…

The wife of appellant No.1 committed suicide by pouring kerosene on herself on 18 May 2004. The prosecution alleged that the husband and his parents had subjected her to cruelty and harassment for dowry, instigating her suicide, and secured convictions under Sections 3048, 498A and 306 of the IPC. The sole piece of evi…

The appellant, a Chief Judicial Magistrate, was accused by a litigant of demanding a Rs.20,000 bribe to influence a case. A preliminary inquiry was followed by a regular departmental enquiry, which found her guilty of the first charge and partially guilty of a second. The High Court, on the administrative side, recomme…

The Supreme Court examined appeals filed by Childline India Foundation and the State of Maharashtra against the Bombay High Court’s order acquitting three accused of sexual and physical abuse of children in Anchorage Shelter Homes in Mumbai. The trial court had convicted the accused under IPC sections 377, 109, 1208, 1…

The State of Madhya Pradesh appealed against the High Court’s acquittal of Ramesh and Bhaggo Bai for the murder of Bhaggo’s husband, Chatra. The prosecution’s case rested primarily on the testimony of an eight‑year‑old daughter, Ran nu Bai, who alleged that the accused beat the deceased, supported by medical findings o…

The Registrar General of Patna High Court lodged a complaint alleging that the accused, including Ajoy Kumar Ghosh, used a forged letter in court. The Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) took cognizance, issued summons, and the accused applied for discharge under s.245(2) Cr.P.C., which the trial court rejected and instead…

The appellant's brother was murdered during a violent incident at a polling booth, leading to the filing of an FIR under Section 302 IPC and the arrest of several accused. The accused applied for bail, which was rejected by the trial court, the High Court, and the Sessions Judge. After a second FIR for witness intimida…

K. Ramakrishnan Unnithan was charged with offences arising from a violent altercation that culminated in the stabbing death of Kesava Pillai, the father of a witness. The trial court acquitted him, finding the prosecution had not proved the case beyond reasonable doubt. The Kerala High Court reversed the acquittal, con…

The appellant, a Tehsildar, was ordered by the District Collector to recover lease money from the respondent and, after issuing a demand notice, seized the respondent's scooter when the latter objected to the demand. The scooter was auctioned and the respondent filed a complaint under IPC s.379 alleging theft. The Tehs…

The appellants, Dharampal and his brother Nirmal, murdered five members of the family of Punam, a witness who had testified against Dharampal in a prior rape case. After being granted bail following his conviction for rape, Dharampal, who had previously threatened to kill anyone giving evidence, carried out the killing…

The case concerned the murder of reporter Sasidharan Nair, for which three appellants (George @ Vakkachan, Rajeev and Joshy) were charged. The trial court acquitted all accused, rejecting the eye‑witness testimony of the deceased's mother (PW3) and the dying declaration, and relying on a hostile FIR. The Kerala High Co…

Balwant Singh, his brother Mahabir Singh, Lal Singh and Abhey Singh were convicted for murder under Sections 302 and 34 IPC. The High Court acquitted Mahabir and Lal Singh, but upheld the convictions of Balwant and Abhey. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the credibility of eye‑witnesses Raj Singh and Jagmal Singh,…

The case arose from a long‑standing family enmity over a religious dispute. On 25 December 1975 the appellant, Mohd Aslam, armed with a double‑barrel gun, shot the complainant’s son‑in‑law Shamim Raza, who died on the spot, and Mohd Umar, who later died of his injuries. The Sessions Court acquitted the appellant, but t…

Muniappan was convicted of murdering his maternal uncle and the uncle's son, a double homicide, and was sentenced to death by the Sessions Judge, who described the crime as a "terrific double murder." The Madras High Court affirmed both the conviction and the death sentence. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whethe…

The State of Rajasthan appealed against the Rajasthan High Court’s order quashing FIR No.131 of 2022, which alleged that the respondent, Surendra Singh Rathore, demanded bribes for bio‑diesel sales and license renewals. A first FIR (No.123 of 2022) dealt with a specific bribe demand on 4 April 2022, while a second FIR,…

The appellants, owners of orchestra bars, challenged licence conditions imposed by the Maharashtra Police Commissioner that limited the number of performers to eight, with a gender cap of four women and four men on stage. The High Court upheld the conditions, but the Supreme Court held that the gender cap is unconstitu…

The deceased wife, Biniben, committed suicide after allegedly being driven to despair by her husband Rakesh's extramarital affair with Jasuben (appellant No.4). The State charged the husband, his parents, and Jasuben under Sections 498A (cruelty), 306 (abetment of suicide), 201 and 114 of the Indian Penal Code. The tri…

The appellants, Dr. Atma Ram and Vijay Kumar, were convicted for murder and related offences under Sections 1208, 302, 460 and 382 IPC based solely on circumstantial evidence that the deceased midwife was killed and her ornaments were stolen. The prosecution relied on four circumstances: homicidal death, a threat by th…

The Supreme Court examined a criminal complaint filed by Monica under Sections 498A and 406 IPC against her parents‑in‑law and later her husband. The appellants sought quashing of the complaint under Section 482 CrPC, arguing that the allegations did not constitute cruelty or entrustment. The Court held that the compla…

The appellant, Ravi, a minor, was severely injured when a truck reversed and struck him, resulting in permanent 50% disability. His father lodged the FIR three months after the accident, citing the child's critical condition and lack of legal awareness as reasons for the delay. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal and th…

The case arose from an assault on Abdul Hakim and his brothers on 17 February 1994, during which Abdul Karim was also attacked and later died of his injuries. Six persons, including Abdul Mannan, were charged under Sections 302, 132, 313 and 34 of the IPC. The trial court acquitted all accused, but the High Court set a…

The appellant, Shekara, was convicted by a trial court and affirmed by the Karnataka High Court for raping a girl under 16 years of age and later intimidating the victim and her mother, under sections 376, 448, 506 (with 34) IPC, and sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment. On appeal before the Supreme Court, it…

