Indian Penal Code, 1860

Umesh Kumar, a Delhi police constable, was granted a licence for a .315 bore rifle which was cancelled under Section 17(3) of the Arms Act on the ground that he was involved in a criminal case (FIR No. 254/1991) for offences under IPC sections 302, 307, 34 and Arms Act sections 25, 27, 54. He was suspended during trial…

The State of Maharashtra detained Mehamud under the Maharashtra Prevention of Dangerous Activities of Slumlords, Bootleggers and Drug Offenders Act, 1981, labeling him a "dangerous person" on the basis that he was involved in fourteen criminal cases and several pending offences under IPC Chapters XVI, XVII and the Arms…

The appellant, Kishori Lal, was convicted under Section 306 of the IPC for abetment of his wife Rajkumari's suicide. The Supreme Court examined whether the prosecution had established any act of incitement or assistance by the husband, as required under Section 107 IPC. It held that "abetment" requires direct or indire…

The State of Madhya Pradesh charged Chamru and Geetabai with the quadruple murder of a family, alleging the accused acted out of a land dispute. Three child witnesses identified the accused in a Test Identification Parade, leading the trial court to convict Chamru (death) and Geetabai (life imprisonment). On appeal, th…

Rambalak was charged under IPC sections 419, 420, 467, 468 and 471. The Allahabad High Court rejected his second bail application and, while exercising its bail jurisdiction, directed the trial court to issue summons under CrPC ss.62 and 69 and to take coercive measures against persons delaying the proceedings. The Sup…

The petitioner, Ravinder Singh Sidhu, faced 64 FIRs across ten states arising from alleged financial fraud. He filed a writ petition under Article 32 seeking the clubbing and transfer of all FIRs to a single jurisdiction, later modifying the prayer to consolidation within each state. The Supreme Court examined whether …

The appellants, Ramji Prasad Jaiswal, Ashok Kumar Jaiswal and Bal Mukund Jaiswal, were convicted for a 1982 fraud against the State Bank of India under IPC sections 420, 468, 471, 120B and the Prevention of Corruption Act. During the trial, their statements under Section 313 of the CrPC were recorded by asking only fou…

The appellant, Ramesh Chandra Vaishya, was charged under sections 323, 504 IPC and section 3(1)(x) of the SC/ST Act for allegedly assaulting and verbally abusing the complainant over a water‑drainage dispute. Two FIRs were filed – one by the complainant and a second by the appellant after the police initially refused t…

A six‑year‑old girl was sexually assaulted, murdered and her body dumped in a drain. Prakash Nishad @ Kewat Zinak Nishad was arrested on suspicion and convicted under IPC sections 376, 377, 302 and 201, receiving a death sentence for murder. On appeal, the Supreme Court found serious procedural lapses: the appellant’s …

The case arose from a 1988 dispute over a right of way in Patiala where respondent No.1, a 25‑year‑old international cricketer, struck a 65‑year‑old man with his bare hands, resulting in the victim's death. The High Court convicted the cricketer under Section 304 Part II IPC, but the Supreme Court on appeal reduced the…

The petitioners, a prominent journalist and media owner, challenged fourteen FIRs and complaints filed in various states arising from a single television broadcast on 21 April 2020, alleging that the FIRs violated their freedom of speech under Article 19(1)(a). The Supreme Court examined whether multiple FIRs on the sa…

Five persons were charged for a violent incident in which Gopal stabbed Mitthulal, causing his death, while the others inflicted injuries with swords and a cycle chain. The trial court convicted Gopal under sections 148, 302, 323, 149 IPC and the others under similar provisions. The High Court altered Gopal's convictio…

The appellant was convicted under Section 302 IPC for allegedly setting a maid on fire by pouring kerosene on her, leading to her death. The prosecution's case relied on the victim's multiple dying declarations and circumstantial evidence, as there were no eye‑witnesses. The appellant contended that the Supreme Court, …

The appellant, Ramayan Singh, filed an FIR alleging that Respondent No.2 (Vivek Pal) and co-accused Punit Pal violently assaulted his uncle, resulting in the uncle's death. Both accused were charged under multiple IPC sections, the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 2013 and were initially denied bail by the trial court. The …

The trial court acquitted six accused, including A‑1, A‑2 and A‑3, for the alleged murder of Malagounda under sections 302 r/w s.34 IPC, finding the prosecution evidence unreliable and the complainant's testimony contradictory. The State appealed under s.378 CrPC, and the Karnataka High Court reversed the acquittal, co…

The petitioners, both commercial pilots, claimed to have "solemnised" their marriage on 7 July 2021 and obtained a marriage certificate from Vadik Jankalyan Samiti, which was later used to register the marriage under the Uttar Pradesh Marriage Registration Rules, 2017. In reality, no Hindu rites or saptapadi were perfo…

Jadunath Singh appealed against the Allahabad High Court's order granting bail to three convicted murderers—Arvind Kumar, Chandra Kumar, and Rishi Kumar—who were serving life sentences for a 2011 shooting that killed two persons. While in judicial custody, Chandra Kumar and Rishi Kumar murdered a police constable, Ajay…

The appellant, a chartered accountant, was accused of offences under Sections 498A, 406, 384, 420 and 120(B) of the IPC in two FIRs – the first lodged in Hisar, Haryana on 10 Oct 2015 and the second in Udaipur, Rajasthan on 15 Oct 2015, both based on the same allegations. The appellant sought quashing of the second FIR…

The appellant, Mohd. Firoz, was convicted for the rape, sexual assault and murder of a four‑year‑old girl, under Sections 302, 376(2)(i), 376(2)(m), 363, 366 IPC and Sections 5(i), 5(m), 6 POCSO. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, the "last seen together" theory, DNA evidence and the appellant's own adm…

The appellant State of Rajasthan challenged a High Court order that granted regular bail to respondent No.2, who was accused of repeatedly raping his 19‑year‑old niece and was a habitual offender with nearly twenty pending cases. The High Court’s bail order was found to be cryptic, lacking any reference to the gravity …

The Allahabad High Court allowed the appeals of the accused in a murder case, acquitting them and ordering their release, but it pronounced only the operative part of its order on the same day and delivered a reasoned judgment five months later. The original complainant filed a petition before the Supreme Court challen…

The Supreme Court considered appeals by four members of the Dandupalya gang convicted of murder and robbery. The trial court had relied on the accused’s voluntary statements recorded by police, shown on DVD, and a chart of gang activities to uphold death sentences under Section 396 IPC. The Court examined the admissibi…

The husband Kalyan Dey Chowdhury and his wife Rita Dey Chowdhury (née Nandy) were married in 1995 and later divorced. The wife sought permanent alimony under Section 25 of the Hindu Marriage Act, which was initially set at Rs.16,000 per month in 2015. The husband’s net salary rose from Rs.63,842 to Rs.95,000, prompting…

