Indian Penal Code, 1860

The appellant Siju Kurian was convicted by the Karnataka High Court for murder, concealment of body, theft and cheating. The conviction rested on circumstantial evidence, the post‑mortem report establishing homicide, witnesses who saw the accused with the deceased, and a voluntary statement made by the accused that led…

M. Narayan was convicted for dowry death and cruelty after his wife Ganga was found hanging within two years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that Narayan repeatedly demanded additional dowry, subjected her to physical and mental harassment, and threatened her, leading to her suicide. The trial court acquitted him,…

Mohan Lal was convicted for possession of 10 kg of opium under Section 18 of the NDPS Act and for theft under Sections 457 and 380 of the IPC. He argued that the offence occurred before the NDPS Act came into force, that applying the Act was retrospective and violative of Art.20(1) of the Constitution, that the seizure…

Shanti Roy, married to Sekhar Roy, allegedly faced a dowry demand of Rs.5,000 by her husband, his mother, and siblings, leading to harassment and her suicide by self‑immolation while eight months pregnant. The trial court convicted the husband, his mother, and the siblings under Sections 3048, 498A, 306 and 304B of the…

The Supreme Court reviewed an appeal by the mother‑in‑law convicted of murdering her daughter‑in‑law, who died within two months of marriage after being burnt with kerosene. The victim’s dying declaration alleged that the appellant poured kerosene on her because of dowry demands. The trial and High Courts had relied on…

The appellant Safi Mohammad was arrested on suspicion of supplying secret information about the Indian Armed Forces to Pakistani intelligence. During a search of his railway quarter, police seized a blue diary (1982) and a hand‑drawn map (Ex.D‑3) which were deemed by the Air Force to be useful to an enemy. He was convi…

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of three accused who fired on a motorcycle, killing Raja Ram Singh and Kunj Behari Singh on 22 September 1979. The prosecution relied on two eyewitnesses, PW‑1 (the complainant) and PW‑2, who testified that the accused fired multiple shots from a double‑barrel gun, a single‑barre…

The appellant, a husband, was convicted by the trial court and the Bombay High Court for murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code, while being acquitted of a dowry‑related charge under Section 498A. The prosecution relied on three circumstances: the wife’s unnatural death, the fact that th…

Satish @ Dhanna, born on 12‑11‑1980, was convicted under IPC sections 147, 148, 149 and 302 for offences committed when he was under 18 years of age. The appeal questioned whether, after the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000 came into force, he could be treated as a juvenile and enjoy its pro…

The appellant, P. Liaquat Ali Khan, was accused of kidnapping a three‑year‑old girl named Keerthi and demanding a ransom of Rs 1 crore and Rs 75 lakhs, as evidenced by letters (Ex P2 and P3). The child was later recovered from a house after the accused collected the ransom bag from a culvert and was apprehended by poli…

The case concerned the death of Smt. Laxmi, who suffered 90% burn injuries within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that her husband (A-1) and his brother (A-3) harassed and tortured her to extract dowry, leading to her death, and secured convictions under Sections 304B and 498A IPC. The defence relied o…

The appellant Hatti Singh was convicted under Sections 364, 302 and 120(1) read with Section 34 IPC and Section 25 of the Arms Act for the murder of the deceased whose body was recovered after 14 days. The conviction was based on the recovery of the deceased's belongings from the appellant, his confession leading to th…

The complainant, Narendra Nath Khaware, filed a Special Leave Petition under Article 136 of the Constitution challenging the High Court's dismissal of the State's appeal against the acquittal of seven accused in the murder of his son, Diwakar Khaware. The Supreme Court held that a private person may invoke Article 136 …

The case concerned a mass murder on 25 August 1991 in which Vijay Singh was killed and Sanuj Singh injured; twelve men were charged under IPC sections 302, 149 and 307 and the Arms Act. The trial court convicted all accused, but on appeal the Supreme Court examined procedural lapses such as delay in lodging the FIR, de…

The appellant, Dharmendrasinh, was convicted of murdering his two sons. The prosecution relied primarily on the ocular testimony of his wife, who described the incident in detail, and was corroborated by a neighbour. The defence challenged the credibility of the wife’s testimony, the contradiction regarding where the F…

Chetan Dass married Kamla Devi in 1976 and, after about two years, filed for divorce under Section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, which was dismissed when the couple's relations improved. The wife later lodged a criminal complaint alleging the husband’s illicit relationship with a nurse, prompting the husband to seek re…

The Supreme Court examined whether Members of Parliament (MPs) could claim immunity under Article 105(2) of the Constitution for offences of offering or accepting bribes to influence their speech or vote in Parliament, and whether they fall within the definition of "public servant" under the Prevention of Corruption Ac…

The case arose from a violent altercation on 21 September 1984 in which the deceased Rajpal was attacked and later died from injuries. The prosecution charged Chandvir and Rohtash (A1 and A2) with murder under Section 302 read with Section 32 of the IPC and also under Section 149 for rioting. The trial court convicted …

The Supreme Court examined a criminal appeal by R.S. Nayak against former Maharashtra Chief Minister A.R. Antulay concerning the framing of charges under sections 120B, 161, 165, 384, and 420 of the IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act. The trial judge had framed 21 charges and discharged the respondent on 22 other…

On 23 August 1983 Bhanwaria, the son of Pokar Ram, was shot and later died, leading to an FIR under sections 307, 447, 149, 148, 379 and 827 IPC, and subsequently an offence under section 302 IPC was added. The accused, Chandan Singh, was not arrested until 29 September 1983, when he applied for anticipatory bail under…

The appellant Subramani was accused of murdering his wife by pouring kerosene on her, setting her alight, and also of cruelty under Section 498A of the IPC. The trial court acquitted him, relying on the small size of the bathroom and questioning the reliability of the victim's dying declaration. On appeal, the High Cou…

The case involved a complaint by Mohammad Kaleem regarding the murder of Ammar, wherein the complainant sought to summon two additional persons, Rajendra and Mausam, as accused under Section 319 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The Trial Court and the Allahabad High Court rejected the application, holding that the evide…

In 1986 a minor girl (referred to as V) was found unconscious and bleeding after the accused Chatra allegedly raped her. The trial court convicted Chatra under Section 376 IPC based on medical evidence, circumstantial evidence and the testimony of a key eyewitness, Gulab Chand, despite the victim’s silence. The High Co…

The Archbishop of the Syro‑Malabar Church, Cardinal Mar George Alencherry, was charged in several complaints alleging conspiracy and fraud in the disposal of church immovable property. An earlier complaint filed in a different court was dismissed under Section 203 of the CrPC for non‑prosecution. The trial court in Kak…

The petitioner, brother of a murder victim, sought transfer of the criminal trial from West Bengal to Assam, alleging bias, witness intimidation, and procedural irregularities including a state‑issued notification to withdraw prosecution. The High Court set aside the withdrawal order and directed the trial to continue,…

