Indian Penal Code, 1860

The appellant, accused of insulting her sister‑in‑law's religious sentiments, was charged under Section 504 of the IPC after a complaint alleging that she dragged a deity's idol from a puja room, causing damage and intending to provoke a breach of peace. The Additional Chief Metropolitan Magistrate, applying Section 20…

The case arose from a violent incident on 12 July 1978 in which two brothers, Prem Shanker and Hari Shanker, armed with a knife and a lathi, assaulted and caused the death of Mohan Mishra. The trial court convicted them under Section 302 read with Section 34 IPC, but the Allahabad High Court acquitted them on the groun…

The case involved three accused who attacked a man, causing his death, and also injured his friend. Appellant No.1 used a concealed knife to inflict multiple head injuries that proved fatal; Appellant No.2 cut the victim's back and knee and also wounded the friend; Appellant No.3 struck the victim's right hand causing …

Kheraj Ram, suspecting his wife's infidelity, murdered his wife, two daughters and his brother‑in‑law on the night of 10‑10‑1992. The trial court convicted him under Section 302 IPC and imposed death, relying on a series of circumstantial facts – motive, prior quarrels, his presence with the victims, an extra‑judicial …

The case involved nine accused who conspired to kidnap foreign nationals in India to demand the release of jailed militants. The main conspirator, Umar Sheikh, escaped after an exchange of hijacked‑plane passengers, while six co‑accused were convicted under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA…

Raghbir Singh, convicted under IPC sections 326 and 149 and sentenced to three years' rigorous imprisonment, was released in November 1988 and subsequently contested the Punjab Vidhan Sabha election in February 1992. The respondent filed an election petition alleging that Singh was disqualified under sub‑section 3 of S…

The appellants, Pitchu Mani and Esakkimuthu, were convicted of murder under Sections 302 and 302 read with 34 of the IPC based primarily on the testimony of the deceased's son and wife, who were interested witnesses. The appellants challenged the convictions, arguing that the witnesses could not have covered the 16 km …

The appellants were convicted under Section 307 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code for attempting to murder a victim, causing a spinal injury that resulted in paralysis. The trial court sentenced each appellant to rigorous imprisonment for 14 years and a fine, a sentence affirmed by the High Court. The Supre…

The appellant Somesh Chaurasia sought cancellation of bail granted to the second respondent, who had been convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC and whose sentence was suspended under Section 389(1) CrPC. While the suspension was in force, an FIR (No. 143 of 2019) alleged that the second respondent had murdered the …

The appellant, Sanjay Rajak, was convicted under IPC s.364(A) for kidnapping a 5‑6‑year‑old child and sentenced to life imprisonment. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence: a classmate’s testimony that a man with a covered face, addressed as "uncle" by the child, abducted him; parents’ identification of the…

The CBI investigated a 1992 fraud where a fictitious bank account was opened in the name of Raj Kumar, deposits of Rs 3,22,056 were forged into it and withdrawn through seventeen cheques, leaving a small balance. Two bank employees, Ram Gopal (messenger) and Pankaj Kumar Jain (assistant clerk), were later charged and c…

The Supreme Court examined appeals filed by the State of Uttar Pradesh challenging the High Court's grant of bail to several convicts who had been sentenced to life imprisonment for serious offences under the IPC and the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013. The central issue was whether, at the post‑conviction stage, th…

Saurabh Kumar was arrested in connection with a land‑dispute case and was produced before the Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, who remanded him to judicial custody under an order dated 1 July 2013. The petitioner filed a writ of habeas corpus under Article 32, alleging illegal detention, police brutality and claim…

Shyam Narain Pandey, a school principal, was convicted under IPC sections 147, 148, 302/144 read with 120B and sentenced to life imprisonment. He applied for a stay of his conviction under Section 389(1) of the Code of Criminal Procedure, arguing that the conviction would deprive him of his livelihood, but the High Cou…

The appellant Ohan Singh was convicted for the death of his brother Shiv Ram, who died after being struck on the head with an iron rod during a family property dispute. The prosecution relied on Shiv Ram's dying declaration, recorded by a Head Constable after a doctor certified that he was fit to speak, which identifie…

Mannu Sao was convicted under IPC sections 302 and 201 for murdering his wife, Bimla Devi, whose body was found burnt. He claimed she had committed suicide by self‑immolation, but the post‑mortem showed death by throttling before the burns. The trial and High Courts upheld the conviction based on a chain of circumstant…

Doctor R.R.S. Seth demanded Rs 500 from a relative of a patient for proper medical treatment, directing the payment to be made to his ward boy Nag Narain who would pass it on. A CBI‑led trap recovered the money and the doctor and ward boy were arrested. They were convicted under IPC sections 1208 (conspiracy) and 161 (…

The appellant Sone Lal was convicted of murdering Ram Khilawan after the victim's wife and son testified that he stabbed the deceased three times. The trial court, supported by forensic evidence linking the blood on the knife to the victim, sentenced him to life imprisonment, a decision affirmed by the High Court. The …

Shambhoo Singh was convicted of murder (Sec. 302 IPC) and offences under Secs. 447, 307 and 324 for stabbing his neighbour during a land dispute. The trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment for murder and additional terms for the other offences. The appellant argued that the killing occurred in a sudden quarrel …

Swamy Shraddananda, convicted of murdering his wife Shakereh under sections 302 and 201 IPC, was sentenced to death by the trial court and the Karnataka High Court affirmed the sentence. The Supreme Court, hearing a split decision on sentencing, noted that while the murder was cold‑blooded and motivated by greed, the d…

The appellant wife filed a petition under Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code seeking maintenance, alleging that her husband, who had sufficient means, had neglected and refused to maintain her and was living with another woman. The husband contended that the wife could not prove a second marriage under Section …

Kesar Singh was convicted of murder under Sections 302 and 34 of the IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment on 28 May 1987. After serving a little over eight years, he filed a petition under Section 482 of the CrPC in the Punjab & Haryana High Court seeking premature release. The High Court entertained the petition and…

Dr. Shiv Jatan Thakur, a member of the Bihar Public Service Commission (BPSC), claimed that, as a member, he was entitled to the same facilities and amenities as the Chairman, invoking the Constitution and the BPSC (Conditions of Service) Regulations. He also sought punitive action against the Chairman for allegedly re…

The appellant, Davinder Singh, was convicted by the trial court and the Punjab & Haryana High Court for offences under Sections 376, 452 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code, based on the allegation that he threatened the prosecutrix with a knife at her residence. On appeal before the Supreme Court, the appellant contended…

The CBI filed an FIR in 2006 alleging that a senior Cotton Purchase Officer and his associates conspired to buy cotton at market rates, hoard it, and sell it to the Cotton Corporation of India (CCI) at the higher Minimum Support Price (MSP) through benami farmers, causing an alleged loss of Rs 21.19 crore. A chargeshee…