Three accused (Bhola, Prithu and Dharmu) were tried for murder under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC. The trial court acquitted them, but the Himachal Pradesh High Court set aside the acquittal and convicted them under Section 304 Part I IPC read with Section 34, relying on eye‑witness testimony despite some omissions a…

The Supreme Court examined an appeal against convictions for murder under IPC sections 302 r/w 201, 148, 149 and 147. The prosecution's case rested on three eye‑witnesses who positively identified the accused, while the defence contended that the post‑mortem medical findings conflicted with the ocular evidence. The Cou…

The appellants Bhola, Prithu and Dharmu were accused of assaulting the deceased Fandi Ram with fists and stones during a quarrel, leading to his death. The trial court acquitted them, but the Himachal Pradesh High Court set aside the acquittal and convicted them under Section 304 Part I read with Section 34 of the IPC.…

The husband filed transfer petitions seeking to move several matrimonial and criminal matters pending before the Family Court, Gwalior, to this Court. The parties, married in 2006, had been living separately since 2007 and were involved in multiple proceedings including a petition under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage…

Balwant Singh, a police constable, fired his service rifle during a clash with villagers who were assaulting police officers. He fired two shots in the air to scare the assailants, but two by‑standers (Karnail Singh and Pahalwan Ram) were struck and died. The trial court acquitted him, the High Court convicted him of m…

The State prosecuted Raghubir Singh, then aged about 16, for raping an 8‑year‑old girl. The victim, her father and sister testified, and a medical doctor confirmed injuries consistent with sexual intercourse. The trial court convicted the accused under S.376 IPC and sentenced him to five years' rigorous imprisonment. T…

Dr. (Mrs.) Vijaya Manohar Arbat, a married medical practitioner, was sued by her father, Kashirao Rajaram Sawai, for maintenance under Section 125(1)(d) of the Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, on the ground that he could not maintain himself. The trial magistrate and the Bombay High Court held the application maintainabl…

The Special Court convicted the respondents under sections 452, 323/34 and 325/34 of the IPC but acquitted them of offences under sections 354, 504, 506 IPC and sections 3(1)(x) and 3(1)(xi) of the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. The victim, Geeta Devi, appealed the acquittal. The Allahabad High Court dismissed t…

The case involves an alleged murder of Daxaben, where the husband (respondent No.2) was accused of conspiring with co‑accused to kill her for insurance money and stage it as an accident. The investigation produced extensive material, including call records and a charge‑sheet linking the accused to the crime under Secti…

The appellant was convicted of kidnapping, raping and murdering an 11‑year‑old girl after she disappeared from a village ceremony. Circumstantial and forensic evidence, including DNA matches to the co‑accused Satish and blood‑stained clothing recovered from the appellant's cowshed, linked the appellant to the crime, wh…

The appellant, a 50‑year‑old manhole worker, was convicted of raping and murdering an eight‑year‑old girl based on circumstantial evidence, including eyewitness identification and forensic findings. The trial court and High Court upheld the conviction and imposed the death penalty, deeming the crime "rarest of rare". O…

The case involved a double murder arising from a fight between two rival groups in a field in Rajasthan. The appellants Gopal and Mahesh killed Rameshwar (R) while defending themselves from an attack, and subsequently chased and killed Prabhat (P) who was fleeing the scene. The trial court convicted them under Section …

The case arose from an incident on 15 February 2012 when two Italian naval officers aboard the merchant vessel M.V. Enrica Lexie fired on an Indian fishing boat 20.5 nautical miles off the Kerala coast, killing two fishermen. The Kerala police lodged an FIR under the Indian Penal Code and arrested the officers, which t…

The case arose from a midnight attack on the house of complainant Jalsur on 22-23 March 1980, during which the deceased Onkar Singh was shot dead and Jalsur's son and daughter were injured. The appellants, along with five other accused, were convicted under Sections 302, 307 and 452 IPC read with Section 149 for murder…

Vishweshwar K. Kol was accused of pouring kerosene on his second wife and four daughters, resulting in their deaths. The eldest daughter, Jyoti, gave a dying declaration to the police after a doctor certified her fitness to testify. The trial court convicted Kol under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to death based on…

The appellants were convicted under Sections 366 and 376 IPC read with Section 109 for alleged abduction, forced marriage and rape of PW‑2, a girl claimed to be a minor. The High Court affirmed the trial court's convictions, but the Supreme Court, exercising its Article 136 jurisdiction, examined the evidentiary record…

The appellant, Rahul Agarwal, filed a criminal complaint against Rakesh Jain arising from a land dispute, alleging offences under IPC sections 341, 294 and 506(2) read with 34. After the trial was posted for examination of the accused, the Assistant Public Prosecutor applied for withdrawal of the prosecution under Sect…

Kailash Verma, a partner in a rice mill, was charged under IPC sections 406 and 428 for alleged non‑delivery of paddy to the Punjab State Civil Supplies Corporation. He obtained discharge from the Chief Judicial Magistrate on the ground that he was a sleeping partner. The corporation challenged the discharge in a revis…

Jagjit Singh (Jagga) was convicted of murder of three persons and alleged rape based primarily on the testimony of a seven‑year‑old child witness, Billo (PW‑6). The child’s statements were recorded three and six days after the incident, after being allegedly prompted by her father, and she never identified the appellan…

The police seized a truck loaded with stolen railway track pieces and recorded a report, treated as an FIR, alleging that the goods were loaded from the factory of Rajendra Agarwalla. A charge‑sheet was filed and the magistrate took cognizance of an offence under Section 414 IPC. The respondent petitioned the Patna Hig…

The Union of India and the Delhi Special Police Establishment appealed against a Punjab & Haryana High Court order that quashed an FIR registered under sections 120‑B, 418, 468 IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act against Shri B.R. Bajaj, the Finance Secretary of Chandigarh, and several tenderers. The FIR alleged t…