Machindra, the father of a deceased son, appealed to the Supreme Court against the High Court's acquittal of Sajjan Ghalfa Rankhamb and his son for murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The trial court had convicted them based on testimonies of alleged eye‑witnesses and medical evidence, but the Hig…

The appellant, Balakram, was charged with murder and attempted murder and, after the prosecution's witness (the investigating officer) was examined, sought to produce copies of pages from the police diary obtained under the Right to Information Act to confront the officer. The trial court rejected the application, the …

The case concerns the demolition of the Babri Masjid and the filing of a joint charge‑sheet by the CBI covering 49 FIRs alleging offences such as criminal conspiracy, hate offences and dacoity. The High Court held that a technical defect in the State notification preventing a joint trial was curable, but the Special Co…

The appellant, a director of Devi Polymers Private Limited, was prosecuted under IPC sections 409, 468 and 471 and IT Act sections 65 and 66 for allegedly forging a website that portrayed Devi Consultancy Services as a separate entity and for misappropriating funds. The High Court refused to quash the proceedings, hold…

The State prosecuted nine accused for the armed assault and murder of Manohar Lal and his wife Sushila, resulting in 30 and 33 injuries respectively. The trial court convicted all nine under Sections 148, 302/149 and 325/149 IPC. The High Court upheld convictions of six accused but acquitted Shakuntla, Premwati and Sar…

The appellant Gopal was convicted under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code for allegedly pouring kerosene on his wife Mallavva and setting her ablaze, leading to her death. The prosecution's case relied primarily on the victim's dying declaration recorded by police officer PW‑13, which was endorsed by Dr. Noor Ahmed …

The case concerns the murder of Jessica Lal on 30 April 1999, for which Sidhartha Vashisht (Manu Sharma) and two co‑accused were initially acquitted by the trial court. The State appealed, alleging that the prosecution had proved the guilt of the accused beyond reasonable doubt through ocular testimony, telephone call …

The appellants were convicted of dacoity under Section 395 IPC based on eyewitness identification in court and a test identification parade conducted under a magistrate's supervision. They challenged the admissibility of the parade evidence, arguing that the delay in conducting it rendered the identification unreliable…

The appellants were convicted of murder (Section 302 IPC) based largely on the testimony of three eye‑witnesses (PWs 2‑4) who claimed to have seen the assailants stabbing the deceased. The defence challenged the conviction, arguing that the presence of these witnesses at the scene was doubtful and that the statements r…

The appellant, Ashok Laxman Gaikwad, was convicted of murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code for allegedly setting fire to his lover by pouring kerosene on her and igniting it with a match. The prosecution's case relied heavily on the deceased's dying declaration recorded by a magistrate and corroborated by …

The appellants, Raj Pal and others, assaulted a deceased and several witnesses with lathis over a property dispute, resulting in the deceased's death. They claimed the assault was in private defence of their person and property, asserting that they had suffered injuries themselves. The trial court convicted them under …

The deceased Khetrapal was proceeding to execute a will in favour of Bhuri Singh when Janak Singh and his accomplice Sarvesh, armed with firearms, opened fire, killing Khetrapal and injuring the witnesses. The prosecution relied on the testimony of Bhuri Singh (PW‑1), an injured eyewitness, to secure convictions of the…

Gauri Shankar Prasad, a Sub‑Divisional Magistrate, entered a complainant's clinic to enforce a court‑ordered removal of encroachments on government land, used abusive language and dragged the complainant out. The complainant filed a criminal complaint alleging offences under Sections 323, 504 and 452 IPC, and the Addit…

The deceased Sudha was shot dead in her husband Santosh Singh's house in 1982. The husband was seen with a gun and, together with eyewitness testimony, was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC. The father‑in‑law Onkar Singh and mother‑in‑law Rajeshwari were also convicted of murder under Section 302 read with Sect…

Naib Singh, originally sentenced to death for murder, had his sentence commuted to "imprisonment for life" and had served 22 years (including remissions). He claimed that life imprisonment could not be executed in Indian jails and that, after serving 14 years of rigorous imprisonment, he should be released absent a for…

Manohar Nath Kaul, a Regional Officer of the Directorate of Field Publicity, obtained air tickets in lieu of exchange orders and, contrary to rules, included the ticket costs in his travel allowance bills, receiving payment. He was prosecuted for cheating under IPC s.420 and argued that prosecution required prior sanct…

The appellant, a movie producer, borrowed money from the complainant on the promise of a share in profits and later issued post‑dated cheques to repay the principal, which later bounced. The complainant filed a criminal complaint for cheating under Section 420 IPC and criminal breach of trust under Section 406 IPC. The…

The State appealed against the High Court’s order that set aside the respondents' conviction for murder (s.302 read with s.149 IPC) and substituted it with a conviction for culpable homicide not amounting to murder (second part of s.304 read with s.149). The Supreme Court examined the medical evidence, which showed tha…

The appellants, who created and acted in the web‑series “College Romance”, were charged with publishing obscene and sexually explicit material under Sections 67 and 67A of the Information Technology Act after a complaint that an episode titled “Happily F****d Up” contained vulgar expletives. The High Court upheld the F…

The CBI filed a case alleging that R.C. Sabharwal, a former public servant, owned assets disproportionate to his known sources of income and that his son, Puneet Sabharwal, abetted him. The trial court framed charges under Section 13(1)(e) read with Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and Section 10…

The State of Kerala appealed against a Kerala High Court order that granted bail to Mahesh, who was accused of brutally murdering a young doctor in the presence of her father. The Sessions Court had denied bail, citing the seriousness of the offence, the risk of witness tampering, and the accused's prior absconding. Th…

The appellant, a chief executive trustee of a charitable trust, was accused by a fellow trustee of defrauding the trust, leading to the registration of an FIR against the appellant, the trust treasurer and three bank officials. The appellant subsequently lodged a separate FIR against the treasurer alleging fraud and fo…

The appellant, Sanjiv Kumar, a police sub‑inspector, was convicted under IPC sections 395 (dacoity), 450 (robbery) and 342 (wrongful confinement) for a robbery of Indian and foreign currency from a licensed forex firm. The trial court sentenced him to ten years for 395, seven years for 450 and an undisclosed term for 3…

The Supreme Court examined a series of criminal complaints filed by borrower Prakash Kumar Bajaj against senior officials of Punjab National Bank Housing Finance Ltd. after the bank invoked the SARFAESI Act to recover a defaulted housing loan. The borrower, having settled the loan through a one‑time settlement, repeate…

The appellants (A‑1 to A‑4) were convicted for the murder of Ravi under Section 302 IPC read with Section 34, based on the testimony of three eye‑witnesses who saw the accused attack the victim with knives. They challenged the conviction on several grounds, including that after the acquittal of two co‑accused only four…

The appellants Subodh Nath and Paritosh were convicted under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC for the murder of Ashutosh. Paritosh was 16 years old at the time of the offence, raising the question of whether the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000, as amended, applied to an offence committed befo…

