Indian Penal Code, 1860

Astamija Dash, a Management Trainee at Punjab National Bank, was terminated after failing to pass the bank's confirmation test despite being given three attempts and citing pregnancy‑related health issues. She claimed discrimination because another trainee, Indubala, was allowed a fourth attempt. The High Court held in…

The Supreme Court heard an appeal by the State of Chhattisgarh challenging a High Court order that granted bail to an accused (respondent No.3) charged under Sections 302 and 1208 IPC for the murder of a rival political leader during an election campaign. The High Court, while granting bail, examined the credibility an…

The Supreme Court examined appeals by six accused, including Anil Sharma, convicted of murder and other offences under Sections 302, 307, 147, 148, 149, 326 and 452 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The appellants challenged the refusal to allow a fresh examination of a key eyewitness (PW‑6) and contended that Section 3…

The case arose from a violent incident on 12 January 2000 in which a group of accused intercepted a bus, entered it armed with firearms and indiscriminately shot eight passengers, later chasing two survivors to a house where they were also killed. The trial court convicted five of the accused under Section 302 read wit…

Ravinder Singh was convicted under the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987, the IPC, the Explosive Substances Act and the Arms Act for robbery, killing police officers and a train bomb blast that killed 12 and injured 65. The conviction rested on his voluntary confessional statement recorded unde…

Smt. Sujata Mukherjee filed a criminal complaint under Sections 498A, 506 and 323 IPC alleging dowry demand, maltreatment and assault by her husband and his family. The alleged offences occurred at Raigarh (in‑laws' residence) and also at Raipur where the husband allegedly assaulted her. The husband and other responden…

The appellant, Usha Pillai, was appointed guardian of her granddaughter Nivedita after the child's mother committed suicide. The child's father, R.K. Srinivas, abducted the child and took her to the United States, leading the appellant to file a kidnapping complaint. During the criminal trial, the father obtained exemp…

The case arose from a 1993 political clash in Kerala where the deceased, Suresh Babu, was stabbed and beaten to death by members of an unlawful assembly. The trial court convicted several accused under Section 302 read with Section 149 IPC and sentenced them to life imprisonment, also convicting others under Section 32…

The appellants, Ganesh and Avinash Andekar, were convicted of murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for the killing of their neighbour Raghunath, based on the testimony of the victim's daughter and wife who claimed to have witnessed the assault. The trial court had acquitted all accused, finding the …

The appellant, Hardei, a Block Pramukh, was summoned under Section 319 of the CrPC to face trial for alleged embezzlement under the MNREGA scheme, although she was not named in the original FIR or charge‑sheet. The prosecution, after examining witnesses, filed an application under Section 319, alleging that evidence re…

The respondent, Saurabh Bakshi, was convicted under Section 304A of the IPC for causing the deaths of two persons by rash and negligent driving. The trial magistrate sentenced him to one year of rigorous imprisonment and a fine; the High Court reduced the sentence to the 24 days already served, relying on the fact that…

The Supreme Court examined the appeal of Chandra Sonia, convicted of double murder under IPC s.302 and sentenced to life imprisonment on two counts. The prosecution's case rested on an extra‑judicial confession made by the accused to a neighbor (PW 7) on the day of the murders and on the recovery of the alleged murder …

On 4 November 1991, at a restaurant in Pondicherry, Subramani and six others attacked PW1, his brother Tamilvendhan and friends, stabbing Tamilvendhan to death. PW1 survived with injuries and identified Subramani in a test identification parade. The trial court acquitted all accused, doubting PW1's presence, intoxicati…

The Supreme Court examined the murder of Vikramaditya Singh, in which the appellants Patai @ Krishna Kumar and Brij Kishore were accused of accosting the victim with pistols, dragging him to a spot under a peepal tree and facilitating his killing by co‑accused who fired the fatal shots. The appellants contended they me…