Ms. X, a model, complained that the accused businessman lured her under the pretext of modelling work and raped her in a hotel room. The FIR was initially filed under Sections 354, 354‑B and 506 IPC, and later, after her supplementary statements and a medico‑legal report, Section 376 IPC (rape) was added. The High Cour…

The appellant Daulat Ram was convicted under Sections 302 read with 34 and Section 201 of the IPC for the murder of Zile Singh, based largely on the testimony of the victim's father and his relatives who claimed to have seen the accused throwing the dead body into a dry well. The prosecution's case relied on circumstan…

Naval Kishore was convicted under IPC sections 498A (cruelty), 302 (murder) and 201 (causing disappearance of evidence) for the death of his wife Jyoti, who was found burned and asphyxiated. The prosecution proved that Jyoti had been subjected to repeated cruelty by Kishore and his in‑laws, and that she was suffocated …

M. Mahendar Kumar, an accused in Crime No.147 of 2009, challenged a Madras High Court order that, under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C., transferred the investigation to the CBCID, Chennai. The transfer was sought by the de facto complainant, M. Mani, who had previously applied under Section 173(8) for further investigation…

VESA Holdings Ltd and its directors entered into a time‑bound settlement agreement with a former bank official who was to receive a consultancy fee for facilitating the settlement of a loan. The fee was to be paid in two instalments, the first upfront and the balance upon completion of the settlement, which was conditi…

The appellant, whose son was allegedly killed in a fake police encounter, filed a criminal case against five police officers under Sections 120B, 364, 302, 201 and 1208 of the IPC. The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) investigated the matter and submitted a charge‑sheet implicating the officers. The accused applie…

Sandeep Kumar applied for the post of Head Constable in 1999 and answered "No" to a question about any arrest, prosecution, detention, fine or conviction. He had earlier been involved in a criminal case (FIR 362 under IPC sections 325/34) that was compromised and he was acquitted in 1998, but disclosed this only in the…

The father of a deceased student filed a transfer petition under Section 46 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, alleging that his son was killed in a fake police encounter in Dehradun and that the local police continued to exert undue influence over the CBI investigation. The petitioner claimed threats from police offic…

The Supreme Court examined the suicide of a young woman within months of her marriage, for which her brother‑in‑law (A‑1) and mother‑in‑law (A‑2) were convicted under Sections 304‑B IPC and 498‑A IPC for demanding dowry. The State appealed the High Court’s acquittal of the accused, arguing that a dowry demand, even wit…

The appellants, a doctor and his son, conspired with an assistant registrar to forge pre‑degree mark sheets to obtain medical college admission. The forged mark list was used knowingly, as evidenced by inconsistencies in marks, the date of the document, and the appellants' request for re‑valuation. The trial court conv…

The petitioner, K. Ponnamma, and her husband were charged under Sections 302 and 201 of the Indian Penal Code; the husband was convicted while the petitioner was acquitted. During the pendency of the criminal trial she was suspended under Kerala Service Rule 57, which bars drawing any pay except a subsistence allowance…

Anil Phukan and his brothers were convicted under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC for the murder of Trinayan Chandra Baruah, based primarily on the testimony of a single eye‑witness, the deceased's nephew. The Supreme Court examined whether a conviction can rest on such testimony without independent corroboration and wh…

Suresh, a domestic servant, was convicted of murdering his employer Geeta and her three‑year‑old son Anil and of attempting to murder the five‑year‑old Sunil. The conviction rested on the testimony of Sunil, a five‑year‑old child who was not sworn, and on corroborative evidence linking Suresh to the crime. The trial co…

The deceased Bhagwan Singh, an Amin, was performing his official duty of auctioning the appellant's land when the appellant Gayasi, along with Moo! Chand and Daya Ram, lay in wait. Daya Ram shot Bhagwan Singh, causing him to fall, and Gayasi then decapitated him with a sword. Gayasi was convicted under IPC sections 302…

The appellant, a complainant, filed an FIR alleging that the accused, Ajay Pal Gupta (also known as Sonu Chaudhary), conspired with others to cheat him of over ₹11.5 crore by supplying foodgrains and using forged documents. The accused was arrested after a 1.5‑year abscondment and his bail application was rejected by t…

The appellant, Rohit Jangde, the step‑father of a six‑year‑old girl, was convicted by the trial court and the High Court for her murder based on three circumstances: a ‘last seen together’ theory, recovery of charred bone fragments and ashes after the accused allegedly led police to the site, and DNA matching of verteb…

The trial court convicted two private respondents for offences under Sections 307, 324 and 326 of the IPC for stabbing a victim, sentencing them to three years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of ₹5,000 each. The High Court, on revision, upheld the conviction but reduced the custodial term to the two months already se…

The appellant, Subhelal @ Sushil Sahu, was charged with offences under Sections 420, 201, 120‑B read with Section 34 of the IPC in a crypto‑currency scam involving about Rs.4 crore, of which Rs.35 lakh was attributed to him. He had been in custody since December 2023 while the trial, conducted before a Chief Judicial M…

The appellant, Hitesh Umeshbhai Mashru, was charged under Sections 493 and 376(2)(n) of the Indian Penal Code for cheating and a sexual offence, with an FIR lodged on 16 July 2022. The Gujarat High Court rejected his application for anticipatory bail, but the Supreme Court had earlier granted him protection against arr…

The complainant filed a private criminal defamation complaint under Section 200 CrPC alleging that fourteen news articles published in various newspapers defamed the authenticity of paintings to be auctioned by the complainant. The trial magistrate took cognizance, registered the complaint and issued summons to the acc…

Ram Gopal, the former sarpanch of Har Gangoli, was accused of murdering his neighbour Pratap Singh after taking him on the evening of 19 December 1995; the victim was found dead the next morning. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the "last seen together" theory, the short interval between the…

The petitioner, a 22‑year‑old woman from Uttar Pradesh, filed a writ petition under Article 32 alleging that she was abducted, repeatedly assaulted and raped by her father and his accomplices, and that the police failed to record her statement under Section 164 CrPC or conduct a medical examination under Section 164A C…

The appellant, a nephrologist, treated a patient with chronic renal failure, severe urinary and blood infections, and high urea levels. He prescribed Amikacin, a potent antibiotic, after culture sensitivity showed resistance to other drugs, and warned the patient to stop it when tinnitus appeared. The patient continued…

The case arose from a land dispute in which the deceased and his relatives clashed with Gapoo Yadav and his sons over a tree. During a sudden quarrel the accused assaulted the deceased, causing several injuries, one of which was grievous and led to his death. The trial court convicted the accused under Sections 148 and…

On July 23, 1996 a FIR was lodged under IPC sections 366A, 372, 376 and 344 r/w 34 and the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act based on a victim's detailed statement of exploitation and sexual assault. Five influential accused filed writ petitions in the Kerala High Court seeking quashing of the FIR, and the High Court, a…