The victim, Gangaben, suffered 90% burns after kerosene was poured on her and, while being treated, made dying declarations to two doctors naming Padma Patel, her husband's sister, as her tormentor. The Sessions Court acquitted Patel, doubting the victim's mental fitness and the possibility of tutoring, but the Gujarat…

The respondent, a Sub‑Inspector of police, was convicted of raping a 19‑year‑old woman, Shamimbanu, by the trial court. The High Court acquitted him, holding that the victim’s testimony required corroboration in material particulars and that medical evidence was inconsistent. The State appealed. The Supreme Court held …

The appellant was convicted of kidnapping, brutal sexual assault and murder of a four‑year‑old boy and sentenced to death by the trial court, a sentence confirmed by the Gujarat High Court. The Supreme Court examined whether the circumstantial evidence satisfied the golden principles and whether the presumption under S…

The appellant, alleged active member of the Popular Front of India (PFI), was arrested in July 2022 for allegedly planning disturbances during the Prime Minister's visit to Patna. He was charged under several sections of the IPC and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), but the chargesheet had not been frame…

The appellant, a District and Sessions Judge of Rajasthan, was criticised by the Rajasthan High Court for not including a tabular chart of the accused's antecedents in a bail order, as directed in the Jugal Kishore case. The High Court deemed this non‑compliance as indiscipline and possibly contempt, ordering the judge…

The appellant Govindan was convicted under Section 304(ii) IPC for causing the death of Kamsala during a land dispute over a pathway. The trial court found that the incident arose from a sudden quarrel, with the complainant's family acting as aggressors, and held that there was no pre‑meditation, though the appellant e…

The appellant, mother of the deceased Rupesh Kumar, filed two FIRs alleging that the respondent, Pappu Kumar, attempted to murder her son in 2017 and murdered him in 2020, also violating the Arms Act. The respondent was arrested after absconding for seven months and was denied bail by the Sessions Court, but the Patna …

The appellant husband, Ram Sahay Mahto, and his mother-in-law, Parvati Devi, were convicted under Sections 304B, 201 and 34 of the IPC for the death of the appellant's wife, Fulwa Devi, who disappeared from her matrimonial home and was later found dead in a river. The prosecution alleged that the accused demanded dowry…

The appellant, a mother‑in‑law, sought anticipatory bail after an FIR was lodged under Section 498A IPC and the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Marriage) Act, 2019 alleging that her son had pronounced triple talaq on his wife. The Kerala High Court denied the bail application, prompting an appeal to the Supreme C…

Dr. Naresh Kumar Mangla filed a criminal appeal challenging the Allahabad High Court's order granting anticipatory bail to his deceased daughter's in‑laws under Section 438 CrPC. The FIR alleged dowry harassment, assault in 2017, money demands and the unnatural death of the daughter within seven years of marriage, invo…

The appellant, a mother, gave birth to a baby girl in a Delhi hospital; the infant died shortly after being handed to her, and the prosecution alleged she strangulated the child because it was female. The trial court and the High Court convicted her of murder under Section 302 IPC based largely on circumstantial eviden…

The State of Punjab sought to prosecute two retired public servants, Sikandar Singh and Labh Singh, for alleged corruption and related offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and the Indian Penal Code. The department had refused sanction to prosecute them both before and after their retirements, yet a cha…

The case concerns the murder of Satnam Singh in Ludhiana in 2002. Seven persons were charged; two (Charanjit Singh and Surjit Singh) were convicted under Section 302 IPC and Section 25 of the Arms Act, while five others were acquitted by the High Court. The State appealed the acquittals and the two convicted appealed t…

The appellant Rajinder Singh was convicted for the murder of Suraj Mal and Shri Ram and for violating Section 27 of the Arms Act after a violent altercation following a Holi celebration. The incident involved a quarrel between a juvenile and another party, after which the appellant allegedly fired his licensed double‑b…

The appellant, Gulabrao Baburao Deokar, was charged along with 56 others for a massive defalcation of public funds amounting to Rs.169.60 crore involving the Jalgaon Municipal Corporation. He was granted bail by the Sessions Court under Section 439(1) CrPC, but the High Court cancelled the bail on grounds of procedural…

The State of Rajasthan appealed against a High Court order that had discontinued criminal proceedings in Dholpur under Section 186 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), on the ground that the same offence was already being tried in courts at Sagar and Chanderi, Madhya Pradesh. The three FIRs (No. 161/2010, 310/2010…

The appellants entered into an agreement to purchase land that the respondents claimed to own exclusively, paying Rs. 50 lakh as earnest money. The respondents later sold the land to a third party, and the appellants discovered that the land had been shown as open parking in a municipal permission for a club house, ind…

The appellant, Tummala Venkat... was convicted under Section 304B IPC for causing the death of his wife Neelima, who died after ingesting poison following repeated dowry demands and physical abuse. The High Court upheld the conviction and sentenced him to seven years rigorous imprisonment. On appeal, the Supreme Court …

The deceased, Babita Devi, allegedly died after being forced to consume poison following dowry harassment by her husband’s relatives. The father‑in‑law and sister‑in‑law were tried and convicted under Sections 304B (dowry death) and 498A (cruelty) of the IPC, as well as under the Dowry Prohibition Act. The High Court a…

The appellants were acquitted of an offence under Section 308 IPC by the Sessions Court, which instead convicted them under Section 324 r/w 149 IPC and released them on probation. The private complainant filed a criminal revision under Section 401(3) CrPC, and the High Court set aside the acquittal, finding the appella…

The respondent company filed a complaint under Section 200 of the CrPC alleging several IPC offences against the appellant. The Metropolitan Magistrate, having taken cognizance, refused to order a police investigation under Section 156(3) and directed the complainant to present pre‑summoning evidence. The complainant f…