The appellants were convicted under Sections 302, 307 and 34 of the IPC for the murder of Sukha based primarily on the testimony of the complainant and other prosecution witnesses. During bail proceedings, three eyewitnesses submitted affidavits stating that the appellants were not involved, but the investigating offic…

The Supreme Court examined a criminal appeal filed by the State of West Bengal challenging a High Court order that had set aside the conviction of an accused under the POCSO Act and IPC for raping a 14‑year‑old girl who later married him and bore a child. The Court restored the conviction for offences under Section 6 o…

The National Investigation Agency (NIA) investigated members and office bearers of the Popular Front of India (PFI) for alleged offences under the IPC and the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), including conspiracy, recruitment, and weapons training aimed at establishing an Islamic state. The respondents were…

The appellants Chandrasekar and another were convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC and of voluntarily causing hurt under Section 324 IPC for repeatedly assaulting the deceased on the head with a hammer, sickle and iron rod, resulting in his death. The prosecution relied heavily on the testimony of an injured eyewit…

The appellant Jose was convicted for murdering his wife by dousing her with petrol and setting her ablaze while she slept, and for attempting to murder his grandchild. The prosecution relied on the victim's dying declaration, recorded by a doctor, and a series of circumstantial facts indicating motive, opportunity, and…

The appellant Rohtash was convicted by the High Court for dowry death under Sections 304‑B and 498‑A IPC, based on alleged dowry demands of Rs.10,000 and Rs.5,000 and the claim that his wife Indro committed suicide by poison. The trial court had acquitted all accused, finding material inconsistencies in witness stateme…

The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) appealed against the High Court's order discharging Ramesh Chander Diwan of offences under Sections 120B and 420 of the IPC, on the ground that no sanction under Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) had been obtained. Diwan, originally appointed by the Governmen…

The appellant, Ramanuj Kumar, filed a petition for divorce under Sections 13(1)(ia) and (iii) of the Hindu Marriage Act, alleging irretrievable breakdown of his marriage to Priyanka. The parties had been living separately for over eleven years, with the appellant caring for their elder daughter and the respondent carin…

The case concerned the alleged murder of Amina and her three daughters by setting them on fire, for which the accused, Aejaz Ahmad Sheikh's brother, was initially convicted and sentenced to death. The High Court later acquitted him, prompting appeals by the State and the complainant. The Supreme Court examined the reli…

The appellants, a mother‑in‑law and her son‑in‑law, were convicted under Section 498‑A of the IPC for cruelty to a woman and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment and fine. They sought to replace the imprisonment with an enhanced fine, but the court held that fine cannot substitute imprisonment under Section 498‑A. The pr…

A four‑year‑old girl studying in the nursery class of Maxfort School, Delhi, alleged that a classmate sexually assaulted her. A charge‑sheet was filed under Section 21 of the POCSO Act read with Section 75 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act against the school principal, two teachers and the V…

In the Bombay High Court, two single judges issued contradictory orders on the same set of facts concerning the framing of a charge under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code. The first judge upheld the charge, while the second judge directed that the charge should not be framed, creating a conflict. The Supreme Court …

The case involves a murder and related offences under the IPC where ten persons were charged, including Accused No.6 (Mohammed Bhava) and Accused No.8 (Mohammed Musthafa). Both had been granted anticipatory bail and regular bail respectively by the Karnataka High Court, orders which were later challenged by the complai…

The appellants, Anuj Singh and Manoj Singh, were involved in a land dispute with Kumar Nandan Singh, who was repairing a wall. During an altercation, the appellants approached the scene armed with firearms and fired at the informant, causing injuries to his left foot and right arm; other accused used spears and lathis.…

The petitioner, convicted of murder and related offences, served 16 years of a life sentence and applied for premature release under Chhattisgarh Prison Rule 358. The appropriate government sought the opinion of the Special Judge who, without providing detailed reasons or considering the factors laid down in Laxman Nas…

The case involved a violent clash between members of two political parties in Kerala, resulting in the murder of a CPI(M) member. Sixteen accused were charged, but the trial court acquitted A-10 to A-16 while convicting five others. The High Court upheld the convictions but reversed the acquittals of A-10 to A-13, rely…

Several convicts sentenced to life imprisonment filed writ petitions challenging Rule 8(2)(i) of the Rajasthan Prisons (Shortening of Sentences) Rules, 2006, which required them to serve 14 years of actual imprisonment and earn a minimum of four years of remission before their cases could be considered for remission. T…

Kumar Ghimirey was convicted under Sections 9 and 10 of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 and Section 341 of the IPC for attempting to sexually assault a seven‑year‑old girl, and was sentenced to seven years’ imprisonment and a fine. On appeal, the Sikkim High Court altered the convictio…

The case arose from a clash between two groups in 1997 where the appellant, Ramesh Kumar @ Babla, was alleged to have struck the complainant with a sword, causing head injuries. The trial court convicted him under Section 307 of the IPC for attempted murder and sentenced him to three years' rigorous imprisonment, a dec…

The case involved the murder of five persons by a large unlawful assembly allegedly motivated by revenge for the death of the village Sarpanch's son. The trial court convicted 17 accused, sentencing six to death and others to life imprisonment, while some were acquitted. On appeal, the High Court reduced the death sent…

The case arose from a violent incident in which the nephew of a first informant, Rajesh, was shot dead and others injured after a dispute over goods. The appellant, Daya Kishan, was convicted under Sections 302, 307, 323 and 148 read with Section 149 of the IPC, the first conviction being based on alleged participation…

The appellant Shaukat and his father Sabbir were charged with killing Wilayat and injuring Rahmat over a dispute about digging earth from a village pond. The trial court convicted Shaukat under Sections 302 and 307 IPC; the High Court reduced the conviction to Section 304(Part I) and 308 IPC, invoking Exception 4 to Se…

The appellant Ram Narayan and eight others were tried for offences under Sections 147, 148, 302, 307 and 436 read with Section 149 of the Indian Penal Code arising from a three‑stage violent incident. The trial court acquitted all accused, relying on alleged inconsistencies in the FIR, the semi‑digested food found in t…

The appellant, M.A. Antony, was convicted of murdering six members of a family in Kerala and sentenced to death, along with other imprisonments, based largely on circumstantial evidence. The prosecution relied on motive, the appellant's presence at the crime scene, forensic evidence such as fingerprints and scalp hair,…

The Sessions Judge convicted the accused under IPC sections 302 read with 34 and 323 read with 34, sentencing them to life imprisonment. The Himachal Pradesh High Court later acquitted the accused, concluding that the prosecution’s version was not credible. The State of Himachal Pradesh appealed this acquittal to the S…

The appellant, while working in his field, struck Rajinder Pal on the head with a spade after a verbal altercation when the victim entered the field. The victim later died, and the trial court convicted the appellant under Section 302 of the IPC, sentencing him to life imprisonment, a decision upheld by the High Court.…