The appellant's brother was found dead and a post‑mortem concluded natural causes; the police investigation was closed. Dissatisfied, the appellant filed a complaint before a Metropolitan Magistrate alleging murder and sought a fresh police investigation under Section 156(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC). Th…

The petitioner, a sub‑contractor, alleged that the respondent company mixed fly ash with gravel, made illegal deductions from its bills and fabricated expert reports, thereby cheating it and committing criminal conspiracy, breach of trust and other offences under the IPC. An FIR was lodged and the investigating officer…

Rupali, married to Biswajit Halder, alleged that her husband and in‑laws repeatedly demanded additional dowry items after the marriage. She committed suicide within seven years of marriage. The trial court convicted the appellants under IPC Sections 304B (dowry death), 498A and the Dowry Prohibition Act, imposing multi…

The appellant, Ramkripal, was convicted of rape under Section 376 of the IPC for forcibly having sexual intercourse with a woman who was collecting grass. The trial court, based on the victim’s testimony and medical evidence of perineal laceration and a torn hymen, found penetration and sentenced him to seven years’ ri…

The case concerns the murder of Asha, who was found strangled and allegedly raped in a maize field. The prosecution relied on eyewitness testimony, medical evidence of rape and strangulation, and an extra‑judicial confession made by co‑accused Babu to a witness in the presence of the appellant Akhlaq. The trial court a…

The Delhi Development Authority (DDA) invited tenders for a water‑pumping project. Mis UEE Electrical Engineering (P) Ltd., a successful bidder, had its director assault a DDA employee, leading the DDA to issue a show‑cause notice, blacklist the company for five years and award the contract to another firm. The Delhi H…

The appellant, the mother of a deceased youth, appealed against the Delhi High Court’s order that quashed the murder charge (IPC s.302) framed against the accused and directed the trial court to give detailed reasons for framing charges. The Supreme Court held that under Sections 227 and 228 of the Code of Criminal Pro…

The incident occurred on 11 March 1998 when the victim, Mohan Mehtar, was stopped by four accused; Bharat Singh beat him with a lathi, Balvir Singh and Bhav Singh held him, and Harnam Singh shot him at close range, causing instant death. The trial court convicted all four under sections 341, 302 and, for Harnam Singh, …

The State of Madhya Pradesh prosecuted Harjeet Singh (Accused No.1) and Ramji Lal (Accused No.2) for stabbing the complainant Sukhdev with a knife, causing four injuries to the chest, scapula, back and buttocks. The trial court convicted both under Section 307 IPC, but the High Court reduced Harjeet Singh's conviction …

The appellant Sanjeev was accused of killing his brother-in-law Raj Pal after a drunken altercation. Evidence included an eyewitness who saw Sanjeev fleeing with blood‑stained clothes, a medical injury on Sanjeev’s forearm, an extra‑judicial confession to a witness that he struck the victim with a brick, and forensic b…

The case concerned a disciplinary proceeding against Ch. Gandhi, a senior accountant, who was punished with reversion to junior accountant for two years and postponement of future increments. The question was whether this constituted two major penalties under Rule 9 of the Andhra Pradesh Civil Services (Classification,…

The appellant, Kuppusamy, was accused of murdering his ten‑month‑old daughter by throwing her into a well, resulting in death by drowning. The prosecution's case rested on an extra‑judicial confession made by the appellant to the Village Administrative Officer (VAO), which was recorded and signed. The trial court and t…

The appellant Raju was convicted by the trial court for murder (s.302 IPC) of a money‑lender, Virupachi Gounder, based largely on circumstantial evidence and a confessional statement. The Madras High Court altered the conviction to voluntarily causing hurt (s.341 IPC) and sentenced him to seven years’ rigorous imprison…

The wife, Sukanya, filed a complaint under IPC s.498A and Dowry Prohibition Act s.4 against her husband Sunder Babu, his parents, sister and maternal grandmother, alleging dowry harassment. The husband had left for the USA six months after their marriage and the complaint was lodged many months later without any explan…

The appellants were convicted of murder and concealment of evidence under IPC sections 302, 201 and 34 for the killing of Saban Misal. The conviction rested primarily on the testimony of PW‑13, the deceased's daughter, who was about 12 years old at the time and described how her mother and others killed and buried her …

The deceased was assaulted by a group of accused after a dispute over his auto and later died from the injuries. The trial court convicted the accused under sections 148, 448 r.w. s.149, 302/149 and 324/149 IPC; the High Court affirmed these convictions for some. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the eviden…

Manjunath Chennabasapa Madalli was convicted by the trial court for the murder of his wife Sumithra under Sections 302 and 498A of the Indian Penal Code, based largely on circumstantial evidence and an alleged dying declaration. The Karnataka High Court set aside the 498A conviction but upheld the murder conviction. On…

The case arose from a night-time assault in which four accused attacked the household of Hansraj, killing three persons and severely injuring a 13‑year‑old boy, Prithvi, who was the key eyewitness. The trial court convicted the accused under IPC sections 302, 307 and 460 and sentenced them to death and life imprisonmen…

The appellant, a 20‑year‑old man, was convicted of rape under Section 376 IPC for having sexual intercourse with a 19‑year‑old college student who alleged that she consented only because he promised to marry her. The trial court and the Karnataka High Court held that the promise constituted fraud that vitiated consent,…

Ranjit Singh, a stenographer of a High Court judge, forged a bail order that was never signed by the judge to obtain bail for an accused. He was convicted under IPC Sections 466 and 468 for making a false document and for forgery of a court record, while the Sessions Court granted him probation under Section 4 of the U…

The State of Andhra Pradesh prosecuted six accused for the murder of Cherukuri Kalidas, alleging that they entered his bedroom at night armed with deadly weapons and killed him, with the assault witnessed by his wife and relatives. The trial court convicted five of the accused under Section 302 read with Section 149 of…

The accused brothers were charged under IPC sections 302, 307, 324 read with Section 34 for allegedly attacking complainants while digging a khal. The trial and High Courts relied on the testimony of PW‑7 and PW‑8 and rejected the patwari’s (PW‑10) evidence, convicting the accused. On appeal, the Supreme Court held tha…

A clerk of the Municipal Committee, Bahadurgarh was found to have misappropriated Rs. 1,548.78 and falsified accounts. He was convicted under Section 409 of the Indian Penal Code, later altered to Section 468, and the municipality dismissed him. The Director of Local Bodies reduced the punishment to stoppage of four in…

The appellant, John Anthonisamy, was convicted under Sections 302 and 201 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of a taxi driver and the subsequent concealment of the body. The prosecution’s case relied on circumstantial evidence, including the exhumation of the victim’s body from a location disclosed by the appellan…

The State of Uttar Pradesh prosecuted Jai Dutt and another accused for beating the victim, Ram Autar, with weapons, leading to his death six days later due to a head injury. The trial court convicted them under Section 302 IPC (murder) and Section 34 IPC (common intention). The Allahabad High Court altered the convicti…