The appellant, a police constable and landlord, was convicted under Section 354 IPC for outraging the modesty of his tenant's wife, while the three co‑accused were acquitted. The trial court had found the complainant's and her son’s statements unreliable and declared them hostile, but still convicted the appellant. On …

The State of Punjab appealed the acquittal of Ramdev Singh, who was convicted by a trial court for raping a minor girl. The FIR was lodged 17-18 days after the incident because the victim's father was seriously ill, and the medical report noted that the girl was habituated to sexual intercourse. The Punjab and Haryana …

The appellants, three constables, were convicted for murder, attempted murder and related offences arising from a violent incident on 24 December 1996. The prosecution's case relied on three eye‑witnesses, forensic reports and seized weapons, but the Supreme Court found serious deficiencies: the FIR was interpolated to…

The appellant Ashok Kumar was convicted under Section 376(2)(g) IPC for rape, based on the allegation that he facilitated the rape committed by the deceased Anil Kumar. The prosecution's case relied on the testimony of the victim's brother, who claimed the victim had told him that both men had raped her, and on the app…

The appellant, a truck driver, was originally convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly crushing the deceased with his truck. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the reliability of three eye‑witness statements, noting material omissions and the three‑day delay in recording them under Section 161 Cr.P.C.…

The case concerns the murder of informer Khalil during a police chase of three boys, where appellants Mohd. Anwar and Tasleem were convicted under Sections 302, 307, 34 of the IPC and Section 5 of the TADA Act. The prosecution relied on eyewitness testimony, seizure of Anwar's .32 bore revolver and Tasleem's pistol, an…

The appellant Kishori was convicted for the murder of three Sikh brothers during the 1984 anti‑Sikh riots, based on eye‑witness testimony that identified him as a member of the unlawful assembly who used a knife to kill the victims. The High Court upheld the conviction and imposed the death penalty, deeming the case a …

During the 1984 anti‑Sikh riots in Delhi, four Sikh brothers were dragged from their home, doused with petrol and set ablaze in front of their mother, Harbai. The accused, Jaggu and Mannu, were convicted under IPC sections 302, 396 and 149 and sentenced to death by the trial court, a decision affirmed by the Delhi High…

The Supreme Court examined appeals by Amrik Singh, Satnam Singh and Mohar Singh against convictions for murder and attempted murder arising from a 1976 shooting that killed Satveer and Lal Chand and injured others. The sole surviving eye‑witness, Trilok Kumar, who was critically injured, identified the accused and his …

The Supreme Court examined the Union of India's and CBI's challenge to a Delhi High Court order that quashed the FIR registered against W.N. Chadha in the Bofors scandal and set aside the letters rogatory issued to Swiss authorities. The Court held that the FIR disclosed a prima facie offence and that the High Court ha…

The appellant filed a complaint before the Chief Judicial Magistrate alleging that his brother‑in‑law, Darshan Singh, had contracted a second marriage while his first marriage to Jagjit Kaur was still subsisting, thereby committing bigamy under IPC s.494 and abetment under s.109. The magistrate, after recording stateme…

The appellant, Shankarlal Gyarasilal Dixit, was convicted of rape and murder of a five‑year‑old girl based solely on circumstantial evidence, including the discovery of the child's body in his house, alleged presence of the appellant at the scene, and forensic traces such as a semen stain on his under‑pant. The Supreme…

The appellant Raj Kumar was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC based primarily on the identification by the injured eye‑witness, PW‑18, whose testimony was recorded via video‑link eight and a half years after the incident. The High Court upheld the conviction, relying on the witness's identification, the appella…

The case arose from a CBI investigation into alleged corruption involving Fertico Marketing and Investment Pvt. Ltd., its director, and two public servants of Uttar Pradesh. The CBI registered an FIR under IPC sections 120B and 420 and the Prevention of Corruption Act without obtaining prior consent from the State unde…

The appellant KUNA@ SANJAYA BEHERA and co‑accused Pravati Behera were convicted under IPC s.302 read with s.34 for the murder of Santosh Behera, the prosecution alleging an extra‑marital relationship as motive. The sole eye‑witness, PW‑1 (Niranjan Behera), claimed to have seen the murder and to have disclosed the alleg…

The case involved the murder of Satinder Sekhon, for which A‑10 (Balkar Singh) was convicted under Sections 120B (conspiracy) and 302 read with 34 of the IPC, based largely on circumstantial evidence. The trial court and the Punjab & Haryana High Court upheld the conviction, while the accused argued that there was no m…

The appellant Ram Bharosey was convicted for the murder of Puran Singh under Section 302 IPC read with Section 34 IPC. The prosecution proved that the appellant and co‑accused fired shots at the victim, resulting in his death, and identified the appellant through the first informant’s testimony and other evidence. The …

The appellant, Sau Panchashila Dada Messhram, and her husband confined their two‑year‑old daughter in a bathroom for 14 days without food or water, leading to the child's death by starvation. The trial court convicted them under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC and sentenced them to life imprisonment; the High Cour…

The National Small Industries Corporation Ltd. (NSIC), a government company, lodged a complaint under the Negotiable Instruments Act alleging that a cheque drawn in its favour was dishonoured. The complaint was filed by NSIC’s Development Officer, who is a public servant, and the Magistrate, relying on the proviso to S…

The State of Himachal Pradesh appealed the acquittal of Asha Ram, who had been convicted by the trial court for raping his minor daughter. The High Court set aside the conviction on the ground that the medical evidence was unreliable and that there was no corroboration of the victim’s testimony. The Supreme Court exami…

The appellants K. Hashim and another were convicted for counterfeiting US dollar notes, possession of counterfeit currency, and possession of materials used for counterfeiting under Sections 489A, 489C, 489D and for criminal conspiracy under Section 120B of the IPC. The conviction was based largely on the confessional …