The appellant, Mohanlal Gangaram Gehani, was convicted under s.326 IPC for stabbing an injured man. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the admissibility of a doctor’s hospital‑register statement that named the assailant as "Tiny" (originally written as "Tony"), the applicability of Section 145 of the Evidence Act to…

The child H, aged about seven, went missing on 8 October 1999 and his body was discovered two days later in a sugarcane field. The father filed an application under Section 156(3) CrPC on 19 November 1999, leading to an FIR on 21 November 1999. The trial court convicted the three accused under Sections 302, 364 and 201…

The appellant, Yogendra Singh, was convicted under IPC sections 302, 326A and 460 for throwing acid on his former lover, Smt. Ruby, resulting in her death and injuring her relatives. The trial court and High Court affirmed the conviction and imposed the death penalty, relying heavily on the victim's dying declaration a…

The Supreme Court examined challenges to the Maharashtra Prohibition of Obscene Dance Act, 2016 and its Rules, which regulate dance performances in hotels, restaurants and bar rooms. Petitioners argued that provisions defining "obscene dance", licensing restrictions, punitive measures for tips, and various licensing co…

The Supreme Court examined the conduct of R.K.D.F. Medical College, which had been permitted to admit MBBS students but was found to have repeatedly failed to meet minimum standards. An enquiry revealed that the college fabricated patient records and falsified documents to mislead the Court and the Medical Council of I…

The case arose from a series of power‑tariff rebate notifications issued by the Government of Goa, some of which were allegedly promulgated without Cabinet approval. The appellant‑Minister of Power, the Chief Electrical Engineer and senior officials of two private companies were accused of conspiring to grant a 25% reb…

The appellant Om Parkash and co‑accused were convicted under Section 12 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 for allegedly offering a bribe of Rs 10,000 to Inspector Ganeshi Lal to influence a murder investigation. The prosecution’s case was marred by a four‑hour delay in lodging the FIR, contradictory statements …

Surender Singh and Vikas were convicted under IPC sections 392, 394, 397 and Arms Act section 25 for robbing a bank deposit bag, snatching a pistol and money. The prosecution’s case rested on the testimony of complainant PW‑9, injured witness PW‑2, and two panch witnesses PW‑3 and PW‑4, some of whom turned hostile duri…

The respondents, convicted of murdering the complainant’s two sons and attempting to murder other family members, were released on bail by the High Court of Patna through non‑speaking orders that failed to consider the seriousness of the offences, the risk of evidence tampering and witness intimidation. The Supreme Cou…

A1, A2 and A3, armed with guns, chased Ramdas and his brother Narayan and shot them; Ramdas died while Narayan survived. The trial court convicted A1 and A3 for murder under s.302 IPC, A2 for attempt to murder under s.307 IPC and acquitted A4 and A6 who carried knives. The High Court upgraded A2’s conviction to murder …

Two minor boys were illegally detained by police to coerce a criminal suspect. The Supreme Court ordered the police to file counter‑affidavits denying the detention, but the affidavits were later found to be false and the signature of Superintendent M.S. Ahlawat was forged by a head constable on instructions from senio…

The case involved ten accused who were charged with conspiracy to supply spurious liquor that caused 70 deaths and permanent loss of sight to 24 persons. The High Court convicted five of them under sections 326, 328 and 272 of the IPC and sentenced them to rigorous imprisonment. The appellants filed appeals under Artic…

Prithi Chand, an 18‑year‑old, was convicted of raping a girl aged 11‑12 years. The prosecution relied on the victim’s testimony, a medical certificate showing a torn hymen and profuse bleeding, and forensic analysis that found blood but no spermatozoa. The defence challenged the admissibility of a carbon copy of the me…

The case arose from a violent incident on 24 June 1975 in which members of an unlawful assembly assaulted and killed Girdhari Lal and Siddhu, and Minister Lal was also killed. The appellants Lalji, Mansa, Milkhi and Bhagwati were convicted under Section 302 read with Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code, as well as und…

Ramesh Chand was convicted under sections 302 and 34 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Om Prakash based on the prosecution's claim that he, along with two others, stabbed the victim at night near Hindon Bridge and was found with a blood‑stained knife. The defence argued that Chand was merely the taxi driver, t…

The appellant was convicted in nine separate sessions trials for theft of electricity equipment, each resulting in a two‑year simple imprisonment under Section 136 of the Electricity Act. The trial judge ordered that time spent as an under‑trial be set off against each sentence and that sentences for offences under Sec…

The deceased Pushpa was burnt and later died; two dying declarations were recorded—first (Ex. P‑11) by a Naib Tehsildar, which did not name her husband Rajaram, and second (Ex. P‑26) by a police officer, which accused Rajaram and others of cruelty and dowry harassment. The trial court convicted Rajaram under Section 49…

Anita Rani filed two civil suits against her relatives Ashok Kumar and others to recover money. In the first suit, the respondents had taken a Rs 10.5 million loan, repaid Rs 5 million and claimed the repayment was a full and final settlement, but no written receipt or memorandum of compromise was produced. In the seco…

The petitioner, Seelan @ Jeyaseelan, was convicted for raping a six‑year‑old girl. He filed a Special Leave Petition contending that the charge was framed only under Section 376(1) of the Indian Penal Code, which does not carry the mandatory ten‑year minimum punishment prescribed in Section 376(2)(f). The Supreme Court…

The appellant, Sanjai Tiwari, was charged under several IPC offences and the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. A third‑party advocate, calling himself a social activist, filed an application under Section 482 of the Criminal Procedure Code seeking a High Court order directing the Special Judge to expedite the trial. …

The appellant, accused No.3 in a CBI case involving offences under Sections 120‑B, 420, 409 IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act, was required to appear before the trial court in Hyderabad every Friday despite residing in Delhi. He applied under Section 205 of the CrPC to be exempted from personal appearance, citin…

The accused, Mangusinh, was convicted by the trial court for murder of his wife and daughter under IPC s.302 and Arms Act s.25, based on a confessional FIR, a second FIR lodged by the victims' father (PW1), and the testimony of an alleged eye‑witness (PW4). The High Court acquitted him, holding that both FIRs were ante…

The case involved the double murder of Kashi Nath Tiwary and Lallan Tiwary, allegedly committed by a group of accused including Rajesh Singh and four Tiwary brothers. The trial court convicted all six accused and sentenced them to life imprisonment, but the High Court acquitted Rajesh Singh on the ground that he was ne…

The State of Maharashtra appealed the acquittal of the accused husband and mother‑in‑law in a murder case where the deceased had died from severe burns. The trial court had relied on the deceased's dying declaration and letters she allegedly wrote to her father, convicting the accused under Sections 302, 304B and 498A …