The appellants, aged 19 and 20, were convicted under Section 397 IPC for grievous hurt and sentenced to seven years' rigorous imprisonment. While the State argued that the mandatory minimum sentence could not be reduced, the appellants sought release on probation under the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958, citing their…

The appellant, Atul Thakur, attacked Hitesh Thakur with a knife during a sudden quarrel at a drink party, inflicting six injuries that later caused Hitesh's death. The trial court convicted him of culpable homicide not amounting to murder under Section 304 Part‑II IPC and sentenced him to five years' rigorous imprisonm…

The case involved a claim for compensation under the Motor Vehicles Act after a tractor allegedly ran over Ram Kanwar, resulting in his death. The Motor Accident Claims Tribunal had awarded Rs. 21,38,000 to the claimants, finding the tractor driver negligent, but the Punjab and Haryana High Court reversed the award, ho…

The wife of the first appellant died under suspicious circumstances and a FIR was lodged under Sections 304B and 498A IPC read with Sections 3 and 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act. The father of the deceased later filed a private complaint under Section 6 of the Dowry Prohibition Act alleging that dowry amount and articl…

The appellant, Nankunoo, visited the deceased barber's shop demanding preferential service, was rebuffed, and later shot the barber in the left thigh with a pistol, causing the victim to die of shock and hemorrhage. The trial court convicted the appellant under Section 302 IPC (murder) and sentenced him to life impriso…

The appellant, Shanmughan, was convicted of murder and causing hurt for allegedly administering cyanide to his wife, Raji, resulting in her death. The trial and High Courts upheld the conviction and life sentence. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the circumstantial evidence—motive, injuries indicating forc…

The case concerned the conviction of Sudevanand and co‑accused for an attempted murder of the Chief Justice of India, based largely on the testimony of an approver, Vikram, who later retracted his earlier statements while in jail. The appellants filed three criminal miscellaneous applications after a delay of more than…

The Supreme Court examined the sentencing of two accused, Pratapji and Jayantubha, who had assaulted Sameer Kumar and Shailesh Jasvantbhai with knives on 30 March 2002, resulting in serious injuries. The trial court convicted them under IPC sections 307, 324, 504 read with 114 and sentenced each to ten years' rigorous …

The case involved eight accused who arrived together in a jeep, surrounded the deceased and assaulted him – one accused (R) delivering fatal knife blows while the others used hockey sticks, iron rods and pipes. R was convicted under Section 302 IPC and the remaining seven under Section 302 read with Section 149 IPC. Th…

Krishna Kumari, a well‑educated teacher, was found burnt in the kitchen of her matrimonial home about two months after her marriage. The prosecution alleged that her father‑in‑law, husband, sister of the husband and sister‑in‑law killed her over dowry demands, relying on motive, alleged extra‑judicial confessions, thei…

The petitioner-wife Rinku Baheti filed a transfer petition seeking to move a pending divorce suit to the Pune Family Court and opposed the respondent-husband Sandesh Sharda's application under Article 142(1) for a decree of divorce on the ground of irretrievable breakdown of marriage. The parties had a brief marriage o…

The appellant, P. Manikandan, was originally convicted of kidnapping and murdering a four‑year‑old girl and sentenced to death, but the Madras High Court acquitted him on the ground of reasonable doubt. The High Court, however, ordered the transfer of the case file to the CBI and directed a de‑novo reinvestigation and …

The Supreme Court, hearing a suo motu writ petition concerning the treatment of COVID-19 patients and the handling of dead bodies, took note of a fatal fire incident in a Gujarat COVID hospital and other fire incidents in similar facilities. The Court examined the adequacy of fire safety measures, the implementation of…

The case concerns the conviction and death sentence of Akshay Kumar Singh, a bus cleaner, for his participation in the gang rape and murder of a young woman on a Delhi bus (the Nirbhaya case). Singh filed a criminal review petition challenging the Supreme Court's 2017 judgment that upheld his conviction and death penal…

The appellant, a chief manager (operations) of a partnership firm, was convicted along with others for presenting forged bills and transport receipts to obtain credit facilities from a bank, thereby cheating the bank. The prosecution proved beyond reasonable doubt that the appellant knowingly submitted fake invoices an…

The appellant, a director of a mining company, was granted a lease to excavate sand in specific plots in Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh, but was alleged to have mined sand outside the permitted area, leading to registration of an FIR under Section 379 IPC, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and the …

Khaja Bilal Ahmed was detained under the Telangana Prevention of Dangerous Activities Act, 1986 on 25 October 2018, with the order citing fourteen prior criminal cases from 2007‑2016 as his antecedent background. The appellant challenged the detention, arguing that the cited cases were stale, irrelevant, and that there…

The appellant, Anokhilal, was convicted of kidnapping, rape and murder of a nine‑year‑old girl and sentenced to death along with several other terms of imprisonment. He was represented by an Amicus Curiae appointed by the Legal Services Authority on the same day that charges were framed, leaving the counsel no time to …

The deceased, Chander Kalan, suffered 40-45% burns after an alleged kerosene incident on 18 June 1998 and died on 4 August 1998 from septicemia. The trial court acquitted the accused of Section 3048 IPC (death caused by burns) but convicted them under Section 498A IPC (dowry harassment). The High Court reversed the acq…

The appellant, Samadhan Dhudaka Koli, was convicted under s.302 IPC for the death of his wife Janabai, who died from severe burn injuries. Three dying declarations were recorded: the first before a police constable describing an accidental fire, the second before a Judicial Magistrate (not produced by the prosecution),…

The appellants, Chetu, Lalu and their father Chintu, were convicted by the trial court and the Madhya Pradesh High Court for murder, wrongful confinement and arson under IPC sections 302, 342 and 436, based on an FIR lodged by the victim's son. On appeal before the Supreme Court, the Court examined the credibility of t…

The deceased Veeraganesh was stabbed by four accused and later died. Two eye‑witnesses (PW‑1 and PW‑2) testified to the assault but their conduct—leaving the victim and failing to report the incident until police interrogation—was deemed implausible. The victim gave two dying declarations: one before a Judicial Magistr…

The State of Madhya Pradesh prosecuted Bablu Natt for abducting a minor girl (aged 11‑13) and raping her repeatedly, also forcing her to live with him for several days and producing a false affidavit claiming she was 18. The trial court convicted him under IPC sections 366 and 376 and imposed the statutory minimum of s…

The appellant (A-3), an employee of a wine shop, was tried along with two others for murder of Venkatesh under IPC s.302 read with s.34, alleging a common intention to kill. The trial court and High Court convicted all three of murder. On appeal, the appellant argued that he was unarmed, was performing his duties, and …

The respondents, Bhup Singh and others, were convicted under Section 302 IPC for murdering three persons and sentenced to life imprisonment. The State of Haryana introduced a policy categorising life convicts for premature release, stipulating that those convicted of heinous crimes could be considered only after 20 yea…