The State alleged that on 14 March 1997 four men, including appellants Nirmal Singh and Ranjan Singh, went to the deceased's house where Ranjan Singh allegedly urged Nirmal Singh to fire, resulting in a gunshot wound that killed the victim. The prosecution relied on the testimony of several eyewitnesses who were relati…

The deceased Chandran was brutally assaulted by six accused who were armed with deadly weapons and later died of his injuries. The prosecution relied on the nephew’s eye‑witness testimony, dying declarations made before three police officers, and medical evidence, leading to convictions under Sections 302, 143, 148 and…

The appellants, licensees of arrack and foreign liquor shops, were convicted under sections 57A and 57B of the Kerala Abkari Act (as amended in 1984) for mixing or permitting the mixing of noxious substances such as methanol with liquor, or for failing to take reasonable precautions, and for possessing adulterated liqu…

Prem Thakur was charged with the murder of five co‑labourers and was convicted by the trial court and the Punjab and Haryana High Court, receiving a death sentence under IPC sections 302 and 201. The prosecution's case rested solely on circumstantial evidence – a motive of theft, the appellant being the last person see…

The appellant, Vishwajeet Kerba Masalkar, was convicted and sentenced to death for the alleged murders of his wife, daughter and mother, based largely on the ocular testimony of a single injured neighbour (PW‑12) and circumstantial evidence such as a recovered hammer, blood‑stained clothes and CCTV footage. The Supreme…

The Supreme Court of India considered a batch of petitions seeking legal recognition of same-sex marriage under the Special Marriage Act, 1954, and other laws. The Court held that there is no fundamental right to marry under the Constitution, and the Special Marriage Act is not unconstitutional for excluding same-sex c…

The case arose from a land dispute in Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, where the deceased Dalip Singh was attacked and killed by a group of ten men, including the appellant Gurmail Singh, who were armed with firearms and other weapons. The trial court convicted all ten under Section 302 read with Section 149 of the IPC, and the …

The accused were convicted by a Fast Track Court and the conviction was upheld by the High Court for offences under IPC sections 302 r/w 149, 148, 123 and 447. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the testimony of ten prosecution witnesses, all of whom were related to the deceased and to each other, and found material…

The Deputy Chief Minister of Delhi filed a private complaint under Section 200 CrPC alleging defamation against six persons, including Manoj Kumar Tiwari (A‑1) and Vijender Gupta (A‑5). The Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate issued summons, but the two appellants challenged the order. The Supreme Court held that …

Dr. Lakshman entered into agreements with several respondents to procure 70 acres of land for a payment of Rs 9 crore. The respondents allegedly sold the land before the agreement, issued cheques that later bounced, and forced the appellant to sign sale deeds, leading to complaints under the IPC for cheating, fraud and…

The father of a six‑year‑old girl filed an FIR alleging sexual assault by a teacher at her school. The child’s statements, recorded under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC, later identified two men, one wearing spectacles, as perpetrators; the latter was the school manager, not a teaching staff. The trial court, and sub…

The appellant, Kuldeep Kaur, the mother‑in‑law of Jagpreet Kaur, was convicted under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code for abetment of suicide after the bride died by hanging within four months of marriage. The prosecution alleged dowry demands and harassment, but the trial court found no specific evidence of dowry …

The appellant, N. Soundaram, lodged a complaint alleging that the accused, P.K. Pounraj, and a group of men forcibly entered her residence, confined her and her mother‑in‑law, and seized documents related to a monetary dispute. An FIR was registered under Sections 147, 447, 395 and 506(II) of the IPC, but the police la…

The wife filed an FIR in Allahabad alleging dowry harassment, physical and mental torture by her husband and his family, naming the husband, his parents, brother and sister. The brother and sister, who were unmarried, sought quashing of the criminal proceedings under Section 482 of the CrPC, claiming the FIR was filed …

Ishwar Singh was convicted under Section 307 read with Section 34 of the IPC for assaulting Devi Singh and was sentenced to three years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine. The conviction and sentence were upheld by the High Court. While the appeal was pending before the Supreme Court, the accused and the victim reached …

The appellant, a medical practitioner, was accused of causing the death of a patient, Buddha Ram, after administering three injections, and of threatening the complainant to withdraw the case. The trial magistrate issued summons under IPC sections 304, 504 and 506, which the High Court upheld. The Supreme Court examine…

The State of Punjab charged six accused with murder under IPC s.302 read with s.34, alleging that after a jeep deliberately struck the deceased's scooter, the accused assaulted him with rods and hockey sticks, leading to his death after 55 days. The trial court convicted four of the accused, but the Punjab and Haryana …

The State of Rajasthan charged Narayan with murdering his wife, alleging he killed her because she was pregnant by another man. Both were found with cut throats, Narayan alive, and the weapon was discovered under the wife's clothing. The trial court convicted him under IPC sections 302, 316 and 309, but the Rajasthan H…

The case involves the murder of Rameshwar Dayal on 5 October 1979, for which three men—Virendra (Buddhu), Ram Asrey (Tami) and Girish Chandra (Gappu)—were charged under Sections 302, 34 and 307 of the IPC. The deceased's wife (PW‑1) and daughter (PW‑2, a 14‑year‑old girl) were eye‑witnesses and identified the accused. …

The incident occurred on 25 March 1978 when six accused, including Kirandeo Prasad, attacked a group in a dalan, resulting in the death of Sukhu Mahton. The trial court convicted Kirandeo Prasad under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment, acquitting the other five accused. On appeal, the Patna High Co…

The State of Punjab prosecuted four accused—Bakhshish Singh, Balbir Singh, Balraj Singh and Gurmeet Kaur—for the death of Mangal Singh. The prosecution alleged that the accused, after a quarrel, held the deceased while Balraj Singh delivered a single blow that caused fatal head injuries. The trial court convicted all f…

The appellant Bhupinder Sharma was convicted of gang rape under Section 376 read with Section 34 of the IPC and of kidnapping under Section 342. The trial court sentenced him to four years' rigorous imprisonment for the rape, citing that he had not actually completed the act before the victim escaped, thereby imposing …