The Supreme Court examined appeals by the State of Punjab against the acquittal of five accused persons for murder, kidnapping, conspiracy and related offences. The trial court had convicted them based on eyewitness testimony, medical evidence and a motive established by a friend of the deceased. On appeal, the High Co…

The appellant Rajiv Singh was convicted under Sections 304B, 201 and 498A for the alleged murder of his wife Archana during a honeymoon train journey, based on a dead body found near the railway tracks. The Supreme Court examined whether the body was indeed Archana's, whether the prosecution proved a homicidal death, a…

The petitioner, Mohd. Feroz Khan, was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment for a crime committed on 2 August 1999. He contended that he was 17 years old at the time of the offence and therefore fell within the ambit of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. The Supreme Court…

The appellants, three police constables, were convicted for the murder of Laxman Singh under Sections 302 read with 34 (and 330) of the IPC. The prosecution's case rested on a dying declaration recorded by a Metropolitan Magistrate after the victim was taken to hospital, where he alleged severe beatings and being set o…

The Supreme Court examined an appeal against a High Court order that granted bail to Mitthan Yadav, a history‑sheeter accused of multiple serious offences including murder, under several IPC sections. The High Court had relied on the principle of parity, noting that a co‑accused, Ashok Kumar, had previously been releas…

The case involves the death of Saroj, a married woman, within four months of her marriage. Her father alleged that the husband, his father, brother and brother‑in‑law demanded dowry, threatened her and subsequently murdered her and attempted to burn the body. The trial court acquitted all accused, but the High Court co…

Harish Kumar was married to Manisha, who suffered severe burn injuries on 13 September 1993 and died five days later. He was charged under Sections 304B (dowry death) and 498A (dowry cruelty) of the IPC. The trial court convicted him on both counts; the High Court upheld the convictions. On appeal, the Supreme Court ex…

The petitioner, convicted under Section 302 of the IPC for a murder committed on 18 June 1997, claimed that he was only 17 years old at the time of the offence and therefore entitled to the benefits of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. The Supreme Court examined documentary and oral evid…

Advocate A was attacked by four armed men on 3 April 1979; he was shot from behind and later died. The prosecution relied on three dying declarations—one forming the FIR, one recorded under Section 161 CrPC by a Sub‑Inspector, and a third recorded by the Tahsildar after a doctor certified the victim fit to speak—while …

The appellant Subhash was convicted under Sections 306 and 498A IPC for the death of his wife Anuradha, who suffered severe burns. The prosecution's case relied primarily on a dying declaration recorded by Sub‑Divisional Magistrate Ravi Malik, which alleged that the victim attempted suicide due to dowry harassment. The…

Hari Singh and his brother Mohar Singh, who ran a brick kiln, had a business rivalry with Guiab Singh, the deceased, over nearby kilns. On a moonless night, the brothers entered Guiab Singh's house; Mohar fired a country-made pistol at close range, killing him. The victim's son Prem Pal and two other villagers identifi…

The appellant Sanjay Kumar Jain was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for the death of his wife within fourteen months of marriage, based on circumstantial evidence and a post‑mortem indicating strangulation. The Supreme Court found serious inconsistencies in the prosecution’s version, including uncertain acces…

The case involved a violent attack on a farming family in Haryana, resulting in the death of the husband (Urned Singh) and injuries to his wife and son. The accused were charged under Sections 302, 149, 323 and 148 of the IPC. The High Court reduced the murder conviction to culpable homicide not amounting to murder (Se…

The case involved a long‑standing enmity between Mohammad Mian and the Husain family, which escalated into a gun‑fire incident resulting in the death of Riyasat Husain and grievous injury to his brother Firasat Husain. The trial court acquitted the accused of murder under Sections 302 and 34 IPC, relying on a perceived…

The HDFC Bank alleged that its Managing Director, J.J. Mannan, defrauded the bank of Rs.2.04 crore by obtaining a loan through fictitious transactions and colluding with other firms. An FIR was filed and the accused applied for anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC, which the Madras High Court granted in a bl…

The appellants, a partner and an employee of a manufacturing firm, were charged under Sections 417 and 420 IPC for allegedly cheating a client who had paid an advance for a custom‑made machine that allegedly did not meet specifications. The client filed a criminal complaint, and the trial court took cognizance. The app…

The appellant, a doctor who advertised himself as a child specialist, treated a seven‑year‑old girl for tuberculosis. The child’s condition worsened and was later diagnosed as advanced leukemia; she died. The consumer commission held the doctor negligent and awarded damages. A criminal complaint under Section 200 CrPC …

The State of Orissa appealed the acquittal of Sukru Gouda, who had been convicted by a trial court for raping his wife, PW1, under IPC s.376 and the SC/ST Atrocities Act. The High Court set aside the conviction, relying on the absence of medical injuries and the notion that a single man could not rape a healthy adult w…

The case arose from a land dispute that led to a group assault on Mahadevappa, resulting in his death. The trial court convicted Yankappa (A1) under Section 302 read with Section 149 IPC and A2‑A6 under Section 304 Part I read with Section 149, acquitting A7‑A15. The Karnataka High Court upheld A1's conviction, altered…

The Supreme Court examined a batch of writ petitions challenging the constitutional validity of the Prevention of Terrorist Act, 2002 (POTA). The petitioners argued that Parliament lacked legislative competence and that several provisions violated fundamental rights, including the right to privacy, freedom of speech, a…

The case arose from a bandh in which activists forcibly entered the flour mill of James Martin and his father, demanding its closure. When the activists assaulted the mill employee and threatened further violence, the accused retrieved a firearm and fired, killing two activists and injuring others. The trial court conv…

The appellants were tried before the Special Judge (Vigilance), Patna, for alleged fraud in obtaining a Rs. 2 crore compensation under the Bihar Land Reforms Act, 1950. They contended that the offences were committed in respect of a document produced before the Compensation Officer and that, under Section 195(1)(b) of …

Associated Cement Company Ltd. filed a complaint under Section 138 of the Negotiable Instruments Act against Kesvanand. The magistrate examined the company’s authorized representative, Puneet Aggarwal, on oath, but on two consecutive dates the representative was absent and the magistrate acquitted the accused under Sec…

In M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (Writ Petition (C) No.13029 of 1985), the Supreme Court issued comprehensive directions under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 and the Motor Vehicles Rules, 1993 to improve road safety and curb environmental pollution. The Court ordered verification of all commercial licences issued between …

Smt. Harbans Kaur filed a writ of habeas corpus under Article 32 alleging that her three sons were illegally detained, tortured and that one son, Gurbax Singh, died in police custody. The Court observed that two sons, Surinder Pal Singh and Sarvjeet Singh, had been produced before a Judicial Magistrate and remanded to …