The State of Andhra Pradesh prosecuted K. Srinivasulu Reddy and others for the murder of Gangi Reddy, alleging a conspiracy driven by property disputes. The trial court convicted A-1 and A-2 under Section 302 IPC, finding a common intention to kill, while acquitting A-3 and A-4 and dismissing a charge under Section 120…

The case arose from communal disturbances in Sandhwa, Madhya Pradesh on 21 October 1990, where the deceased Rajunath was killed and Narish Chandra (PW‑1) was seriously injured. The accused, Shamsuddin and others, were charged under Sections 302 and 307 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The trial court acquitted them, fi…

The State of Uttar Pradesh appealed the Allahabad High Court's acquittal of five accused in a murder case arising from a factional clash. The deceased had given a dying declaration naming Ram Sewak as the shooter, which was corroborated by a promptly lodged FIR and eyewitness testimony. The trial court convicted all fi…

The appellant, a District Malaria Officer, was convicted by the Sessions Court and the Orissa High Court for rape (IPC s.376) and wrongful confinement (IPC s.342) based primarily on the testimony of Ms. X, a lady supervisor who alleged she was taken to the appellant's house at night and forced to have sexual intercours…

The Supreme Court entertained a public‑interest writ petition filed after media reports of deaths and torture in police lock‑ups, seeking guidelines for preventing custodial violence and for awarding compensation to victims or their families. The Court held that torture, rape and death in police custody violate Article…

The wife, Rashmi Kumar, married under Hindu rites, received jewellery, cash and household goods as stridhana from her family and entrusted them to her husband for safekeeping. After being driven out of the matrimonial home, she demanded the return of the stridhana on 5‑December‑1987, which the husband refused. She file…

Petitioners, comprising 16 MLAs and 3 MPs, filed a writ petition under Article 226 seeking a CBI investigation into alleged corruption by Minister Bhajan Lal and the setting aside of a magistrate's order of discharge. The High Court dismissed the petition without addressing the petitioners' locus standi, prompting a Sp…

The DIG of Police, S.A. Khan, filed a contempt petition seeking suo moto proceedings against Chief Minister Ch. Bhajan Lal, alleging that a press statement made by the latter interfered with pending corruption proceedings before the Supreme Court. The petition also contained interlocutory applications for punishment, s…

Deputy Inspector General of Police S.A. Khan was suspended by the Haryana Government on 5 July 1991, a suspension later confirmed by the Central Government under the All India Services (Discipline and Appeals) Rules, 1969. Khan alleged that the suspension was mala fide, intended to protect Chief Minister Bhajan Lal fro…

The petitioners, a trade union and former employees of Hindustan Zinc Ltd (HZL), challenged the Union Government's plan to sell its remaining 29.54% stake in HZL, arguing that the Nationalisation Act, 1976 required a parliamentary amendment for any such disinvestment. The Court examined whether the earlier decision in …

The Supreme Court examined two convictions under the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act – one involving a 12‑year‑old girl (Satish) and another involving a 5‑year‑old girl (Libnus). The central issue was the interpretation of Section 7, specifically whether "touch" or "physical contact" required "s…

The appellant alleged that respondent No.2, Nishant Solanki, who was charged with serious offences including murder, was not a juvenile and challenged the Juvenile Justice Board's (JJ Board) declaration that he was a juvenile delinquent based on his matriculation certificate. The appellant argued that the admission for…

The deceased Saroj Bai was found hanging in her matrimonial home within seven years of marriage. The State alleged that her husband’s family demanded a motorcycle as dowry, subjecting her to cruelty and harassment, thereby invoking Sections 304B and 498A of the IPC and the statutory presumption under Section 113B of th…

The employee of KSRTC was dismissed after a domestic enquiry found him guilty of theft, despite later being acquitted in a criminal trial. The Labour Court upheld the dismissal, and the High Court initially modified the order to termination with terminal benefits, later reinstating the employee with back wages. The Sup…

The case arose from a violent incident in July 1998 in which Gurnam Singh was killed and Joginder Singh injured. The accused, including Amarjit Singh and Sher Singh, were convicted of murder under s.302 IPC by the trial court, which accepted the prosecution's version despite doubts about the presence and injuries of a …

In 1978, landlord Ganga Prasad and his son Radhey Shyam allegedly threw acid on their tenant Badlu Ram, causing multiple burns. The trial court convicted the son under Section 326 of the Indian Penal Code, sentencing him to four years' rigorous imprisonment, while the father was acquitted; the High Court affirmed this …

The Supreme Court examined the validity of confessions recorded under Section 15 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (TADA) in a murder‑conspiracy case. The appellants argued that their confessions were involuntary, obtained while in police custody, and later retracted, and that no corrobo…

The State of Rajasthan prosecuted eight accused for the rape of a school‑going girl, alleging that the accused had repeatedly abducted and assaulted her. While three of the accused were convicted at trial, the remaining five, including Hanuman Prasad, were acquitted. On appeal, the Rajasthan High Court reversed the acq…

The State of Madhya Pradesh appealed against the Madhya Pradesh High Court's decision to reduce Ramesh's conviction for murder (Section 302 IPC) to culpable homicide not amounting to murder (Section 304 Part I IPC) on the ground of self‑defence. The Supreme Court examined whether the shooting of the deceased, Rajendra,…

The petitioners, led by K. Anbazhagan, sought transfer of two corruption cases against J. Jayalalitha and others from the Special Court in Chennai to a court in Karnataka, alleging that the trial was being subverted by the recall of witnesses, the dispensing of personal appearance of the accused, and the public prosecu…

The appellant was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly pouring kerosene on his wife and setting her on fire. The victim survived for about twenty days after the incident, during which she gave two statements to a police Sub‑Inspector and a magistrate accusing her husband. The defence argued that thes…

Police officers were accused of murdering a man identified as Kantuji Mohan Singh after beating him during interrogation at a police station. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the discovery of a decomposed body in a jungle and identification of the body by relatives based on clothing and arti…

The appellants, four accused, were alleged to have conspired to murder Merli and her two children by administering potassium cyanide. The prosecution relied on extensive circumstantial evidence, including the accused's movements, fingerprint on a glass, forensic laboratory report, medical certificates, and a confession…

The appellant, Asim Akhtar, was charged with kidnapping and related offences under the IPC and Arms Act. During trial, the victim and her parents were examined-in-chief, but their cross‑examination was delayed after the appellant filed an application under Section 319 CrPC to summon the appellant's parents. The prosecu…

Abhishek Sharma was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly setting his colleague Mandeep Kaur on fire after a quarrel. The prosecution's case rested on four dying declarations made by the victim to various police officers, a doctor, and her mother. The Supreme Court examined the admissibility and relia…

The victim, a young painter, was taught English by the first respondent and developed a romantic relationship with him. On 5 March 2004 she visited his house to finalize a marriage proposal, where the parents of the first respondent (respondents 2 and 3) shouted at her, calling her a "call‑girl". Distressed, she return…