The appellants, who were public servants, were charged with offences under the IPC and the Prevention of Corruption Act and contended that the Special Judge could not take cognizance without the prior sanction required by Section 197 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973. The High Court held that the appellants had f…

The State of Karnataka appealed against the Karnataka High Court's reduction of the sentence imposed on Krishnappa for raping an eight‑year‑old girl. The trial court had sentenced him to ten years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine, but the High Court reduced the imprisonment term to four years, citing the accused's age…

The appellants Suresh Rai, Pradeep Rai and Jitendra Prasad Rai were convicted for the murder of Shambhu Rai under IPC sections 302, 34, 109 and the Arms Act, and sentenced to life imprisonment. They appealed, contending that the three alleged eye‑witnesses were not present at the scene, that the investigation was taint…

The appellant, an army personnel, was convicted of murdering four persons and attempting to murder twelve others under IPC sections 302 and 307 and Arms Act sections 25 and 27. Prior to his arrest, a magistrate recorded statements of 27 witnesses under Section 299 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CPC). By the time of tr…

The State of Rajasthan appealed the acquittal of N.K., who had been convicted of rape under Section 376 IPC. The trial court had found the prosecutrix’s testimony reliable, corroborated by her father’s statement and medical evidence showing a ruptured hymen, and had accepted the five‑day delay in lodging the FIR as sat…

Asharfi Lal and Babu, real brothers, along with their sons, entered the house of Smt. Bulakan on the night of 13-14 August 1984 to settle a property dispute. They brutally murdered her two daughters, Kumari Sumati (14) and Kumari Kalkanta (20), using a gandasa and a banka, and attempted to kill Smt. Bulakan herself. Th…

The appellant, Smt. N. Usha Rani, married her first husband in 1999, separated and executed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) in 2005, and subsequently married the respondent twice, the second marriage being registered. The respondent obtained a decree declaring the first marriage void and later filed a criminal revi…

The appellant, Ashok Saxena, entered the complainant's house armed with a knife during an altercation and stabbed the complainant's wife, who later died. The trial court acquitted him, but the High Court convicted him under Section 302 IPC for murder. The appellant challenged the conviction, arguing lack of intent to k…

Jasminbhai Bharatbhai Kothari, convicted under IPC Section 302 read with Section 34 and the Arms Act, sought an extension of temporary bail, which the Gujarat High Court refused. While filing a Special Leave Petition (SLP) before the Supreme Court, he also filed an interlocutory application seeking exemption from surre…

The mother of a deceased woman appealed against the High Court's order acquitting four accused of abetment of suicide under Sections 306, 498A and 34 of the IPC. The trial court had convicted them based on evidence of harassment, but the High Court set aside the conviction, finding no reliable proof of abetment. The Su…

The deceased owner of a property allegedly named his tenants as abettors in a suicide note, leading the police to detain the tenants and demolish the premises with the help of the deceased's relatives. The two tenants filed complaints under Section 156(3) of the Cr.P.C., which were initially mishandled by the magistrat…

The appellant, a senior manager of Exide Industries Ltd., was summoned by a magistrate to stand trial under Sections 406, 504 and 506 of the Indian Penal Code for alleged criminal breach of trust and intimidation arising from a commercial dispute over the price of dissolved acetylene gas supplied by the respondent. The…

The prosecutrix, a married woman with three children, entered into a long‑term sexual relationship with the appellant after he promised to marry her. She became pregnant in 2011, later divorced her husband in 2014, and filed a complaint in 2015 alleging that the appellant had given a false promise of marriage. The Sess…

The petitioners, who were witnesses to a 2016 Jat community agitation in Haryana that involved arson and loss of life, alleged that the trial in Jhajjar was compromised by the influence of a powerful advocate, threats to witnesses, and a biased prosecuting team. They filed a transfer petition under Article 139A(2) of t…

The appellants, who are neighbours of the complainant, were involved in a long‑standing property dispute with the complainant's father. On 19 July 2016 a quarrel occurred, after which the police recorded proceedings under Sections 151, 107 and 116 of the CrPC and directed both parties to maintain peace. Six weeks later…