The State of Punjab prosecuted Harjagdev Singh for the murder of his parents. The accused was arrested, gave a disclosure statement that led to the recovery of the murder weapon, and subsequently made a confession before a Judicial Magistrate under Section 164 of the CrPC admitting his guilt. The trial court convicted …

The appellants, owners of Lakhani Rubber Udyog Ltd, lodged a complaint alleging trademark infringement by Saraswati Utpadan Pvt Ltd. The complaint was initially made to the Station House Officer (SHO), who directed the complainant to approach the Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP). The SSP ordered an investigation, …

The case involved the murder of two villagers in Uddandarayunipalem, for which twelve accused were charged under various IPC provisions. The trial court convicted all except A-3 (who died) and the High Court upheld convictions of A-1, A-2, A-10, A-11 and A-12 while acquitting A-4 to A-9 on the ground of insufficient ev…

Govindasami was accused of murdering his uncle Nagamalai, the latter's wife, two sons and a daughter in May 1984. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence: a land‑dispute motive, a wrist‑watch recovered from the crime scene that belonged to the accused, a blood‑stained lungi and a promissory note found on him,…

The Supreme Court examined the convictions of five accused (Al, A2, A3, A4, A5) for the murders of Savitri Devi and her grandson Sunil and related robbery. The Sessions Court had sentenced them to life imprisonment, but the Karnataka High Court enhanced the sentences of Al, A2 and A3 to death. The Court held that the H…

Advocate R.K. Garg, appearing for a petitioner in a Rent Act matter, threw his shoe at the presiding judge after the petition was dismissed for non‑payment of process fee under Order 9 Rule 2 CPC. The judge sought to arrest him under Section 228 IPC and referred the matter to the Himachal Pradesh High Court under Secti…

The appellant, a 17‑year‑old at the time of the 2016 offence, was identified as a Child in Conflict with Law (CICL) but the charge sheet was filed directly before a Sessions Court without referral to a Juvenile Justice Board (JJB). The trial court convicted him under sections of the IPC and the POCSO Act and sentenced …

The appellants, directors of Priknit Apparel Ltd, received an investment of Rs 2.5 crore from Respondent No. 2 (SMC Global Securities) in exchange for 2,50,000 equity shares, but failed to launch an IPO as per the memorandum of understanding. The complainant filed a police complaint in Delhi which was dismissed, and su…

The appellant, Ramesh alias Dapinder Singh, was the driver of two maternal uncles (S and N) who assaulted the informant PW1 and his friends, resulting in the death of one friend. The trial court convicted all three accused under Sections 302, 323, and 324 read with Section 34 of the IPC, a conviction affirmed by the Hi…

The case arose from a violent clash during a panchayat election in Sehore, Madhya Pradesh, where a group of accused, armed with lathis and fasris, attacked members of the complainant party, resulting in one death and several injuries. The trial court acquitted all seventeen accused, reasoning that the incident occurred…

The case involves the kidnapping and murder of a seven‑year‑old boy, Kamlesh, whose body was discovered on a hillock after he failed to return from school. The prosecution relied solely on circumstantial evidence, including eyewitnesses who saw the accused with the child, recovery of blood‑stained clothing from one acc…

Umesh Singh was convicted for the murder of Shailendra Kumar, who was shot with a revolver and rifle by Singh and several co‑accused. The prosecution relied on the eye‑witness testimony of the victim’s cousin (PW2) and corroborating statements of other witnesses, while the defence challenged the validity of the FIR (ar…

The GHCL Employees Stock Option Trust filed a criminal complaint alleging that the Managing Director, Company Secretary and other directors of M/s. India Infoline Ltd. (the respondents) had sold 8,76,668 of its shares and misappropriated the proceeds, constituting criminal breach of trust and cheating. A Metropolitan M…

The deceased Kailash, married to Rakesh, was subjected to dowry harassment by her husband and mother‑in‑law and was set ablaze in their home, resulting in her death. The prosecution relied primarily on Kailash's dying declaration, which was recorded by a Judicial Magistrate after a doctor certified her fitness to testi…

The appellant Sayed Darain Ahsan was convicted under IPC sections 302 and 34 for the murder of Mughal, based on the testimony of four local eyewitnesses who identified him and his associate as the shooters. The defence argued that the eyewitness accounts conflicted with medical evidence showing only a single bullet wou…

The case involved the murder of Pratima Nandi on 23 February 2002. An eight‑year‑old girl, Manika (PW‑2), testified that the accused, Promode Dey, entered the house with a large dao and killed her mother. Her testimony was corroborated by her grandmother (PW‑1), her father (PW‑11), a village resident (PW‑8) and the rec…

The appellant-wife, K. Neelaveni, complained that her husband had contracted a second marriage, given gold ornaments, subjected her to cruelty and forced her to abort a pregnancy, leading to a police charge‑sheet under IPC sections 406, 494 and 498A. The accused filed a petition in the Madras High Court seeking quash o…

Jagdish, a Class‑3 life convict sentenced in 1999, applied for premature release after serving more than ten years. The High Court ordered his case to be considered under the remission policy dated 04‑02‑1993, rejecting the newer short‑sentencing policy of 13‑08‑2008. The State appealed, arguing that the later policy, …

Netraaj Singh was acquitted by a trial court of charges under IPC s.302 r/w s.149 on the ground of inadequate evidence. The State appealed, and during the pendency of the appeal the appellant obtained permission to replace his counsel with Mr. Ashutosh Singh. However, the cause list for the final hearing still named th…

The Inspector of Police (Vigilance & Anti‑Corruption) in Tiruchirappalli received information that the accused, V. Jayapaul, was extracting money from vehicle owners using bogus notices. He lodged a First Information Report under Sections 420, 201 IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption…

The appellant Devender Pal Singh was arrested after being deported from Germany and recorded a confessional statement under Section 15 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act (TADA). The Designated Court convicted him of offences under TADA and the IPC, including criminal conspiracy, and sentenced h…

During the peak of militancy in Punjab, two teenage sons of Diwan Singh were abducted from their home by four armed men, including the appellant Sucha Singh, and were later found shot dead. The parents were present in the house at the time of the abduction. The prosecution proved the abduction and the subsequent murder…

The case arose from a long‑standing rivalry between two neighbouring families over stone slabs that blocked drainage. On 5 October 1984, after a morning altercation in which the appellant's faction slapped the deceased's father, the deceased Natarajan and his brother either pursued the appellant (prosecution version) o…

The accused were tried for murder, dacoity and robbery after the victim's jeep was allegedly hijacked; the trial court acquitted them of murder and dacoity but convicted them of robbery. The State appealed, and the Gujarat High Court reversed the acquittal, convicting the accused of murder and related offences. The Sup…

The appellant Vikas Chandra challenged the summons issued to respondent No.2, the former Secretary of Mandi Samiti, for alleged abetment of his father's suicide under Section 306 IPC. The father had died by poison after allegedly being denied salary, and a suicide note blamed the respondent, but the note contained no r…