Sundaramurthi (A‑2) was charged with murder, robbery and house‑trespass under Sections 302/34, 392 and 449 IPC. The prosecution relied entirely on circumstantial evidence: four eyewitnesses saw A‑2 and co‑accused A‑1 enter a car shed at the mill and emerge two hours later; fingerprints matched A‑1; bags of cash and a b…

The case involved an armed robbery and dacoity at night in a village where four persons were killed. Six accused were arrested after an encounter and, within 24 hours, a test identification was conducted before a Judicial Magistrate, resulting in eleven eyewitnesses positively identifying the appellants. The trial cour…

Bhalinder Singh was convicted of murder, kidnapping and abetment of suicide based solely on circumstantial evidence, including a claim that he was last seen with the deceased, the recovery of the victim's shoes, an extra‑judicial confession to the village sarpanch, and a false explanation to the victim's father. The Su…

Kehar Singh was convicted and sentenced to death for his role in the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. After his appeals and a review petition were dismissed, his son petitioned the President under Article 72 for a pardon, claiming innocence and seeking an oral hearing. The President refused both the heari…

In March 1971, a group of armed dacoits looted the State Bank of Bikaner and Jaipur branch at Bayana, escaped in a stolen Ambassador car, and were later intercepted after the car crashed. The police recovered a black box containing Rs. 6,800 of the stolen cash, along with other incriminating items, and arrested the sev…

The Supreme Court examined the withdrawal of a criminal case against the former Chief Minister of Bihar and others under Section 321 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The State had appointed a new special public prosecutor, L.P. Sinha, who applied to the Special Judge for permission to withdraw, citing lack of p…

The appellant Ms. S appealed against Sunil Kumar, who had been convicted by the Supreme Court on 10 April 2015 for an offence under Section 376(1) of the Indian Penal Code and ordered to be taken into custody. The Court later learned that the accused had died on 14 October 2012, a fact that was not known to the Court a…

The case arose from a family dispute over a partition fence that led to a violent altercation in 1994, resulting in cross‑cases and convictions under IPC sections 307, 323 and 325 with accompanying fines. The appellants, who were related to the complainant, sought to have the offences compounded on the basis of an amic…

Rajesh Ranjan Yadav, a four‑time Member of Parliament, was charged with a triple murder under IPC sections 302, 34 and 120B, and under Section 27 of the Arms Act. After being in judicial custody for more than six years, he repeatedly applied for bail, arguing that continued detention violated his fundamental right to l…

The appellant, Bapu, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for allegedly setting his wife, Shobhabai, on fire. The prosecution's case rested on three dying declarations made by the deceased—two recorded in a rural hospital before an Executive Magistrate and a police constable, and a third before family members in a civil…

The case concerned the custodial death of Shambhu Tyagi after alleged police beating at Shahjahanabad police station, leading to the conviction of five police officers under Sections 304 Part I, 330 and 201 IPC. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the lack of a test identification parade invalidated the eyewi…

Amritlal Ratilal Mehta and Gajanan Gandhi, employees of a private firm, were charged with cheating the Central Excise Department by making false entries in gate passes. They were tried for offences under IPC s.420 read with s.34 (cheating) and s.477‑A read with s.34 (false entry). The magistrate acquitted them of s.420…

The appellant, Lalu Yadav, was charged under Sections 376 and 313 of the IPC for alleged rape on a false promise of marriage, based on an FIR filed in 2018 for incidents allegedly occurring between 2013 and 2018. The complainant claimed that Yadav had deceived her, established a physical relationship without consent, a…

An FIR alleging land‑grab and extortion was filed in 2009, leading to a police investigation and a charge‑sheet. After the magistrate took cognizance and issued summons, the accused applied under s.173(8) CrPC for further investigation and for the magistrate to order a fresh FIR; the magistrate rejected these applicati…

The appellants Balu@Balasubramaniam and Raja were convicted of murder and assault under Sections 302, 326 and 324 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The Supreme Court examined whether the prosecution had proved a common intention among the accused as required by s.34. While eye‑witness testimony established that the appe…

The State of Gujarat appointed the Secretary to the Government as President of the Gujarat Revenue Tribunal, a move challenged on the ground that the post is a judicial office and requires the High Court's consultation under Article 234 of the Constitution. The Gujarat High Court held that the Tribunal is a "court" and…

The appellant, brother of the murder victim, challenged the Rajasthan High Court’s order granting bail to the accused, Khushi Ram Meena, in a case involving murder and related offences (IPC ss.147,148,149,364,302). The Supreme Court examined the principles governing bail under Section 439(2) of the CrPC, emphasizing th…

The case arose from a land dispute that led to an assault on 16 November 2006, during which the accused A‑1, A‑6 and A‑7 struck the victim's head with the blunt side of an aruval and a stick, causing injuries that led to the victim's death after nine days. The trial court and the High Court had convicted the three accu…

The State of Madhya Pradesh charged Makhan (Madam) and others with murder under Sections 148, 302 read with 149 of the IPC, alleging they assaulted the deceased with sticks and rods, leading to his death. The trial court convicted them, but the Madhya Pradesh High Court acquitted them, discarding the testimony of eye‑w…

The appellant, a driver of an APSRTC bus, was convicted under Section 304-A of the Indian Penal Code for allegedly driving rashly and fatally striking a boy on 9 November 1994. The prosecution's case relied on the testimony of three eyewitnesses (PW‑4, PW‑5, and PW‑11) who gave conflicting accounts regarding the bus nu…

Smt. Rachna filed a transfer petition before the Supreme Court seeking transfer of several pending civil and criminal matrimonial cases to the Supreme Court Lok Adalat. The matters were listed before the Lok Adalat on 5 September 2008, where mediation led to a comprehensive settlement covering apologies, monetary payme…

The appellant Sunil, originally accused No.6, was convicted by the trial court and the Bombay High Court for murder under Section 302 read with Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code, along with several other offences, based primarily on the testimony of two eyewitnesses. The prosecution alleged that Sunil had caught hol…

Manoj Sharma was charged in an FIR for offences including cheating, forgery and fraud under Sections 420, 468, 471, 34 and 120‑B IPC. The complainant and the accused later reached an amicable settlement and the complainant withdrew the allegations. The Delhi High Court refused to quash the FIR, prompting an appeal to t…

The State of Madhya Pradesh charged Wazir Khan and another accused with murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for allegedly throwing a petrol bomb at the deceased. The trial court convicted them, but the High Court acquitted, holding that the medical evidence did not support the prosecution’s version…

The appellant, Kamaljit Singh, was charged with the murder of Gurcharan Singh and Sucha Singh and with causing grievous hurt to Udain Gosha. The trial court acquitted him, citing a delay in filing the FIR, a minor discrepancy between medical and ocular evidence, and the alleged bias of the key eyewitness, PW‑5. The Pun…

On 11 July 1996, a group of about ten to twelve men attacked Mann Singh and Surinder Singh in Ballabhgarh, Haryana, and later assaulted Megh Shyam, who was shot by Surinder Singh and later died. The trial court convicted seven accused under section 302 read with section 149 IPC for murder, and the High Court upheld the…