On December 10, 2006, six accused assaulted Vitthal Hingane and his brother Jagdish, resulting in Jagdish's death. The trial court and High Court convicted all six under sections 302 and 307 IPC, among other charges. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the prosecution proved the guilt of each accused beyond r…

The case arose from a dispute over land acquired for a housing scheme where owners and power‑of‑attorney holders allegedly colluded with a Special Officer of the Rajasthan Housing Board to obtain allotment pattas fraudulently. An FIR was lodged under sections 420, 467, 468 and 471 IPC. The respondents (owners/attorney …

The appellants were convicted only under IPC s.323 r/w s.34 for causing simple injuries, while the State did not appeal. The complainant filed a criminal revision before the High Court, which re‑examined the entire evidence, criticised the autopsy surgeon, held that the case was actually IPC s.302 with intent to cause …

A complaint under IPC sections 498A, 406, 323, 506, 148 and 149 alleged dowry harassment by the husband, his parents, brother and sister‑in‑law. The Additional Sessions Judge held that only the husband could be prosecuted, finding no material against the other accused. The Punjab and Haryana High Court reversed this in…

The appellants Venu @ Venugopal and others were convicted for robbery on a highway between sunset and sunrise, having threatened victims with a knife and seized jewellery and a scooter. The trial court convicted them under Section 395 IPC, but the Karnataka High Court altered the conviction to Section 392 IPC and uphel…

The Central Bureau of Investigation appealed against the acquittal of three accused who were charged under Section 3 of the Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 and Sections 302 and 120B of the Indian Penal Code for the kidnapping and murder of H.N. Wanchoo. The only evidence was their confessiona…

The appellant was convicted of murder (Sec. 302 IPC) and robbery (Sec. 394 IPC) on the basis of two circumstantial facts: he was the last person seen with the deceased Phullobai and silver ornaments allegedly stolen from her were recovered from his house. The Supreme Court held that the ornaments were not properly iden…

Ranjit Kaur filed a criminal complaint against Jatinder Singh under IPC 494 for bigamy and against four others under IPC 109 for abetment. The Judicial Magistrate dismissed the complaint for default because the complainant was absent, and she subsequently filed a second complaint with the same allegations before the sa…

The appellant, a patwari, demanded Rs.200 for supplying copies of revenue records to a landowner, receiving Rs.50 in advance and promising the balance of Rs.150 on the registration date. The landowner paid the Rs.150 to the patwari, after which the Sub‑Divisional Officer, suspecting misconduct, laid a trap and recovere…

The case arose from a violent clash between local Harijan labourers and migrant workers hired by mirasdars during a paddy harvest dispute. On 25 December 1968, the deceased Packiriswami Pillai was attacked and fatally cut on the head and neck by the accused Gopal (A‑1) and others, as witnessed by several eye‑witnesses …

The appellant, Kamaruddin Dastagir Sanadi, was charged with cheating (Sec. 417 IPC) and abetment of suicide (Sec. 306 IPC) after a 21‑year‑old woman, who loved him, committed suicide when he refused to marry her. The trial court acquitted him, finding no evidence of a promise to marry, physical relationship, or any act…

The Directorate of Enforcement filed a complaint under the PMLA alleging that Pavana Dibbur conspired with accused Madhukar Angur to launder proceeds of a fraud at Alliance University by using nominal sale deeds and her bank accounts. The appellant challenged the complaint, arguing that the only predicate offence in th…

The appellant, Amandeep Singh Saran, was charged with offences including IPC Section 409, which carries a maximum sentence of life imprisonment or up to ten years, and was being tried before the Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM) of Raipur, a court that can impose at most seven years imprisonment. Having already spent ove…

The appellant, B.R.K. Aathithan, filed a criminal complaint under Sections 499 and 500 IPC alleging defamation by the respondents for broadcasting his arrest. The Judicial Magistrate dismissed the complaint, finding that the allegations fell within the fourth exception to Section 499. The appellant sought redress throu…