The case involved twenty accused charged with offences including murder, rioting and attempt to murder arising from a politically‑motivated land dispute that culminated in the killing of Mudi Parandhami Reddy. The trial court acquitted all accused, but the High Court convicted accused Nos. 1‑12 under Sections 147, 148,…

The appellant, Satbir (also identified as A‑2), was in charge of collecting donations for a temple festival. After the festival, members of the complainant party questioned the use of the remaining funds, leading to a heated quarrel in a tailor's shop. The appellant and other accused restrained the complainants, after …

Kishore Samrite, a former MLA, filed writ petition No.111/2011 in the Allahabad High Court as a next friend of three residents of Amethi, alleging their illegal detention and a rape by Rahul Gandhi (respondent No.6). A second writ petition No.125/2011 was filed by Gajendra Pal Singh as a next friend of the same three p…

The appellants Devinder @ Kala Ram, his mother and his brother's wife were convicted under Sections 498-A and 304-B of the IPC for dowry harassment and the death of Devinder's wife by burns. The Supreme Court examined the evidence, finding that witnesses PW‑2 to PW‑5 reliably proved continuous dowry harassment, thereby…

The appellant, Patel Hiralal Joitaram, was convicted of murder for setting the victim, Asha Ben, ablaze with combustible liquid and a lighter. The victim had given a dying declaration identifying the appellant as her assailant, which the trial court rejected but the High Court admitted, leading to his conviction. On ap…

The appellant, father of Munki, filed an FIR alleging that his daughter’s husband (respondent No.2) beat her and forced her to ingest a glass of organo‑phosphorous insecticide. Munki testified that the husband held her nose and poured poison into her mouth, and her father corroborated this account. Chemical examination…

The appellants, a company and its directors, entered into a consignment stockist agreement with respondent No.2. A dispute over a Rs 15 lakh payment led the respondent to issue a notice invoking an arbitration clause, which was rejected. He then filed a criminal complaint alleging criminal breach of trust, cheating and…

The State of Delhi charged Gyan Devi, her mother‑in‑law and husband with culpable homicide not amounting to murder (IPC 304/34) in the death of Sudesh. The High Court, on a revision petition, directed the trial court to record only medical evidence and then quashed the charge under Section 304/34 using its inherent pow…

The appellant, Juveria Abdul Majid Patni, married Atif Iqbal Mansoori under Muslim rites in 2005 and alleged physical abuse and cruelty, leading her to file an FIR under Sections 498A and 406 IPC in 2007. She obtained an ex parte Khula (divorce) from a Mufti on 9 May 2008, which the respondent contested in family court…

The case involved a matron employed at a government women’s college hostel who alleged that the hostel night‑watchman raped her. The trial court convicted the accused under Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced him to seven years’ imprisonment; the Sessions Court affirmed this sentence. The High Court, exe…

Jagdish was convicted of murdering his wife and five minor children after his brother and neighbours saw him with a blood‑stained knife and the bodies. The trial court relied on circumstantial evidence, medical post‑mortems and the appellant’s self‑inflicted injuries, and sentenced him to death. On appeal, the Supreme …

The case arose from a shooting at a petrol pump in Jaunpur district where two sons of the complainant were killed. The trial court convicted three accused under sections 302, 307, 323, 342 IPC and sections 27, 30 of the Arms Act, but the Allahabad High Court acquitted them. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the con…

Four accused, including Ashok Singh and Shyam Saran Singh, shot Chhota Singh, who died from a gunshot wound. The trial court convicted all four under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC based on the testimony of the deceased's son (PW3) and an independent witness (PW4), along with forensic evidence of a pellet and two…

The appellants were accused of murdering Bhupal Singh after a dispute over gambling winnings. The prosecution alleged that the accused followed the deceased, assaulted him, and that he was killed shortly thereafter, with his body later recovered at the instance of accused Mohan Singh. The trial court, relying on the te…

The informant, Balmiki Singh, alleged that on 11 August 1992 he was shot by Ram Chander Singh and others, resulting in injuries to his chest. The FIR was lodged two days later on 13 August 1992, and the investigating officer was not examined during trial. The trial court convicted the accused under Section 307 read wit…

Constable Prem Sarup was convicted under Section 170 IPC for an offence in 1974, but the conviction was set aside in 1979 because the principal prosecution witnesses turned hostile. The Punjab Police nevertheless initiated disciplinary proceedings under Rule 16.3(1)(b) of the Punjab Police Rules, 1934, imposing a two‑y…

The appellants Jagdish, Devidayal, Mangoo and Thakurdas were charged with murder under IPC s.302 r/w s.34 for the death of Mansingh. The trial court acquitted them, finding contradictions in prosecution witnesses and noting that medical evidence did not support the ocular testimony regarding injuries on the back of the…

The appellant, an authorised dealer of Hindustan Lever Ltd, was alleged to have failed to furnish Form IX‑C required under the Bihar Sales Tax Rules to the purchaser, who filed a criminal complaint alleging offences under IPC sections 427, 384 and 420/34, claiming a malafide intention. A Judicial Magistrate took cogniz…

The appellant Jagannath and co-accused Prabhudayal stole wood, leading to an altercation in which Prabhudayal struck the deceased Ramsingh on the head with an axe, causing his death. Jagannath assaulted two witnesses, causing only simple injuries. The trial court convicted both under Section 302 read with Section 34 of…

The appellant, a director of Nagami Nicotine Pvt. Ltd., alleged that Dena Bank had inserted false information in its prospectus for a public issue, claiming a pending suit before the Debt Recovery Tribunal instead of the City Civil Court. He filed a criminal complaint alleging defamation and other offences against the …

The CBI filed an FIR against Dinesh Dalmia and three companies for alleged fraud and filed a charge‑sheet under Section 173(2) CrPC after Dalmia had absconded to the United States. Cognizance was taken, and Dalmia was arrested on a non‑bailable warrant; the CBI repeatedly sought judicial custody of him under Section 16…

The trial court acquitted four accused persons of offences under the IPC and the SC/ST Atrocities Act. The State of Rajasthan applied for leave to appeal under Section 378(3) CrPC, but the Rajasthan High Court dismissed the application without giving any reasons. The informant (appellant) had earlier filed a revision p…

Laxman and several co‑accused shot arrows at a group during a dispute; one arrow struck the deceased, who died instantly. The trial court convicted them under sections 148, 302/149 and 324/149 IPC, and the High Court upheld a conviction of murder under section 302 IPC against Laxman. Laxman appealed, contending the inc…

The father of a deceased woman (Gajanand Agarwal) appealed against the Orissa High Court’s grant of bail to two accused (Bimal Kumar Khetan and Sunil Kumar Khetan) in a dowry‑death case involving offences under Sections 498A, 304B, 302, 406 IPC and Section 4 of the Dowry Prohibition Act. Earlier bail applications had b…