Ravindra Kumar applied for a constable post in February 2004 and was later implicated in a criminal case, which he was acquitted of in September 2004. He filed a character verification affidavit in October 2004 stating that no criminal case had ever been registered against him. The State cancelled his selection in Apri…

The appellant Naresh Kumar was convicted under Section 306 of the IPC for allegedly abetting his wife Rani's suicide in 1993, based largely on the fact that she died within seven years of marriage and that he repeatedly demanded money for a business. The prosecution relied on the testimony of the deceased's brother and…

The appellant Vahitha was convicted under Section 302 IPC for allegedly strangling her five‑year‑old daughter in the house of her mother‑in‑law. The prosecution relied on the testimony of the mother‑in‑law, two other family members, and two independent neighbours who saw the appellant near the child's body, as well as …

Apex Laboratories, a pharmaceutical company, claimed a deduction under Section 37(1) of the Income Tax Act for expenses incurred in providing gifts, travel, hospitality and other "freebies" to doctors to promote its product Zincovit. The Assessing Officer, on the basis of a CBDT circular dated 01‑08‑2012 and the 2002 M…

The appellant Raju was convicted along with two others for gang-rape under IPC s.376(2)(g) and appealed, claiming he was a juvenile at the time of the offence. The High Court rejected his claim, finding insufficient evidence, and upheld the conviction. The Supreme Court directed its Registrar (Judicial) to conduct an a…

The State of Madhya Pradesh appealed against two orders of the Madhya Pradesh High Court that quashed FIRs relating to serious offences including IPC sections 307, 294, 34, 394 and Arms Act sections 25 and 27 on the ground that the complainant had reached a compromise with the accused. The Supreme Court examined whethe…

The case arose from the 2009 hooch tragedy in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where spurious country‑made liquor containing methyl alcohol caused 147 deaths and 205 injuries. Ravindersingh @ Ravi Pavar (appellant) and Jayesh Hiralal Thakker (respondent) were charged under several sections of the IPC and the Bombay Prohibition Act …

The husband (K. Srinivas Rao) appealed against a High Court order that set aside a decree of divorce in his favour. The Supreme Court examined whether the wife’s filing of false, indecent and defamatory complaints, and multiple criminal proceedings against him and his family, amounted to mental cruelty under s.13(1)(i‑…

During a ceremonial feast at Kishan Singh's house, appellant Som Raj (Soma) assaulted his nephew Sardari Lal with a sharp‑edged agricultural implement called a 'darat', striking the back of the victim's head and causing a fatal skull injury. Five eyewitnesses (PW1, PW2, PW3, PW6, PW8) testified that the appellant was a…

In 1997 the prosecutrix was abducted, raped and beaten by three accused who were later convicted under IPC sections 376(2)(g) and 342 and sentenced to ten years' rigorous imprisonment with a fine of Rs 1,000 each. The accused had already served about three and a half years when they appealed to the Supreme Court, conte…

The appellant, Dayal Das, was convicted under IPC sections 304(Part‑II) and 328 and Rajasthan Excise Act s.54‑A for the death of Lal Chand, who allegedly died after consuming illicit liquor at the appellant's soda‑lemon shop. The sole evidence linking the appellant was the statement of PW‑12, who said he saw Lal Chand …

The case involved the murder of money‑lender RL and his wife during a robbery of their house‑cum‑shop, where the accused A‑1 (Gordhan Lal), A‑2 (Bharat Kumar) and A‑3 (Ramesh) were convicted of murder, robbery and related offences. The prosecution relied on a chain of circumstantial evidence, including blood‑stained cl…

The respondents were acquitted by a trial court of offences under IPC sections 498A and 304B. The State of Rajasthan filed an application under CrPC section 378(1) seeking leave to appeal the acquittal, which the Rajasthan High Court dismissed without recording any reasons. The Supreme Court held that an order refusing…

Mis. Amtek India Ltd. purchased plant and machinery and was assessed a penalty under Section 78(5) of the Rajasthan Sales Tax Act, 1994 on the ground that the invoice and delivery challan dates did not match, leading the Assessing Officer to deem the documents non‑genuine. The assessee successfully challenged the penal…

Om Prakash, a 23‑year‑old BSF constable, was convicted of murdering seven members of a rival family in a pre‑meditated attack stemming from a long‑standing land dispute. The trial court sentenced him to death, which the High Court upheld. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the case qualified as a "rarest of …

The State of Karnataka prosecuted four respondents for the murders of two brothers, alleging they were killed with an axe and sickle. The trial court convicted them under IPC sections 302, 34 and 324 based on eye‑witness testimony, recovered blood‑stained weapons, and post‑mortem reports. The Karnataka High Court acqui…

Ten persons, including eight appellants, were tried for murder (Sec. 302 read with Sec. 149 IPC) and other offences arising from an assault on the deceased Halke. The High Court convicted them of murder and sentenced them to life imprisonment, along with convictions under Sec. 323 and Sec. 325 IPC for causing hurt. On …

The Supreme Court examined the appeal of Laxman Naik, who was convicted of raping and murdering his 7‑year‑old niece. The prosecution case was built entirely on circumstantial evidence, including eyewitnesses who saw the accused and victim together, the accused’s false statements about the victim’s whereabouts, medical…

The appellants were convicted for the murder of Bali and for causing injuries to his wife, based on the testimony of several eye‑witnesses and medical reports. The trial court sentenced them to life imprisonment under IPC s.302 read with s.34 and six months under s.323/34; the High Court reduced the murder charge to cu…

The appellant, Manish Yadav, was charged under the IPC for rape, assault and criminal intimidation and under the SC/ST Act for caste-based atrocities, based on allegations that he induced a consensual relationship through a false promise of marriage and later abused the complainant. The complainant’s statement under Se…

Mohd. Tahir Hussain, an under‑trial accused in multiple FIRs including rioting and the murder of an IB official, has been in custody since March 2020 and sought interim bail to contest and campaign in the 2025 Delhi Assembly elections. The Delhi High Court allowed only a custodial parole for filing his nomination, prom…

The appellants Thammaraya and Basappa were convicted for murder and concealment of dead body under Sections 302, 201 and 34 of the IPC based largely on circumstantial evidence and alleged disclosure statements that led to the recovery of certain articles. The prosecution's case hinged on the recovery of a gold chain, d…

The appellants, a married couple, obtained a passport for their minor child allegedly without the husband’s genuine consent, leading the husband to file a complaint alleging forgery of his signature and cheating. The trial magistrate ordered further investigation, resulting in a supplementary charge‑sheet that added of…

Pooja Pal, the widow of slain MLA Raju Pal, alleged that the state police and administration were complicit or indifferent in the murder of her husband and sought a fresh investigation by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The High Court dismissed her writ petition, but the Supreme Court held that when an inves…