The appellants were accused of illegally purchasing, transporting and exporting iron ore without the requisite mining dispatch permits, violating the Mines and Mineral (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 and related environmental statutes. A Special Court, which is a Sessions Court, took cognizance of the offences o…

The City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra (CIDCO) invited a tender for leasing land for hotel development and allotted the plot to the highest bidder, Metropolis Hotels, which later changed the land use and subdivided the plot, assigning part to Shishir Realty. Complaints of irregularities led to a…

Ramesh Bishnoi was selected for the post of Sub‑Inspector in the CISF and disclosed an FIR from 2009 alleging offences under IPC sections 354, 447 and 509 that were committed when he was a minor. He was acquitted in 2011 due to lack of evidence, but the screening committee cancelled his appointment on the ground of the…

The appellant, accused in a rape case, sought a cloned copy of the contents of a memory card/pen‑drive that the prosecution intended to rely upon, arguing that the electronic record should be treated as a "document" under the Evidence Act and thus be furnished under Section 207 of the CrPC. The trial court and High Cou…

The State of Uttar Pradesh challenged a writ petition filed under Art.226 that sought mandamus against certain respondents for alleged violations of excise licence rules and alleged fraud. The High Court, after examining the investigation, issued a series of sweeping directions ordering the creation of a separate inves…

The complainant alleged that three doctors were negligent, leading to his wife's death, and that the Inquiry Committee of the West Bengal Medical Council deliberately ignored expert reports to shield the doctors. He filed a criminal complaint against the Committee members under IPC sections 201, 120B and 219, claiming …

The appellant, an IAS officer, challenged disciplinary proceedings by filing an Original Application before the Central Administrative Tribunal (CAT) seeking quash of a charge memo dated 30‑11‑1999, asserting she received it only on 19‑6‑2002 and thus was within the limitation period. The respondents contended the memo…

Shaik China Brahmam (A‑2) and Shaik Khasim Saida (A‑1) jointly attacked Shaik Masthan Vali, the former striking with an iron rod and the latter stabbing with a knife. The deceased died from multiple injuries, including fatal cuts to the neck and occipital region caused by the knife. The Sessions Court acquitted both ac…

The incident occurred on the night of 14-15 July 1979 during a land dispute when several accused entered the house of the deceased, Sitaram Manda, allegedly firing weapons and assaulting occupants. The trial court convicted the accused under IPC sections 302 read with 149, 148, 452 and 323 based largely on the testimon…

The deceased, Budida Krishnamurthy, committed suicide after alleged harassment and financial disputes with the appellants, Didigam Bikshapathi and others. In his suicide note he implicated the appellants, leading to charges of abetment of suicide under Section 306 IPC. The appellants filed a petition under Section 482 …

A married woman, Sumitra, died in a fire that also injured her two‑year‑old son and her father‑in‑law, both of whom later died. The husband, Devender Singh, and his brother‑in‑law were prosecuted under IPC sections 306 (abetment of suicide) and 498‑A (dowry harassment) based on letters in which the husband allegedly de…

The appellants Prem Narain and others were convicted under Section 304(II) read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code for the murder of Gopal Singh, based primarily on the testimony of two eye‑witnesses, PW‑1 (Ganeshi Bai) and PW‑3 (Kallu). The Supreme Court examined the consistency of their statements and found mat…

The Supreme Court examined whether, at the stage of framing of charge under Sections 227, 228, 239 and 240 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, a trial court may consider material produced by the accused and whether the accused can invoke Section 91 to summon documents. The Court held that the Code grants no right to the…

The State of NCT of Delhi appealed against the acquittal of Sunil and Ramesh, who were convicted by a Sessions Court for kidnapping, raping and murdering a four‑year‑old girl, Anuradha. The High Court set aside the conviction, citing minor inconsistencies in the testimonies of three witnesses, the lack of independent w…