The Supreme Court examined a murder case where the initial information about the offence came via a cryptic telephone call, followed by a written report by a child witness (PW‑15). It held that such telephonic information does not constitute a First Information Report and therefore the written report is not barred by S…

Nihal Singh, a life convict under Section 302 IPC, filed a writ petition in the Punjab & Haryana High Court seeking classification as a Class‑B prisoner under para 576‑A of the Punjab Jail Manual, which provides facilities based on classification. The Single Judge declared the classification scheme ultra‑vires of Artic…

A police constable was charged under IPC s.161 and the Prevention of Corruption Act for allegedly accepting a Rs 50 bribe from a taxi driver. The prosecution had laid a trap by treating the money with phenolphthalein, which turned rosy when tested, and recovered the notes from the constable's left pocket. The constable…

The petitioners, office bearers of a charitable Sabha, challenged a search warrant issued under Section 93(1)(c) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, on the ground that it violated the constitutional protection against self‑incrimination under Article 20(3). The Supreme Court examined whether a general search of pr…

The appellant alleged that Respondent No.2 and his two sons murdered his father and injured his brother, leading to an FIR under sections 147, 148, 302, 304 and 34 of the IPC. After the charge‑sheet, the trial proceeded to the stage of recording the accused's statement under Section 313 of the CrPC. Respondent No.2 app…

Seven‑time MP Abhinav Mohan Delkar died by suicide on 22 February 2021, leaving a note that accused several officials of defamation, harassment and extortion. An FIR was filed under Section 306 IPC (now Section 108 BNS) read with Section 107 (now Section 45 BNS) alleging abetment of suicide, and the accused sought quas…

The case involves a double murder in which accused Prabhunath Singh, a sitting MP, was originally acquitted along with other co‑accused. The Supreme Court, on appeal, took judicial notice of the Patna High Court's Habeas Corpus judgment, treating it as a public document, and considered the accused's subsequent conduct …

The appellant, a General Manager of BGS Apollo Hospital, appealed a High Court order that had taken cognizance of a complaint filed by former consultant neurosurgeon M.N.G. Bharateesh Reddy under Sections 120A, 405, 415, 420, 499 and 500 IPC. The complaint alleged that the hospital’s billing irregularities and the appe…

The case involved three accused (A‑1, A‑2 and A‑3) who were convicted under IPC s.302 read with s.34 for the murder of A‑1’s brother. The prosecution alleged that the trio attacked the victim with a knife and lathis and that A‑2, after the killing, sent a false police report naming two other persons (PWs 6 and 7) as th…

The State of Goa filed a complaint under Section 340 of the CrPC alleging that a prosecution witness, Jose Maria Albert Vales, gave false testimony under oath in a Sessions trial, constituting an offence under Section 193 IPC. The trial magistrate, without conducting a full inquiry, framed a charge against Vales. The H…

The accused were convicted under Section 306 of the Indian Penal Code for abetment of suicide and sentenced by the trial court to three years' rigorous imprisonment with a fine. On appeal, the High Court upheld the conviction but reduced the term to the period already served (four months and twenty days), citing lack o…

The appellant Ramvilas and several co‑accused were convicted for the murder of Bansilal under Sections 302 read with 149 IPC, and for offences under Sections 324, 323 and 148 IPC. The prosecution case relied on six eye‑witnesses and two injured witnesses (the victim's sister and brother) who testified that the accused,…

The appellant, G. Parshwanath, was convicted for the murder of his wife and minor son and for causing the disappearance of evidence under Sections 302 and 201 of the IPC. The prosecution's case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence, including the victims' residence in the appellant's house, a telephone call report…

The appellant, a truck driver, was charged with causing death and injuries when his stone‑laden truck overturned on a state highway, leading to convictions under IPC sections 304‑A, 279, 337 and 338. The prosecution relied primarily on the testimony of three injured witnesses who were in the vehicle, alleging that the …

The Supreme Court examined the murder of Patwari Virendra Singh, for which appellants Murli and Heera were convicted under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149. The prosecution’s case rested on two eye‑witnesses, Lakendra Singh (PW‑1) and Sadri Lal (PW‑2), whose statements were recorded after considerable delay and wh…

Dinesh Seth was married to Rama, who died by hanging within two years of marriage. The trial court framed a charge under IPC Section 304B (dowry death) read with Section 34 and convicted the accused. On appeal, the Delhi High Court acquitted them of the 304B charge but convicted Seth under IPC Section 498A (cruelty) an…

The appellants Ajeet Kumar Rai, Vinay Kumar Rai and Ashutosh Kumar Rai were convicted for the murder of Nanda Kumar Singh under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC and for a violation of Section 27 of the Arms Act. The prosecution proved that the first two accused restrained the deceased, urged the third to fir…

Five men were tried for a gang rape under Section 376 of the IPC. The trial court convicted all, and the High Court upheld the conviction of Pardeep Kumar, while acquitting one accused and two died during appeal. Pardeep Kumar appealed, arguing that the prosecutrix had expressly stated that he did not rape her and that…

The case involves a long-standing feud between two families in Chittoor district, culminating in the stabbing of Purushotham Reddy by appellant Nagaraja Reddy with a Barisa (dagger). The trial court acquitted the accused, extending the benefit of doubt and rejecting the testimony of two eyewitnesses (PW‑1 and PW‑2) on …

The appellant, Tarseem Kumar, was charged under Section 302 IPC for the murder of Gulshan Rai. The prosecution's case relied entirely on circumstantial evidence, including the appellant's alleged exclusive possession of rooms where the body was found, blood‑stained clothes recovered after his disclosure, fingerprints, …

A Committee of Inquiry was constituted to investigate incidents involving lawyers and police officers. The Committee directed that the petitioners, Kiran Bedi (DCP) and Jinder Singh (SI), be cross‑examined at the beginning of the inquiry, while three other officers who had received notices under Section 8‑B of the Comm…

Shivaji Narayan Bachhav was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment by a Sessions Judge. He appealed to the Bombay High Court, which dismissed the appeal in limine with a one‑word order, "dismissed." The appellant filed a Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution.…

The appellants, a 70‑year‑old widow and her daughter, entered into an oral agreement to sell a plot of land in Telangana, receiving a large sum via bank transfers but later refusing to execute the sale deed. The complainant, an agent of a powerful builder, filed a criminal complaint alleging fraud and intimidation, lea…

The appellant, a District Judge, was criticised by a Rajasthan High Court Single Judge for granting bail to an accused (Sethu @ Angrej) in a manner deemed cavalier and for ignoring the accused's criminal antecedents. The High Court's strictures labelled the appellant's conduct as indiscipline, negligence, and disobedie…

The appellant, a Nepalese national, was arrested in 2015 for allegedly supplying high‑quality counterfeit Indian currency and was charged under Sections 489B and 489C of the IPC and Section 16 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. After more than nine years of incarceration, only two prosecution witnesses …