The Supreme Court examined whether the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) is a "State" under Article 12 and concluded that, although it is not, it performs public functions and is therefore amenable to writ jurisdiction under Article 226. The Court upheld the Probe Committee’s findings that Gurunath Meiyappan…

The appellants Shaikh Rafiq and Fatimbee were convicted for the murder of Noor Miya Mohd. Hussain, allegedly after they, together with the deceased's daughter‑in‑law Jaibunisa, came to his house and, following a dispute, poured kerosene on him and set him alight. The conviction rested solely on a dying declaration reco…

The deceased, married to the brother of the appellant, was allegedly poured with kerosene and set alight by the appellant and her mother. She escaped the house, was rescued by neighbours, and later died from extensive burns. While in the hospital, a dying declaration was recorded by a Munsif Magistrate with the assista…

The appellant Dastagir Sab and another were convicted of rape under Section 376(2)(g) of the IPC. The prosecution proved that the victim had seen the accused on three occasions before the assault, that the accused were chased, caught, and allegedly confessed, and that semen was found on the victim's clothing. The defen…

Lehna was convicted of murder (Sec. 302 IPC), attempt to murder (Sec. 324 IPC) and assault (Sec. 458 IPC) for killing his mother, brother and sister‑in‑law and injuring his father and nephew during a family land dispute. The trial court sentenced him to death, which the High Court confirmed. On appeal, the Supreme Cour…

The Supreme Court examined a murder case where Sanjiv Kumar was seen entering and exiting the victim's house with a knife, was found with blood‑stained clothes, and a knife bearing human blood was recovered from his residence. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the recovery of blood‑stained cl…

The appellant, a sepoy in the Indian Army, was accused of murdering his wife whose headless, highly decomposed body was found in a well. He made a voluntary extra‑judicial confession to military officers admitting to strangling his wife, and later, at his suggestion, the police recovered the victim’s head from another …

Chandra Mohan Tiwari and Ram Pal Singh Sengar were convicted of murder after the Madhya Pradesh High Court set aside a trial court acquittal. They appealed to the Supreme Court under Section 379 of the CrPC and Section 2(a) of the Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act, 1970, challenging the…

The dispute arose over a proposed drain through the fields of the complainant, Baghel Singh, leading to a violent clash between his party and that of Swaran Singh and his brothers. During the altercation, Swaran Singh, armed with a rifle, fired two shots that killed Kandhara Singh and Darbara Singh, while his brothers …

The Uttar Pradesh State prosecuted four police officers for the death of Brijlal, who was arrested on a spurious charge and died in police custody after being beaten. The prosecution relied heavily on Brijlal's dying declaration to the magistrate, which identified the Station House Officer and constables as his assaila…

The appellant S.D. Soni was married to Varsha, who was found dead in their matrimonial home. The defence claimed suicide, citing a note (Exh. 80) and alleged poisoning, while the prosecution alleged homicide, pointing to internal injuries to the pancreas and spleen and a fabricated suicide note. The Court held that the…

The respondent, a retired Air Force officer who had been re‑employed and transferred to the Regular Air Force Reserve and subsequently to the Auxiliary Air Force, was charged under section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act for offences alleged to have occurred between March 1965 and March 1967. He moved to have …

The State of Uttar Pradesh sued Kishori Lal for the shortfall of Rs 20,100 that arose when the excise licences he won at a public auction were resold at a lower price because he failed to deposit one‑sixth of the bid amount as required by the Excise Rules. The respondent argued that no contract was completed under Arti…

The original plaintiff filed a suit for specific performance of an oral sale agreement dated 12‑02‑1986 concerning a property that the owner subsequently sold to defendants No.2 and No.3 on 29‑08‑1986. The trial court granted the decree in favour of the plaintiff, but the first appellate court set aside the decree, hol…

Pawan Kumar was convicted of murder and attempt to murder (IPC ss.302, 307 read with s.34) and sentenced to life imprisonment and seven years rigorous imprisonment. He contended that he was a juvenile at the time of the offence (01‑12‑1995) and sought the benefit of the Juvenile Justice Act. The trial court and High Co…

The Supreme Court upheld the convictions of Harpal Singh @ Chhota and co‑accused for kidnapping, abduction for ransom and conspiracy under IPC §§ 364A, 395, 412, 471, 1208 and Arms Act § 25. The Court found the victim’s testimony – recorded under §§ 161 and 164 Cr.P.C. and reiterated at trial – to be truthful and suffi…

The appellant Subhasish Mondal was convicted of murdering his elder brother and mother in Kharagpur, allegedly motivated by a grievance over a job given to his brother after their father's death. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the victim's injuries, the presence of a silver chain belonging…

The appellant, the divorced wife of the first accused, challenged summons issued against her in a case under Section 420 read with Section 34 IPC. The police investigation had filed a refer report stating that the complaint was not proved, and the complainant testified that only the husband had been entrusted with mone…

Senior advocate R.K. Anand was held guilty of contempt for attempting to suborn a court witness in a criminal trial where he represented the accused. The Delhi High Court punished him with a four‑month ban from appearing before the High Court, a fine of Rs 2,000 and recommended that he be stripped of his senior‑advocat…

The case arose from a violent clash between two rival families over a land dispute, which culminated in the murder of Gurdial Singh and injuries to several others. Eight persons, armed with guns and gandasas, assembled and attacked the victims; three of the accused died during trial, leaving five to stand trial. The tr…

The appellant Surinder Kumar was convicted under Sections 304B and 498A of the IPC for the death of his wife, Kiran Bala, who suffered 90% burn injuries and gave a dying declaration blaming him for dowry demands. The appellant challenged the admissibility of the declaration, arguing that his wife was too injured to mak…

The appellant, Kunjumon, entered a house with a common intention to commit robbery, threatened an 11‑year‑old girl and subsequently dragged a 90‑year‑old woman from her cot, beating her on the head with a wall clock, leading to her death. He was convicted by the trial court and the High Court under IPC sections 302 (mu…

The case arose from an assault on Omkar Lal, who was attacked with pharsas and lathis by three accused. The trial court convicted all three under Section 307 IPC (attempt to murder) and sentenced them to five years’ rigorous imprisonment and a fine. The High Court acquitted one accused, altered the conviction of the re…

The appellants, members of a political faction, assaulted the deceased with deadly weapons, causing his death, and injured three other persons. They were convicted under Sections 302 read with 34 and 307 read with 34 of the Indian Penal Code. On appeal they argued that the father of the deceased was not examined, that …

The appellant, MD Rafique, was charged with murder (Sec. 302 IPC) and voluntarily causing hurt (Sec. 398 IPC) for shooting the shop owner and assaulting his sons. The trial court convicted him on both counts; the Calcutta High Court upheld the murder conviction but set aside the 398 conviction. On appeal, the appellant…