The appellant, Ramesh Kumar, was convicted under Sections 306 and 498-A of the IPC for the suicide of his wife Seema within a year of marriage. The trial court relied on testimonies, a suicide note, a diary, and an undated letter, interpreting the husband's statements as instigation and alleging dowry demands. On appea…

Eight accused were tried for murder, assault and illegal possession of arms after a violent clash in a Madhya Pradesh village. The trial court acquitted all, finding that the prosecution witnesses were unreliable and that the accused acted in private defence, especially since one accused (Prabhu) had sustained serious …

Kamala Devi Agarwal, a partner in a firm, complained that a deed of dissolution of the partnership had been forged, causing her son mental shock and the closure of his shop. She filed a criminal complaint under IPC sections 465, 467, 468, 471 and 120‑B. The trial magistrate found a prima facie case and issued summons. …

The appellant, Bantu (also known as Naresh Giri), was convicted under Sections 302 and 376 of the Indian Penal Code for the rape and murder of a six‑year‑old girl, Jyoti. The trial court and the Madhya Pradesh High Court sentenced him to death, holding that he had abducted the child, raped her, and caused her death by …

The appellant, a public servant appointed as a duty magistrate, ordered open firing to disperse a mob at an encroachment site, resulting in one death and injuries. A private complaint was filed alleging multiple offences under the IPC and the Arms Act, and the Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance and issued non‑ba…

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) filed a criminal appeal against a Karnataka High Court order that discharged two of six accused, including former Chief Minister Bangarappa and his private secretary Suri Babu, in a case under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and IPC section 120‑B. The trial court had ear…

The appellant, Thammineni Bhaskar, was convicted by the trial court and the High Court for kidnapping and murdering the son of an informant under IPC sections 302, 364 and 201. The prosecution's case relied on the allegation that the accused forcibly took the victim into an auto and that the victim was later found dead…

The appellant, Kanchan Sharma, was charged under Section 306 of the IPC for abetment of suicide and Section 3(2)(v) of the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act after the deceased, her brother-in-law, consumed poison at her house. The High Court rejected her application under Section 482 of the CrPC to quash the proceed…

Rajasthan Rajya Vidyut Prasaran Nigam Ltd. appointed Anil Kanwariya as a Technical Helper on probation. The employee concealed a prior conviction under Sections 341 and 323 IPC and filed a false declaration stating no criminal case was pending or any conviction. After police verification revealed the conviction, the em…

The case concerned Ajoy Acharya, an IAS officer who was also a nominee Director of the Madhya Pradesh State Industrial Development Corporation (MPSIDC). He was charged for allowing the Board of MPSIDC to pass a resolution on 19‑April‑1995 that authorised short‑term loans, allegedly contrary to earlier government decisi…

The appellant, a wife, filed an FIR under Sections 498A and 406 IPC alleging dowry harassment and cruelty after leaving her matrimonial home. The husband filed a divorce petition, and the respondents moved the High Court to quash the FIR under its inherent power under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. The High Court quashed t…

The appellant, Pramod Mandal, was convicted under Section 396 IPC for a dacoity and murder that occurred on 13 January 1989. He appealed to the Supreme Court, challenging the conviction on the ground that the Test Identification Parade (TIP) was held about a month after the incident and that only one eyewitness (PW‑4) …

The appellant, a property clerk in the court of a Judicial Magistrate, was charged under Section 409 of the IPC for criminal breach of trust, alleged to have misappropriated court property and sold it to four persons. The trial court acquitted him on the ground that the prosecution failed to prove entrustment and misap…

An octogenarian woman was robbed and murdered in Bangalore. The prosecution proved that the accused, David Razario and Christopher David, had pawned a tape recorder belonging to the victim and later sold it, and that the weapon used in the assault bore the victim's blood group. The trial court convicted them under Sect…

The case concerned the killing of two children during a panchayat election in Haryana, allegedly by the accused Ruli Ram and his son Ramesh as retaliation for the victims' family refusing to vote for their candidate. The trial court convicted them under Section 304 Part‑II IPC and sentenced them to ten years' rigorous …

The Chairman of Trisuns Chemical Industry filed a complaint before a Judicial Magistrate of First Class in Gujarat alleging that the respondents, directors of a company in Madhya Pradesh, cheated them by supplying inferior toasted soybean extracts after taking advance payment. The magistrate forwarded the complaint to …

Gurdeep Singh was convicted under Sections 302, 324 IPC, the Explosive Substances Act and the Indian Explosive Act for a bomb blast that killed three persons. The sole basis of the prosecution was his confessional statement recorded under Section 15 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) bef…

Two election petitions were filed challenging the election of Dr. Shanker Dayal Sharma as President of India. Petition 1, filed by Mithilesh Kumar Sinha, claimed his nomination was wrongly rejected for not having the required ten proposers and ten seconders and argued that the signatures of common electors should remai…

Baldev Raj was convicted under Section 302 IPC for murdering his wife. The prosecution’s case hinged on an extra‑judicial confession he allegedly made before a village panchayat, witnessed by three persons, and on circumstantial evidence such as the recovery of the weapon, ornaments, and blood‑stained items. The appell…

The appellant Brij Lal, a government employee, and his co‑accused Kashi Ram, armed with pistols, went to the residence of Mohan Ram where a crowd had gathered to prevent them from killing Mohan Lal. Brij Lal fired at the unarmed crowd, causing the deaths of Om Prakash, Sultan Bhat and Munni Devi, and injuries to others…

The appellant Subhash Krishnan was convicted for abduction, wrongful confinement and murder of Shanu Komarpant, alleged to have been assaulted with a talwar, knife and danda, rendered unconscious and later hanged. The prosecution relied on a complaint (Exhibit 96) by PW‑2, extensive eyewitness testimony, forensic repor…