The case involved a police convoy ambushed by Veerappan's gang, resulting in seven deaths. Seven accused were convicted by a Special Designated Court under the TADA Act, IPC and Arms Act, largely on the testimony of two eyewitnesses and several confessional statements. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the eyewitn…

Subhash Chand was convicted by the trial court of murder and rape of a five‑year‑old girl and sentenced to death, a decision later modified to life imprisonment by the Rajasthan High Court. The prosecution's case rested entirely on circumstantial evidence: alleged "last seen together" testimony, the accused's abnormal …

The appellant, a government servant, was convicted of murdering his wife and son at a picnic spot and sentenced to life imprisonment. He appealed to the Supreme Court claiming exemption under Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, asserting that he was suffering from mental illness (moderate depression) and that the pros…

The appellant Kashiram and six others were charged with murder and related offences for allegedly forming an unlawful assembly and shooting Gorelal on 29 December 1986, also injuring four witnesses. The trial court acquitted all accused, but the Madhya Pradesh High Court reversed the acquittal of Kashiram, convicting h…

Vinod Bhalla and his mother-in-law Sarojini were charged with the homicide of Rajini, the wife of Vinod, under sections 302 and 34 of the IPC, alleged to be a dowry death. The trial court convicted them, but the High Court acquitted both of the murder charge, convicting only Sarojini under section 201 for destroying ev…

In the 1987 Presidential election, R. Venkataraman was declared elected. Candidate Mithilesh Kumar filed an election petition under the Presidential and Vice‑Presidential Elections Act, 1952, alleging that a whip issued by the Congress (I) party amounted to undue influence and vitiated the election. The petition, howev…

Akashdeep Morya applied for appointment as a Civil Judge (Junior Division) in Rajasthan. Four FIRs were lodged against him, charging him with offences under sections 324, 323, 341, 148, 149, 504 and 34 of the IPC; he was acquitted in all cases, but the acquittals were based on compromise and hostile witnesses, not on a…

Neetu Kumar Nagaich, the mother of a 21‑year‑old law student who died under suspicious circumstances, filed a writ petition under Article 32 seeking a de novo investigation of the homicide after alleging serious deficiencies in the Rajasthan police investigation and the filing of a closure report. The Supreme Court not…

The appellant, Jugut Ram, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for murder after assaulting the deceased with a lathi during a land dispute, the victim dying a day later. He appealed, arguing that a lathi is a common village implement and that the prosecution failed to prove an intention to cause death, relying on relate…

The appellant, Tattu Lodhi, was convicted of kidnapping, rape, and murder of a seven‑year‑old girl. The trial court relied on circumstantial evidence, including the victim's last seen with the accused, forensic evidence of blood on a gunny bag and clothing, and a post‑mortem report showing injuries consistent with sexu…

The respondent, a senior assistant of State Bank of India, was alleged to have caused a loss of over Rs.44 lakh by facilitating fraudulent credit and misplacing clearing instruments in May 2006. A criminal case under Sections 409 and 34 of the IPC was filed in 2007, but the trial progressed slowly, with only three of e…

The State of NCT of Delhi appealed against the High Court's acquittal of Nitin Shah and Om Prakash Srivastava in the murder of Lalit Suneja (2 August 1992). The prosecution alleged that Shah, as Suneja's employer, conspired with Srivastava and others to kill Suneja, basing its case on a complaint (Ext. PW15/A1) purport…

The case concerned the procurement of Damp Proof Cement by North Eastern Hill University (NEHU) where the Chief Engineer (A‑1) and other officials were alleged to have colluded to obtain the material at an inflated price of Rs.42.75 per kg, far above the market rate of Rs.5‑10 per kg. The prosecution proved that A‑1, a…

The petitioners, leaders of a human‑rights NGO, filed a writ of mandamus under Article 32 seeking a CBI or SIT investigation into the violent clash between Dalit and Thevar students at Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai on 12 November 2008, alleging police inaction and subsequent harassment. They also complai…

The appellant Munna was convicted under Sections 376 and 450 IPC for allegedly raping the prosecutrix at knife point, based primarily on the testimonies of the prosecutrix, her husband (PW‑2) and a village Kotwar (PW‑3). The High Court upheld the conviction, but the Supreme Court examined whether the prosecutrix's test…

The case involved the murder of Narinder Singh, for which nine persons were charged under Sections 302, 149 and 148 of the IPC. The prosecution's case hinged on the testimony of the victim's father (PW‑6) and his brother (PW‑7), who identified Dilawar Singh (A‑1), Yash Pal (A‑3) and Shamsher Singh (A‑7) as the assailan…

The Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation retired Babu Lal Jangir compulsorily in 2002 under its standing orders after a screening committee found his service record unsatisfactory. Jangir challenged the retirement, arguing that the misconduct cited dated from 1978‑1990 was too old and that his more recent record …

Abdul Ghafoor and another were convicted under Sections 323, 447 and 452 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced to two years rigorous imprisonment, with other sentences running concurrently. Their appeal was dismissed and they filed a criminal revision petition more than fifteen months after conviction, seeking condona…

The appellant Sunder Singh was convicted for the murder of six members of his cousin's family by setting their house on fire with petrol, closing the door, and slashing one victim with a sword. The prosecution relied on the surviving victim's eyewitness testimony, the dying declarations of two victims, and forensic evi…

The appellants, who had earlier demanded a compromise in a kidnapping case, allegedly opened fire with country‑made pistols and a rifle, killing three members of the victim's family and injuring three others. The first informant, PW‑1, lodged an FIR within five hours of the incident and identified the accused in both m…

The petitioner Md. Munna, convicted of murder and sentenced to imprisonment for life, filed a writ petition under Article 32 seeking a writ of habeas corpus, claiming that having served more than 21 years he should be released, contending that life imprisonment is equivalent to a term of 20 years under the West Bengal …

Three men were tried for murder under IPC sections 302 and 34. The trial court acquitted all of them, relying on the claim of self‑defence and the prosecution’s failure to explain minor injuries on the accused. The State appealed; during the pendency two accused died and the High Court re‑appreciated the evidence, conv…

Surendra Pal Shivbalakpal, a migrant labourer, was accused of kidnapping, raping and murdering a minor girl named Savitri (Sanju). The prosecution relied on eyewitness testimony that the accused was seen carrying a child at night, forensic analysis showing blood and semen stains on his clothing, and the recovery of the…

The deceased Razwana Parveen, aged 18, married appellant No.1 and was allegedly subjected to continuous mental cruelty and dowry demands by her husband and his mother, leading her to self‑immolate. The trial court acquitted the accused of Sections 304‑B, 306 and 498‑A IPC, doubting the dying declaration and witness tes…