On 31 July 1989, a group of accused, including Kalyan Singh, allegedly surrounded a well where Durga Singh Rawat was bathing and Kalyan Singh is said to have urged Budh Singh to fire, resulting in the victim's death. The trial judge, after detailed analysis of witness statements and noting inconsistencies and the enmit…

The appellant, Ahmad Umar Saeed Sheikh, was charged under IPC sections 307, 332, 427, the Foreigners Act, and TADA sections 3 and 4. He contended that the FIR, lodged on a Sub‑Inspector's complaint, was invalid because it was recorded without the prior approval of the District Superintendent of Police required by TADA …

R.C. Sood, then Registrar of the Rajasthan High Court, was suspended by the High Court under Rule 13 of the Rajasthan Civil Services (Classification, Control and Appeal) Rules, 1958, on the allegation that he altered a draft recruitment advertisement, changing the age eligibility date from 1 January 1994 to 1 January 1…

The appellant was charged under Section 307 IPC for stabbing a victim and was granted bail by the Sessions Judge. The State appealed, and the Gujarat High Court cancelled the bail, citing the victim's status as a social and political worker and the seriousness of the offence. The Supreme Court held that cancellation of…

Murari Lal was convicted of murder and related offences on the basis of two key pieces of evidence: a wrist‑watch belonging to the deceased recovered at his instance, and a handwritten note found beside the dead body that a handwriting expert identified as being written by the appellant. The appellant contended that th…

Mafabhai Motibhai Sagar was convicted of murder and related offences and sentenced to life imprisonment. After the Supreme Court directed a speedy decision on his remission application, the Gujarat Government granted remission but imposed four conditions, two of which the appellant challenged as vague and arbitrary. Th…

The appellant, who filed the FIR, was convicted along with three others for murder and related offences based on eyewitness testimony and forensic evidence. During the trial, the defence counsel admitted the genuineness of the prosecution's documents and dispensed with formal proof, invoking Section 294 of the CrPC. Th…

The appellant, Mohd. Firoz, was convicted of rape and related offences under Sections 376(2)(i), 376(2)(m) and 376A of the IPC and Sections 5(i), 5(m) read with 6 of the POCSO Act, and was sentenced to life imprisonment (with the qualification ‘remainder of his natural life’) for the IPC offences and 20 years for the 3…

The appellant, mother of a 12‑year‑old girl, alleged that her brother‑in‑law sexually assaulted the child, causing severe trauma and a decline in academic performance. An FIR was filed under IPC sections 354 and 354A and POCSO Act sections 7, 8, 9 and 11. The Sessions Court denied anticipatory bail to the accused, but …

The case arose from the murder of journalist Gauri Lankesh, investigated under the Karnataka Control of Organised Crimes Act, 2000 (KCOCA). The Commissioner of Police granted prior approval under Section 24(1)(a) to invoke Section 3 of KCOCA against several accused, including Mohan Nayak, based on material indicating o…

The appellant Prem Shankar Prasad filed an FIR against respondent No.2 for offences under sections 406, 407, 468 and 506 IPC. An arrest warrant was issued, the accused absconded and a proclamation under s.82 CrPC was made, followed by proceedings under s.82‑83. The trial court dismissed the accused's anticipatory bail …

The complainant alleged that a property inherited from her father was fraudulently transferred to her brother through a forged will and deed, and that the brother subsequently executed a lease to accused No.4, who sub‑leased it to HPCL. The complaint also implicated several other parties, but the High Court quashed the…

The appellant, Surinder Kumar, was accused of setting fire to his lover Kamlesh Rani, who later died from severe burns. The sole evidence against him was a dying declaration recorded by an executive magistrate at a hospital, which alleged that Kumar had poured kerosene on her and set her ablaze. The trial court rejecte…

The case arose from a violent clash over disputed land in Jind, where several accused, armed with pistols, lathis and other weapons, assembled and attacked a group of persons, resulting in the death of Krishan and injuries to others. The trial court convicted the appellants under Sections 302, 307, 323, 324, 148, 449 I…

The appellants, licensees of arrack shops, were convicted under Section 57A(iii) of the Kerala Abkari Act, 1967 for selling liquor adulterated with methanol. Samples taken from their godowns revealed the presence of the noxious substance, and the prosecution argued that the licencees had either mixed or permitted the m…

The case involved the murder of Chandra Pal Singh, for which respondent No.2 was alleged to have conspired with S.B. Singh to hire shooters. The trial court denied bail, but the Allahabad High Court granted bail, reasoning that the prosecution case was weak and that key statements were recorded only after 2.5 months. T…

The State prosecuted Rakiappan and others for the homicidal death of two persons, relying on the testimony of PW2, a 12‑year‑old child who was injured during the incident. PW2 regained consciousness and gave a statement to the investigating officer on 13 December 1995, which the trial court accepted, convicting the acc…

The State of Punjab appealed the acquittal of Gurdip Kaur and co‑accused by the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The trial court had convicted them under IPC s.302 read with s.34 for murder. The High Court set aside the convictions, citing a substantial delay in lodging the FIR, an unexplained delay in forwarding the rep…

The State of Goa charged Subhash Ghogle with murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly strangling Bendita Parriera on 4 January 1999. The trial court convicted him based on a series of circumstantial facts, including alleged motive, presence at the scene, noises of a quarrel, and forensic evidence, and sentenced him t…

The trial court convicted the accused under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for murder. The Punjab and Haryana High Court set aside the conviction, acquitting the accused on the basis of a substantial delay in lodging the FIR, a further delay in forwarding the report to the Elaka Magistrate, and a discrepan…

The deceased was allegedly struck on the head with a crowbar by his brother during a domestic altercation, leading to his death. The trial court convicted the brother under Section 304 Part‑II of the IPC. On appeal, the Calcutta High Court acquitted him, holding that the eyewitness testimonies were unreliable, there wa…

The case involved a mass murder in which 24 persons were accused of killing five members of a family, including the brutal decapitation of three victims and the burning alive of a ten‑year‑old boy, allegedly as revenge for the earlier murder of A‑1's brother. The prosecution relied on two eye‑witnesses who were close r…

Three brothers—Raj Mohammad, Niaz Ali and Gulzar Ali—were convicted for the murder of Tara Chand, a factotum of Jai Paul, based on circumstantial evidence, letters showing motive, and recovered weapons. The prosecution relied on letters seized from the accused, expert handwriting analysis, and statements by the accused…

The case involved a dacoity and murder where five accused were committed to the Sessions Court; one accused, MR, was granted pardon by the Chief Judicial Magistrate after commitment and examined as an approver. The Supreme Court held that after a case is committed to a Sessions Court, only that Court can grant pardon u…

The case arose from an altercation between two families in Jahangir Puri, Delhi, after which Babu Ram (non‑appellant) fetched a licensed gun and fired indiscriminately from a roof, killing two persons and injuring twenty‑six others. The appellants – Sunil, Shri Krishan and Ravinder – were convicted under Sections 302 a…

The Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999 (FEMA) repealed the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973 (FERA) but saved prosecutions for offences under sections 56 and 57 of FERA if cognizance was taken within two years of FEMA's commencement. An Enforcement Officer appointed under FERA filed a complaint on 11 February 20…

The case concerned the kidnapping and murder of 15‑year‑old Ajit Pal, for which three relatives – Rajesh Yadav, Raja Yadav and Om Prakash Yadav – were convicted and sentenced to death (two of them) and life imprisonment based largely on circumstantial evidence and confessions recorded before they were formally accused.…

The appellant Kala Singh and co-accused were involved in a sudden fight with the deceased, Shamber Singh, after a quarrel over a stolen pigeon while intoxicated. The co-accused struck the deceased on the head with a rod, causing death, after which the body was disposed of in a canal. The trial court convicted them unde…

The case involved Dalbir Singh, a constable of the CRPF, who was convicted in a criminal trial for firing his service weapon, leading to his dismissal from service. He was later acquitted by the High Court, reinstated, and subsequently faced a fresh departmental charge sheet alleging misuse of his service rifle in 1993…

The respondents were convicted under Sections 466, 467, 468, 471 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code for forging documents to appropriate property. The trial court sentenced them to imprisonment ranging from one to three years. The High Court reduced each sentence to the period already served, relying on the respondents'…

The appellant, Suresh Sakharam Nangare, was convicted along with his co-accused for the murder of his brother-in-law, Sanjay Lokhare, who died from severe burns. The prosecution's case relied primarily on the testimony of an approver, Shabbir Fariyad Khan, who claimed the appellant only held the victim's legs after the…

The CBI investigated a scheme in which bank officials and private individuals defrauded Vijaya Bank of Rs 1.27 crore by sanctioning housing loans. K. Narayana Rao, a panel advocate for the bank, was charged as accused 6 for allegedly giving false legal opinions on ten loans. The High Court, invoking Section 482 of the …

The appellant, Malleshippa, was convicted of murder, kidnapping and concealment of dead body under Sections 302, 364 and 201 IPC based on the testimony of the deceased's mother and wife and police officers. The body was highly decomposed, headless and handless, and its identification relied solely on underwear and a wa…

The appellants were convicted by the Andhra Pradesh High Court for causing the death of Khambam Venkatramana Reddy, based primarily on the eye‑witness testimony of the victim's wife that the accused threw a 25‑30 kg stone on the victim's head. The defence argued that the principal accused was crippled by polio and coul…

The Supreme Court examined whether J. Jayalalithaa, convicted under the Prevention of Corruption Act and sentenced to three years' rigorous imprisonment, could be appointed Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu after her party won a majority. The Court held that a person convicted and sentenced to imprisonment of two years or m…

The appellants, Rammi alias Rameshwar and Bhura alias Sajjan Kumar, were charged with murder of Sardar Singh Thakur inside a moving bus, allegedly as revenge for a prior killing. The prosecution relied on the testimony of the bus driver, the conductor, and a passenger, as well as weapons recovered under Section 27 of t…

The State of U.P. prosecuted Dharmendra Singh and Narendra for the pre‑meditated murder of five members of a complainant’s family, including children and an elderly man, after a personal grievance and an attempted molestation. The trial court convicted them under Section 302 IPC and sentenced them to death, calling the…

The appellant, a doctor who tested HIV‑positive, had his status disclosed by Hospital Z when he was about to marry Ms. Y, leading to social ostracism. He filed a consumer complaint seeking damages for breach of medical confidentiality and violation of his right to privacy under Article 21. The Supreme Court held that t…

The dispute arose when the respondents, armed, attacked Partap Singh after a protest over burnt sugarcane damaging his wheat crop, leading to his death. The trial court convicted the respondents under section 302 IPC (murder) and sentenced them to life imprisonment. The High Court, however, acquitted them of murder, co…

The petitioners, adolescents under twenty‑one, were convicted of murder under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code and sentenced to life imprisonment. They sought relief under Section 5 of the Punjab Borstal Act, 1926, which allows detention in a Borstal Institution in lieu of transportation or rigorous imprisonment fo…

Seven persons were tried for a series of murders allegedly committed as part of a criminal conspiracy under s.302 read with s.120B IPC, and for murder under s.302 read with s.34 IPC. The trial court acquitted all of them of the conspiracy charge but convicted two of them (accused 1 and 6) for the murder of Malan. The H…

The respondent, Dr. G.K. Ghosh, a government orthopaedic surgeon, was convicted by a Special Judge for demanding and accepting illegal gratification from a patient’s father under Section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 and for criminal intimidation under Section 161 IPC. The conviction was set aside b…

The appellant, Pramod Suryabhan Pawar, sought to quash a First Information Report (FIR) filed under Sections 376, 417, 504, 506(2) of the IPC and Sections 3(1)(u), (w) and 3(2)(vii) of the SC/ST Act, alleging that the allegations were based on a false promise to marry and on WhatsApp messages sent before the relevant p…

The case involved the murder of Chander Bhan, an election agent of a losing candidate, allegedly killed by supporters of the same candidate to frame the winning candidate in a false case. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including an extra‑judicial confession, forensic recovery of a gun and pellets, a…

Lt. Col. Prasad Shrikant Purohit, a serving Army officer, was accused of conspiring with others to plant a bomb in Malegaon in 2008, resulting in six deaths. The case was investigated first by the Anti‑Terrorist Squad (ATS) and later by the National Investigation Agency (NIA), leading to divergent charge‑sheets, with t…

The case arose from the killing of nine persons and injuries to many villagers in Netai, West Bengal, where the CBI investigated and filed a charge sheet against 21 accused, some of whom were absconders. After the charge sheet, several proclaimed offenders were arrested and the CBI sought police remand under Section 16…

The appellants were convicted under Sections 302 and 364A of the IPC for kidnapping a 16‑year‑old boy, demanding a Rs 50 lakh ransom and murdering him, and were sentenced to death. They challenged the constitutionality of Section 364A on the ground that its mandatory death or life imprisonment provision was disproporti…

The case concerned the murder of Bhavna Tripathi, the daughter‑in‑law of accused No.1 (Shashi Tripathi), who was alleged to have hired contract killers (accused Nos.2 and 4) to kill her over a domestic dispute. The sole eyewitness, a 13‑year‑old servant (PW‑21), identified the accused and described how accused No.4 cau…

The petitioner, Manjeet Singh Khera, sought a court order directing the prosecution to produce the original complaint filed with the Anti‑Corruption Bureau that had initiated the investigation leading to an FIR and charge‑sheet under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and IPC s.109. The prosecution contended that t…

The respondent, Sanjay Kumar, was convicted of raping and murdering an 18‑year‑old girl, Divya Rani, and was sentenced to death by the Sessions Court. The High Court of Allahabad commuted the death sentence to life imprisonment, holding that the case did not fall within the "rarest of rare" category. The State of Uttar…