The complainant filed an FIR for offences under the IPC and later applied under Section 319 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) to summon several persons whose names were not on the charge‑sheet. The trial court issued a summons, which the High Court affirmed. The appellants challenged the summons, arguing that, per …

The appellant Yuvaprakash was accused of kidnapping a 17‑year‑old girl M, solemnising a marriage with her and having sexual intercourse. The victim’s statement under Section 164 CrPC claimed she eloped voluntarily and was in love with the appellant. The trial court convicted him under Section 6 of the POCSO Act, Sectio…

The case concerned the abduction and murder of Ramesh Jain, for which six accused were convicted under sections 120B, 364A, 302, 328A and 201 of the IPC. The prosecution relied on disclosure statements, recovered items, and Call Detail Records (CDRs) of the accused’s mobile phones. The principal issue was whether the C…

The case arose from twin bomb blasts in Surat in 1993 for which several accused were convicted under the Indian Penal Code, the Explosives Substances Act and the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA). The trial court recorded the offences under TADA after obtaining approvals from the Additional Ch…

The appellant was convicted of murder and assault in 1995 and sentenced to life imprisonment and fines. At the time of the offence he was 17 years, 11 months and 5 days old, i.e., below 18 years. The issue was whether he should be treated as a juvenile under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2…

The State of Karnataka appealed the Karnataka High Court’s acquittal of two tailors accused of raping two girls. The trial court had convicted them under Section 376 of the Indian Penal Code, relying on school certificates and the headmaster’s testimony that the victims were under 16 years of age. The High Court revers…

The petitioners alleged that the police in Maharashtra and Gujarat failed to register FIRs against two respondents for alleged communal speeches constituting cognizable offences and also failed to grant sanction under Section 196 of the CrPC. They sought a writ under Article 32 directing the police to register the FIRs…

The State of Maharashtra charged Raju Bhaskar Potphode with murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly stabbing Sunil Gore during a cricket match dispute. The trial court convicted Potphode based primarily on the testimony of PW‑2, a close relative of the deceased, despite other witnesses recanting their statements. On…

The Supreme Court entertained a public‑interest writ filed by engineer Anil K. Mittal after a 13‑year‑old girl died because loudspeaker noise prevented her cries from being heard. The petition sought stringent enforcement of laws restricting loudspeakers, firecrackers, vehicular horns and other high‑volume sound system…

The case concerned the murder of Dharam Pal, who was beaten by six accused persons amid a long‑standing enmity with the family of a former MLA, Raja Ram. The Sessions Court acquitted four of the accused on the ground that their identity was not established and convicted two of them under Section 304 Part II/149 IPC, ho…

The plaintiff entered into a sale agreement with the first defendant on 27 July 1971 for a godown, paying an advance and agreeing that the sale deed would be executed within 90 days. The first defendant reneged and sold the same property to defendants 2‑5 on 9 November 1971. The plaintiff sued for specific performance.…

The appellants were convicted for the murder of Elem Bux Molla under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC, based solely on the testimony of a single eye‑witness, PW‑3, who was an employee of the deceased. The Supreme Court examined the witness's conduct, noting that he delayed reporting the incident, gave no prior account to…

The appellant, an executive engineer, was charged under IPC sections 279, 304A and 338 for a fatal jeep accident in Arunachal Pradesh in November 1976. The magistrate initially took cognizance on the date of the police report, but the High Court held that cognizance was only taken on 31 March 1986, more than nine years…

The appellant, Mustak @ Kanio Ahmed Shaikh, was convicted for attempting to murder Dr. Jaydeep Patel by shooting him from a motorcycle he was driving, with his accomplice as the pillion rider. The prosecution proved the case through eye‑witness identification (the victim and his driver), a test identification parade, f…

The appellant, Roop Singh, was convicted of rape under Section 376 IPC and house trespass under Section 450 IPC for forcibly entering his neighbour's house at night and having sexual intercourse with the complainant while she was asleep. The appellant appealed, claiming the complainant had consented to the act and that…

The case involved an acid attack on a woman at a railway crossing, where accused Hakim (Accused No.1) and Umesh (Accused No.2) were convicted under Section 326A read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The appellants challenged the conviction on the grounds that the prosecution failed to prove the eye injury and …

The appellants, Chanchalpati Das and Madhu Pandit Das, senior leaders of ISKCON Bengaluru, were charged under IPC sections 468, 471, 406 and 120B for alleged theft and criminal breach of trust of a luxury bus belonging to the ISKCON Kolkata branch. The complaint was filed in 2009, eight years after the alleged incident…

The father of the deceased lodged an FIR after finding his son's body in a forest, alleging that the deceased had been with two friends. The trial court convicted the two accused under Sections 302, 34 and 201 of the IPC and Sections 4 and 25 of the Arms Act, relying mainly on the testimony of two chance witnesses who …

A.G. Perarivalan, convicted for the assassination of former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, had his death sentence commuted to life imprisonment and spent over three decades in jail. The Tamil Nadu State Cabinet recommended remission of his sentence in September 2018, but the Governor delayed action for two and a half yea…

The State of Rajasthan appealed against the Rajasthan High Court’s order reducing the sentences of Vinod Kumar and Heera Lal for rape (s.376 IPC) from the trial court‑imposed seven years to five years and eleven months respectively. The High Court reduced the sentences without recording any "adequate and special reason…

Rizwan Akbar Hussain Syyed was arrested for offences under the IPC and was released on bail by the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate on 10 February 2006 upon furnishing a Rs 10,000 surety, without any specific conditions. The complainant filed an application for cancellation of bail, and a notice was served; the…

The appellant Manjappa was convicted for voluntarily causing grievous hurt (IPC s.325) and simple hurt (IPC s.323) in 1997, receiving a cumulative sentence that was reduced by lower courts to one and a half months. He appealed to the Supreme Court seeking probation under CrPC s.360/361, arguing that the offence was his…

The case concerned the murder of Harbans Kaur and alleged criminal trespass and unlawful assembly by five police officers, of whom two (Surjit Singh, son of Gian Singh, and Daljit Singh) appealed. The trial court and High Court had convicted the appellants under Sections 302, 148, 149 and 450 of the IPC. The Supreme Co…

Budhsingh was convicted for murder under Sections 302/34 and 307/34 of the IPC. He appealed to the Supreme Court alleging that the FIR was not ante‑timed, that the investigation was defective, that the ballistic evidence was unreliable, and that the post‑mortem timing and lack of blackening of the wound cast doubt on t…

The appellant, Vijay Kumar Baldev Mishra, was charged under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA) and IPC for a gang‑related murder. A Review Committee, set up under the Kartar Singh guidelines, recommended that the TADA provisions were inapplicable because the offence was motivated by persona…

The appellant, Swamy Shraddananda (aka Murali Manohar Mishra), was convicted of murdering his wife, Shakereh, a wealthy woman who disappeared in May 1991. Investigations uncovered a wooden box in the backyard of their house containing skeletal remains identified through forensic, DNA and photo‑superimposition evidence …