The appellant, Maloth Somaraju, was accused of murdering his elder brother with an axe during the night of 15 May 1999. The trial court acquitted him, but the Andhra Pradesh High Court convicted him under Section 302 IPC and sentenced him to life imprisonment. The appellant challenged the conviction, arguing that the H…

The appellant, Amitava Banerjee, was accused of strangling and killing a ten‑year‑old boy, Snehasish Mondal, and burying the body in a jungle. The prosecution relied on a series of circumstantial facts – the victim’s last sighting with the accused, the accused’s bicycle and cap recovered near the burial site, a spade t…

The appellant Ajit Seth was convicted for the brutal burning to death of two children, aged three and seven, and sentenced to death under IPC 302 and to ten years' rigorous imprisonment under IPC 364. The High Court commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment, directing that the appellant not be released until he …

The appellant, a senior officer, was prosecuted under IPC sections 306 (abetment of suicide) and 294(b) based on a FIR alleging that he harassed a driver who later was found dead, allegedly leaving a suicide note blaming the appellant. The Supreme Court examined the authenticity of the note and the FIR, finding the not…

Man Mohan Nath Sinha, a private secretary to a Uttar Pradesh state minister, was dismissed from service after a departmental inquiry found him guilty of misappropriating public funds. He challenged the dismissal before the Allahabad High Court, which set aside the order by re‑appreciating the evidence presented to the …

The appellant Pannayar was convicted for the murder of Thilagavalli and theft of her gold ornaments under Sections 302, 392 and 397 of the IPC, based largely on circumstantial evidence. The prosecution's case hinged on (i) a witness who claimed to have seen the accused following the victim, (ii) recovery of the victim'…

The case involved a dowry‑related death of Meerabai, whose husband (appellant A‑1) and father‑in‑law (appellant A‑2, Sukhram) were initially convicted by the trial court of offences under Sections 304‑B and 498‑A IPC. The High Court set aside those convictions but convicted both of them for murder under Section 302 IPC…

The appellant, Pradeep Kumar, was charged under Sections 376 and 406 IPC for having sexual relations with the complainant on a promise to marry her. The complainant alleged that the promise was a false pretense to obtain consent, and the trial court framed charges which the appellant sought to discharge. The Supreme Co…

The appellants challenged the jurisdiction of a Chennai Metropolitan Magistrate to try a complaint alleging offences under Sections 498A, 406 IPC and the Dowry Act, arguing that no part of the cause of action arose within the magistrate's local area. The High Court dismissed their Section 482 application, holding the m…

The deceased Smt. Sulochana was allegedly burnt and later died; she gave an oral dying declaration on 6 November naming the appellant and his family, and a later statement before a magistrate on 11 November that did not name any accused. The police investigation found no sustainable evidence, leading the trial court to…

The appellant Dandu Lakshmi Reddy and his mother were convicted of murder under Sections 302 and 34 IPC based solely on two dying declarations of the deceased, which contained a material discrepancy regarding the circumstances of the fire. The Supreme Court examined the reliability of dying declarations, noting that th…

A complaint was lodged that the United Bank of India, where the respondent was branch manager, had been defrauded of Rs. 45,000 in collusion with some officers. The Superintendent of Police (C.B.I.) investigated and obtained sanction under s.6(1)(c) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 to file a charge‑sheet for s…

The petitioner, a proprietor of a food business, filed income‑tax returns that were later found to contain false statements and suppressed transactions after a search of his premises. Complaints were lodged against him under sections 276C and 277 of the Income‑Tax Act and sections 193 and 196 of the Indian Penal Code, …

The appellant, an Assistant Administrative Officer in an insurance company, was accused of demanding a bribe of Rs.40,000 to expedite a claim settlement and of conspiring with a regional manager and his brother in a demand‑and‑trap operation. The trial court acquitted all accused, but the High Court reversed the acquit…

In 1987 three police constables were alleged to have shot dead Raj Kumar Baliyan during a night patrol. The prosecution relied on three eyewitnesses, ballistic reports and an autopsy that indicated a .12 bore weapon, not the rifles issued to the accused. The trial court acquitted the accused because the eyewitnesses co…

The appellant, a police guard, was carrying a semi‑automatic carbine when he was asked by a Sub‑Inspector to stop a constable from using the police telephone. During a scuffle the weapon became entangled in the appellant's belt chain, causing an accidental discharge of five rounds that struck the constable, who later d…

The State of Gujarat appealed against a Gujarat High Court order that had directed the GST authority to complete an adjudicatory process within eight weeks and had granted the respondents protection from arrest after they were served summons under Section 69 of the CGST Act, 2017 for interrogation. The respondents, fea…

The Supreme Court entertained a writ petition under Art. 32 filed by a social activist seeking directions to curb cow‑vigilantism, lynching and mob violence. It held that such acts are unlawful, violate fundamental rights and the State has a constitutional duty to protect life and human dignity. The Court issued compre…

The appellant, Padmini Mahendrabhai Gadda, was convicted under Section 201 of the IPC for causing disappearance of evidence and giving false information to screen the offender in a murder case, while being acquitted of the murder charge itself. The trial court sentenced her to two years' rigorous imprisonment, which th…

The Supreme Court heard a batch of writ petitions challenging Sections 2(k), 2(1), 15, 16, 17, 19 and 21 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, on the ground that the age limit of 18 years for juveniles was arbitrary and violated Articles 14 and 21 of the Constitution, especially in the wa…

The appellant, Arshad Hussain, was convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for the murder of Iqbal, based on the prosecution claim that he fired three shots from a 12‑bore gun after being prompted by his brothers, Mujaffar and Shahjad. The High Court acquitted the brothers on alibi grounds, but uphe…

The appellant, a taxi driver, was convicted along with two others for committing dacoity under Sections 395 and 397 of the IPC, as well as offences under the Arms Act and the Explosive Substances Act, after a gold jewellery workshop was looted and the perpetrators fled in two taxis. The trial court sentenced each accus…