The appellants, bank officials, filed a petition under Section 482 of the Code of Criminal Procedure seeking to quash a criminal complaint filed by a guarantor alleging offences under the IPC. The Sub‑Divisional Judicial Magistrate had taken cognizance of the complaint and issued non‑bailable warrants without examining…

Three police constables were accused of robbery under Sections 392 and 411 of the Indian Penal Code. While the criminal trial was pending, the authorities initiated departmental proceedings under the Bihar Police Manual. The constables were later acquitted in the criminal case, but the departmental inquiry led to their…

The appellants, who were first cousins of the complainant, removed tubewell pipes from a piece of common land while armed with spades. When the complainant party intervened and objected, a verbal altercation escalated into a physical fight, during which the deceased Sikander Singh was killed and two others were injured…

The State of Maharashtra prosecuted fifteen accused for a violent incident in which two persons were killed and three injured. The trial court convicted five of them under Section 302 IPC (murder) with life imprisonment and others under Sections 324 and 452 IPC. The Bombay High Court acquitted the accused of the murder…

The Supreme Court examined the case of Ram Badan Sharma and his father-in‑law, who were accused of killing their daughter‑in‑law Sanju Kumari by poisoning her after persistent demands for a colour TV, a motorcycle and cash. The prosecution proved that the accused repeatedly demanded dowry, harassed and beat the victim,…

The case involved a mob of sixty persons who formed an unlawful assembly with the common object of murdering Satwa and his sons. The trial court convicted thirteen accused and acquitted the rest, including Ganesh K. Gulve (accused No.24). The High Court upheld the convictions of eleven accused, reversed Gulve's acquitt…

The case concerned the murder of Pallamareddi Ramanareddi by bombs allegedly hurled by Tallurri Venkaiah Naidu (appellant) and co‑accused. The trial court acquitted several accused but convicted the appellant under sections 120‑B/302 IPC and related provisions. The High Court set aside the trial court's acquittals and …

Six accused were tried for a terrorist attack on a temple. All made confessional statements before a Superintendent of Police under Section 15 of the Terrorist and Disruptive (Prevention) Activities Act (TADA). Two of them, Baba Peer Paras Nath and Baldev Nath, were charged only under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for at…

The State of Punjab charged Tejinder Singh (A‑1) and Darshan Singh (A‑2) with murder of Jasbir Singh after a boundary dispute, alleging that both approached the victim with gandasas and assaulted him, leading to his death. The Special Court convicted A‑1 under s.302 IPC and acquitted A‑2, prompting A‑1 to appeal his co…

Gurdial Singh, along with two others, was charged with murder under Section 302 IPC read with Section 34 and under Section 25 of the Arms Act. The prosecution alleged that the three accused fired at the victim, Ram Pal, causing his instantaneous death, and forensic evidence linked the appellant's unlicensed 12‑bore gun…

The case arose from the murder of a 12‑year‑old domestic help, Vinod Kumar, in 1968. Four persons – Kapil Deo, his wife Sheo Kumari, their son Vidya Sagar and brother Ramapati – were charged under IPC s.302, s.302 read with s.34 and s.201 read with s.34. The trial court convicted Vidya Sagar of murder and the others of…

The petitioner, Ayub, was detained under Section 3(1) of the Gujarat Prevention of Anti-Social Activities Act, 1985 on grounds that he was a "bootlegger" and a "dangerous person" involved in several offences. The petition challenged the detention, arguing that the detaining authority had not applied its mind and that t…

The appellant, a police constable, was summoned to the Senior Superintendent's office and allegedly detained illegally for six days during which he suffered severe genital mutilation and other injuries, as confirmed by medical reports. His wife complained to the police seeking registration of an FIR against the officia…

The case concerned allegations that the Superintendent of a women’s protection home in Patna administered intoxicating substances to inmates and facilitated their sexual exploitation. The accused, respondent No.2, was granted bail by the Patna High Court despite the victim not being notified, contrary to Section 15A(3)…

The State filed a criminal appeal against the discharge of K.N. Nehru, a former minister, and his wife under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The FIR alleged that they had amassed assets disproportionate to their known income, with the investigation also focusing on the income and assets of their son, Arun. Whil…

The appeal concerned the interpretation of Section 2(d) of the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012, where the appellant, a mentally retarded adult, argued that "age" should include mental age so that she could be treated as a child. The Court examined the POCSO Act's objects and reasons, its d…

The appellants, directors of Mukka Welfare Society, were summoned in a criminal complaint alleging breach of trust and cheating in respect of a 1996 sale of society land. The complainant, not a member of the society, filed the complaint more than a decade after the deeds were executed, despite an earlier police investi…

The appellant was charged with misappropriation of funds under the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) for offences under several IPC sections and the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947. After a protracted investigation, he was convicted in 2004 and sentenced to two and a half years' rigorous imprisonment, which…

The appellant, a Sub‑Inspector, married a woman (the second wife) by concealing that he was already married, collected money from her family and threatened them. The second wife filed a complaint alleging offences under Sections 494, 495, 417, 420 and 498A IPC. The High Court quashed the complaint under Section 498A, h…

Narinder Kumar was charged with murdering Kola Ram after a heated exchange during a Baisakhi procession, where he allegedly returned with a 12‑bore gun and shot the victim. The prosecution relied on consistent testimony of four eye‑witnesses, corroborated by medical and forensic evidence linking the appellant to the sh…

On 9 October 1991, Jai Kumar and co‑accused robbed money and a tractor and threw the victim, Raghbir Singh, into a canal. The victim, who was intoxicated, tried to climb out, was kicked on the face and thrown back into the water, resulting in his death. All accused were convicted under IPC sections 392, 397 and 302 rea…

The appellants, members of the managing committee of Shastri Memorial School, obtained a civil decree for possession of a plot of land and later sold a portion of it, after which a First Information Report (FIR) was lodged alleging cheating and offences under Sections 420, 465, 467, 468, 471 and 120B of the IPC. The ap…

Kishan Lal filed a complaint alleging that nine (later ten) accused cheated him of Rs 4.65 crore. An FIR was lodged against all accused, but the charge‑sheet was filed only against Accused 1 and 2, and the Metropolitan Magistrate took cognizance of them. The complainant sought, under Section 173(8) of the CrPC, a direc…

The respondent, a Sub‑Registrar, was convicted by a Special Judge under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 and Section 120‑B IPC and sentenced to rigorous imprisonment. While his appeal was pending, he filed an application under Section 389(1) read with Section 482 of the CrPC seeking suspension of the conviction, …

The father (respondent No.2) lodged an FIR under Section 366 IPC alleging that Nitin Agnihotri (respondent No.1) abducted his daughter. The High Court quashed the FIR and, despite finding no police lapse, imposed a cost of Rs.50,000 on the State and the complainant. The State appealed, contending that cost should not b…