The case involved the murder of Kanhaiyalal, a member of a rival Gawli faction, for which Ramesh (senior) and others were convicted under IPC sections 302 and 34. The prosecution relied on eye‑witnesses PW1, PW2 and PW4, whose testimonies were corroborated by a doctor’s post‑mortem report. The appellant challenged the …

The appellant Makhan Singh was convicted under Section 304‑B IPC for the death of his wife Manjit Kaur based on two dying declarations. The first declaration, recorded by Judicial Magistrate Vani Gopal Sharma, was made after a medical officer certified the deceased was fit and conscious, and the magistrate satisfied he…

The case concerns the murder of Ram Autar on 8 January 1984, for which appellants Rameshwar and Balaram were convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code. The prosecution alleged that Rameshwar, armed with an axe, and Balaram, armed with a rifle, acted in concert to kill the deceased, with …

The State of Karnataka appealed the acquittal of accused No.2 (P. Ravi Kumar) and accused No.3 (D.B. Savitha) in a murder case where the deceased, Mohan Kumar, was allegedly killed by a conspiracy involving accused No.1, accused No.2, and accused No.3, who were said to have an illicit relationship. The trial court had …

Rakesh Kumar Paul was arrested under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and remained in custody for more than 60 days without a charge‑sheet. The State argued that because the offence could attract imprisonment of up to ten years, the 90‑day period under clause (i) of proviso (a) to Section 167(2) CrPC applied, den…

The appellant, Vikash, was implicated in an abduction case where a girl was allegedly kidnapped by several accused. The trial court, after taking cognizance under sections 363, 366(A), 1208 and 376 of the IPC, issued a non‑bailable warrant to secure his attendance under section 319 of the CrPC. Vikash applied to have t…

The appellant Ravi Kapur was charged under IPC sections 279, 337, 338 and 304A for a bus accident that caused multiple deaths and injuries. The trial court acquitted him, holding that the prosecution failed to prove his identity as the driver and that procedural lapses, such as the absence of a test identification para…

The husband (Pathan Hussain Basha) and his mother‑in‑law were convicted under Sections 304‑B (dowry death) and 498A of the IPC for the suicide of the wife, who had been harassed for unpaid dowry. The Supreme Court examined whether the statutory ingredients of a dowry death were satisfied and whether the onus of proving…

The deceased Harijana Ayyanna was attacked and stabbed by a group of accused (A1‑A7) who were armed with daggers and a stick. The FIR was lodged promptly and named all the accused. Eye‑witnesses, the deceased's son (PW‑1) and wife (PW‑2), testified that the accused surrounded and stabbed the victim, and their statement…

Virender Prasad Singh filed a petition under Section 482 of the Cr.P.C. seeking re‑investigation of offences (IPC ss. 302, 201, 120‑B) alleged against Rajesh Bhardwaj after a charge‑sheet had already been filed. The Patna High Court, instead of examining the charge‑sheet, directed that a Director General of Police exam…

The appellant State of U.P. challenged the Allahabad High Court's order granting bail to respondent No.2, who was accused of murdering a money‑lender under Sections 302 and 120B IPC. The High Court had granted bail on the ground that the accused's name was not mentioned in the FIR, without recording any reasons. The Su…

Hardeep and his father Maha Singh were charged with the murder of Rajinder Singh. The trial court convicted Hardeep under IPC 304 Part I and acquitted Maha Singh, while the High Court upheld Hardeep's conviction, upgraded it to IPC 302, and retained the father's acquittal. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the cred…

Six accused were charged with murder, attempted murder and other offences arising from a land‑dispute clash in Chhichrewal, Punjab. The trial court convicted all of them under Sections 302, 307, 323, 324, 326 IPC read with Sections 148 and 149, while the High Court set aside the convictions of three. The Supreme Court …

Sh. Mohinder Singh Jagdev was appointed as a Section Officer in the Central Public Works Department in 1956 but was found to have obtained the appointment using false certificates. He was suspended and later terminated on 10 September 1957 under Rule 5 of the Central Government (Temporary) Service Rules, 1949, while cr…

Baljinder Kumar, accused of murdering his wife, two children and sister‑in‑law, was convicted by the Trial Court and sentenced to death under Sections 302, 308 and 325 IPC. The High Court upheld the conviction, relying mainly on the testimonies of three witnesses despite contradictions and lack of forensic linkage. On …

The appellant, Byluru Thippaiah, brutally murdered his wife, sister‑in‑law and three children on 25 February 2017, alleging that his wife and the children were not his and accusing them of promiscuity. He was tried under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code, convicted and sentenced to death by the trial court, a senten…

The appellant, Jai Prakash, was convicted of raping and murdering a 10‑year‑old girl. Evidence included the victim’s body recovered from his hut, the last‑seen testimony of child witnesses, and DNA matches linking the appellant to the victim’s underwear and hair. The trial and High Courts affirmed conviction under IPC …

The appellants were charged under Sections 420, 468, 471, 477-A and 120-B IPC for alleged offences. During the trial before the Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, one co‑accused turned approver and was granted pardon under Section 306 CrPC, after which the magistrate committed the case to the Court of Sessions. …

Shri Ravindra Nath Tiwary, a Special Assistant of Allahabad Bank, was suspended and charged with offences under IPC sections 468 and 477A. He was convicted, dismissed from service under Clause 19.6(a) of the 1966 Bi‑partite Settlement, and later acquitted on appeal by the benefit of doubt. The Bank then issued a notice…

The appellant, Kuldeep Singh, was the driver of a truck carrying a marriage party of about fifty people when the vehicle allegedly lost control, rolled over and caused the death of four persons and injuries to many others. He was acquitted by the trial court, but the Himachal Pradesh High Court convicted him under Sect…

The State of Punjab prosecuted Kulwant Singh (alias Kanta) for three murders and one attempt to murder that occurred in a marriage palace, leading the trial court to convict him under IPC s.302 and s.307 and award death. The High Court acquitted him, citing irregularities such as a month-long delay in recording the sol…

The case arose when the informant’s bullocks strayed into the field of Kashi Prasad, leading to a verbal altercation that escalated into a physical fight. During the scuffle Kashi Prasad struck the deceased Lachhi Ram with a spear, causing injuries that proved fatal. The trial court convicted the appellant under Sectio…

Kaka Joginder Singh alias Dharti Pakad challenged the election of K.R. Narayanan as Vice‑President of India, alleging (i) that the Returning Officer wrongly accepted Narayanan's nomination despite substantial defects, and (ii) that a whip issued by the Congress party amounted to undue influence under the Presidential a…

Gurmej Singh, Gian Singh and Bur Singh were convicted of murdering Harnam Singh, a neighbour, based on the testimony of two close relatives who identified the accused under the light of a tubewell lamp. The defence argued that a third eye‑witness, Narain Singh, who was sleeping near the victim, was not examined and tha…