The case involved the murder of Pasupathy by four accused (A-1 to A-4) in Tamil Nadu. The trial court convicted all four under IPC s.302 read with s.34 based largely on the testimony of two brothers (PW‑1 and PW‑3) who were relatives of the deceased, and on a post‑mortem report by Dr. PW‑10. The appellant, Nagappan (A‑…

The accused, a dentist, lured vulnerable individuals with false promises of sending them to America, extracted large sums of money and murdered two victims in separate incidents while attempting to murder two others. Conviction under sections 419, 420, 302, 307, 397, 342 and 328 IPC was upheld based on eyewitness testi…

The appellant Kandaswamy was convicted by the trial court for murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code after allegedly cutting the deceased Alagarsamy, leading to his instantaneous death. On appeal, the central issue was whether the facts satisfied the legal requirements for murder or merely culpable homicide …

The appellant Asraf Ali was charged with murder of Khairul Hoque and was convicted by the trial court under IPC s.304(Part I) and later by the High Court under s.304(Part II). The conviction was based on circumstantial evidence, but the Supreme Court observed that during the examination under Section 313 of the CrPC th…

The appellant, Maulana Naseeruddin, was charged under the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) and the IPC for allegedly conspiring to murder Hindu leaders by training youths in Pakistan. A confessional statement was recorded by the DCP under Section 32 of POTA on 7 November 2004, which the appellant retracted afte…

A school teacher alleged that the headmaster and a co‑teacher of her school gang‑raped her on 9 July 1994. She reported the incident to her family and later to the police, who recorded her statement eleven days after the incident. She subsequently committed suicide in December 1994. The trial court and the High Court c…

Dr. Harendra Narain Singh and Ram Nath Singh were convicted for murder under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC based solely on circumstantial evidence that a dead body was taken from the doctor's dispensary on an ekka to a village courtyard. The Supreme Court examined the principles governing circumstantial evidence, emph…

The respondent, a union secretary, allegedly fired a pistol at a company manager outside an industrial tribunal, killing him. Three eye‑witnesses (PWs 5, 6 and 7) testified that they saw the shooting and that the accused was seized by them and the police. A cryptic telephonic message about the firing was sent to the po…

The appellant Sharad Birdhichand Sarda was convicted of murder under s.302 IPC for allegedly poisoning his wife Manju with potassium cyanide and sentenced to death. The prosecution's case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence, including the deceased's letters, oral statements to relatives, and medical reports, but…

In December 1996 a dacoity with two murders was committed at a house in Rajasthan. Two of the accused, Kuniya and Talevar, were later arrested and, based on their disclosure statements, cash, silver items and a scooter were recovered, but the recoveries occurred several days after the incident and involved items that c…

The case involves a dacoity on 16-17 December 1996 in which two persons were murdered and movable property was looted. Six accused were identified through test identification parades and the stolen articles, weapons and a vehicle were recovered based on their disclosures. They were convicted under Sections 395, 396 and…

The appellant was married to the deceased and, after repeated quarrels, the wife poured kerosene on herself and brought a match. The husband snatched the match and lit it, causing severe burns that led to her death. The trial court convicted him under Section 324 IPC, but the High Court upgraded the conviction to Secti…

The case concerns a double murder alleged to have occurred on 19 May 2020 when the accused fired indiscriminately at the complainant’s house, killing his two sons and injuring his nephew. The complainant filed an FIR and the accused were charged under several IPC sections; the Allahabad High Court later granted regular…

The appellant, the original complainant, challenged a High Court order that had quashed criminal proceedings against the accused under Sections 307, 504, 506 of the IPC and Sections 3(10)(15) of the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act. The High Court, relying on a single paragraph stating that no useful purpose would …

The accused, a film producer, was charged with rape, kidnapping, criminal intimidation, and related offences under the IPC. He had earlier obtained anticipatory bail, which was cancelled for not disclosing a pending 2G Spectrum case, but later secured regular bail under Section 439 of the CrPC by the High Court. The ap…

The State of Rajasthan appealed the acquittal of Firoz Khan, who was charged with murdering an 11‑year‑old girl under Section 302 IPC. The Sessions Court had acquitted him on the basis of a benefit of doubt. The State filed an application for leave to appeal under Section 378(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code, but the …

Huidrom Shantikumar Singh was arrested for murder under Section 302 IPC and the Arms Act and, while already in custody, a District Magistrate ordered his detention under Section 3(2) of the National Security Act (NSA) on the basis that he might be released on bail in a similar case and could engage in activities prejud…

The Supreme Court examined a reference under Article 317 of the Constitution concerning Ms. Sayalee Sanjeev Joshi, a member of the Maharashtra Public Service Commission, who was arrested in connection with alleged malpractices in the 1999 examination. The Court considered four charges: protecting certain candidates, in…

The appellants, accused under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) for allegedly undergoing terrorist training in Pakistan, providing monetary assistance and possessing a large quantity of arms, appealed to the Supreme Court against the denial of bail. They contended that no overt act was pro…

Homebuyers dissatisfied with the services of a builder erected a public banner listing various grievances, which the builder claimed was defamatory and filed a criminal complaint under Section 500 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The appellants argued that the banner was a peaceful protest made in good faith to protect…

The appellant, Ankit Mishra, alleged that respondent No.2, Abdul Razzak, a known gangster, hurled obscene abuses and death threats at him in a hospital, leading to FIR No.176 of 2023 under IPC sections 195A, 294 and 506. The High Court of Madhya Pradesh granted anticipatory bail to the respondent under Section 438 of t…

The appellant, a father, was convicted of murdering his son under Section 302 of the IPC and Sections 25 and 27 of the Arms Act. The central issue was whether the death was a homicide or a suicide, given the absence of a clear motive and reliance on circumstantial evidence. The Supreme Court examined forensic evidence,…