Khujji @ Surendra Tiwari was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment. The prosecution relied on three eye‑witnesses, discovery of a blood‑stained weapon and the appellant's blood‑stained pant. Two witnesses (PW‑3 and PW‑4) were declared hostile because they could not identify the as…

The Supreme Court dismissed a Special Leave Petition filed by Dharmabir and another appellant challenging their conviction for murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code and the imposition of life imprisonment. While upholding the conviction and sentence as beyond judicial interference, the Court expressed conce…

Ms. P (appellant) alleged that her fiancé, respondent No.2, raped her in Delhi in February‑March 2016 (IPC s.376) and later, in November 2016, threatened and abused her over telephone in Chamoli (IPC s.504, s.506). The Sessions Judge, Chamoli, discharged the accused of the rape charge for lack of territorial jurisdicti…

Major Singh, the appellant, struck his uncle Makhan Singh with a wooden cot leg ("bahi") after a quarrel the previous day, causing a head injury that led to the uncle's death a day later. The trial court acquitted Singh, but the Punjab and Haryana High Court set aside the acquittal and convicted him under Section 302 I…

The petitioners, former public servants, were charged in a large‑scale corruption case involving alleged manipulation of liquor allocations and kickbacks. They applied for anticipatory bail, but the Andhra Pradesh High Court denied relief, relying on confessional statements recorded from co‑accused under Section 161 of…

The appellant, Baljinder Singh, alleged that the respondents, Mandeep Singh and Narinder Kumar, attacked him and his driver with wooden sticks, leading to the driver’s death. The respondents were charged under Sections 302, 323, 34, 427, 120B (with 148 and 149 later deleted) of the IPC and sought regular bail under Sec…

United India Insurance Co. Ltd. issued a Contractor's All Risk policy for a bridge project that collapsed during construction, killing 48 workers. The insurer repudiated the claim, invoking an exclusion clause covering loss due to faulty design, workmanship and construction defects, and relied on a surveyor's report an…

The appellant, a common carrier, was assessed under Section 69A of the Income Tax Act for short delivery of bitumen, with the assessing officer deeming the bitumen as an "other valuable article" owned by the appellant. The Supreme Court examined whether a carrier can be considered the owner of goods for tax purposes an…

The case concerned an attack in which three persons were killed and five injured, allegedly committed by a group of seventeen accused. The Sessions Court convicted four accused and acquitted the rest, but the charges were found to be improperly framed under CrPC sections 211‑213, lacking specific allegations for each d…

The Supreme Court examined the convictions of six accused in the 2002 Akshardham temple terrorist attack, which were based largely on confessional statements recorded under the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA), testimony of accomplices, and two Urdu letters allegedly recovered from the terrorists' pockets. The Court …

The appellant was convicted under Sections 376 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code for raping and intimidating the prosecutrix. The trial court and the High Court upheld the conviction based on medical testimony that semen was found on the victim's underwear and that the accused sustained injuries consistent with a strugg…

The appellant lodged an FIR and later informed the magistrate that another person, Prem Prakash, had not been made an accused. The Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate took cognizance under Section 190(1)(b) CrPC and summoned the accused, leading to charges being framed by the Sessions Judge. Prem Prakash challenged th…

Birender Poddar was convicted under Sections 302/34 and 498‑A of the IPC for the death of his wife in their matrimonial home. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including testimonies of the deceased's relatives, letters complaining of ill‑treatment, and a post‑mortem report showing incised injuries to t…

The State prosecuted eleven accused, including Latu Mahto, for the murder of Budhu Mahto and related assaults, alleging they formed an unlawful assembly under Section 149 IPC. The trial court convicted all accused under Sections 302/149 IPC and sentenced them to life imprisonment. On appeal, the accused contended that …

The appellant A2 was convicted under Section 302 IPC for the murder of Rajendran based largely on the testimony of witnesses who claimed to have seen the deceased with the accused on a Tuesday, without specifying the exact date. The trial court and the Madras High Court upheld the conviction despite the long gap betwee…

Mohan Anna Chavan was convicted of kidnapping, raping and murdering two minor girls aged five and ten. The prosecution relied on a chain of circumstantial evidence, including the victims' last seen with the accused, his extra‑judicial confession, forensic matches of blood on his clothes and nail clippings, and recovery…

The State of Karnataka appealed against a Karnataka High Court judgment that had acquitted one accused (A4) and altered the murder convictions of seven others to grievous‑hurt convictions under S.326 r/w S.149 IPC. The facts involved eight persons, members of an unlawful assembly, who assaulted the deceased Rajanna wit…

The respondent, a partner of a dissolved firm, filed a criminal complaint alleging that the appellants, partners of another firm, conspired to deprive him of his share by cancelling the partnership deed without following proper dissolution procedures, invoking sections 405 and 420 of the Indian Penal Code. The partners…

The case involved an armed clash between two village groups in Kantharia, Madhya Pradesh, where Prem Singh was killed and several others injured. The trial court convicted eighteen accused under Sections 302, 149, 147, 148, 307, 323 and 324 IPC, but the High Court altered some findings, especially regarding the plea of…

The case concerned the purchase of CANCIGO units worth Rs 33 crore by broker Hiten P. Dalal on behalf of Canbank Financial Services Ltd. (CANFINA) and the alleged involvement of senior CANFINA officials S. Mohan and others. The prosecution alleged that the units, issued in the names of Andhra Bank and its financial ser…

The Supreme Court examined the death of Bakulbala, a married woman found dead at her matrimonial home, and the convictions of her father‑in‑law (Ananda Mohan Sen) and husband (Gouranga Mohan) under Sections 498A and 306 of the IPC. The prosecution proved that she had been subjected to repeated physical and mental cruel…

The appellants, Rikhab Birani and Sadhna Birani, entered into an oral agreement to sell a godown for Rs 1.35 crore, which the buyer, Shilpi Gupta, failed to fully pay, leading the sellers to re‑sell the property at a lower price. The buyer subsequently approached the Metropolitan Magistrate to register an FIR alleging …

The appellants, comprising a husband and his parents-in-law, sought to quash an FIR filed by the wife shortly after divorce proceedings were initiated, alleging offences under Sections 498-A and 114 of the IPC. The High Court dismissed the petition, holding that the allegations, however vague, would be tested at trial.…

The petitioner N. Eswaranathan, convicted of several offences, filed a first Special Leave Petition (SLP) which was dismissed by the Supreme Court with an order to surrender. He subsequently filed a second SLP on the same grounds, with the same Advocate-on-Record (AOR) P. Soma Sundaram and counsel S. Muthukrishnan fili…

The appellants were convicted for the murder of a driver, John Bosco, and his companion Madhan, based largely on circumstantial evidence, including the testimony of a taxi driver who claimed to have last seen the accused with the victims, a retracted confession by one accused, and the recovery of a mobile phone and cam…