The accused were convicted by a Sessions Court for offences under various sections of the Indian Penal Code. While their appeals were pending, the High Court discovered that the trial court records were missing and directed the trial court to reconstruct the file using carbon copies of witness statements and other docu…

The appellants Mujeeb, Johnson and Akbar were accused of hiring the taxi of driver Balan, intoxicating him with a soft drink allegedly mixed with sleeping tablets, strangling him, and disposing of his body, followed by tampering with the vehicle's registration. The prosecution relied solely on circumstantial evidence, …

Shivappa was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC solely on the basis of a confession recorded under Section 164 of the Criminal Procedure Code. The High Court upheld the conviction, holding that the confession, though later retracted, was voluntary and truthful. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the m…

The appellant, the son of a murdered village sarpanch, sought to overturn a High Court order that granted bail to the 60‑year‑old second respondent accused of conspiring in his father's murder. The prosecution alleged that the respondent used multiple SIM cards to communicate with a hired shooter, stored the weapons us…

The case involved a robbery in which five accused, including Ganesan (A1) and Shanmugam (A3), allegedly used knives and iron rods to assault victims and steal cash and jewellery. The trial court convicted all accused under Section 397 IPC, imposing a minimum seven‑year term, and the conviction was affirmed by the appel…

The case arose from the suicide of a driver who left a note alleging that his employer, a Special Land Acquisition Officer, had amassed wealth disproportionate to his known income and had threatened the driver, leading to his death. The driver’s brother filed a complaint, resulting in an FIR for abetment of suicide und…

Heem Singh, a Rajasthan police constable, was dismissed after a departmental enquiry found him guilty of misconduct for allegedly committing murder while on leave. He had been acquitted of the murder charge in a criminal trial because key witnesses turned hostile and the prosecution failed to prove guilt beyond reasona…

The appellant Chunthuram and co-accused Jagan Ram were convicted for the murder of Laxman under IPC sections 302 and 34. The Supreme Court examined the prosecution's evidence, finding that the recovered weapons were never forensic‑linked to the crime, the chemical analysis report was missing, and a shirt forensic repor…

The appellant, Munni @ Syed Akbar, was convicted for murdering his wife Gulsara Banu by strangulation using a cable wire, and also for offences under Sections 498A and 201 of the Indian Penal Code. Post‑mortem examination and a Forensic Science Laboratory report established asphyxia by strangulation and ligature marks …

The appellant, Mallella Shyamsunder, was convicted for the murder of his wife, Kalyani, who died from extensive burns after allegedly being beaten and doused with kerosene over a dowry dispute. The deceased gave two dying declarations to a police officer and a Judicial First Class Magistrate, both of which were found t…

Manish Trivedi, an elected municipal councillor and member of the Banswara Municipal Board, was charged under Sections 7 and 13 of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 for demanding a bribe in connection with a kiosk allotment. He contended that, as an elected official, he was not a "public servant" and thus could no…

The appellant, brother of a 57‑year‑old widow who was found strangulated, filed a criminal appeal against the Calcutta High Court's order granting regular bail to the accused under Section 439 of the CrPC. The accused had been arrested, identified by a witness in a second test identification parade, and faced a charge …

The deceased Income Tax Officer was found murdered near his residence. Three accused were arrested; the prosecution relied on a knife recovered from one accused, blood‑stained clothes from another, and the recovery of a motorcycle whose registration number was partially identified. No eye‑witness saw the accused, no te…

The State of Madhya Pradesh appealed a High Court acquittal of three accused who were convicted by the trial court for murder and related offences under Sections 302, 149, 148 and 147 of the IPC. The High Court had set aside the conviction on the ground that medical evidence suggested the weapon (gupti) was not sharp e…

The appellant was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC based primarily on the testimony of a ten‑year‑old child who witnessed the crime. The appellant challenged the conviction, arguing that a child’s evidence must be unblemished and corroborated, and that the child was likely tutored by a close relative. The Supr…

The case involved three accused—Dharambir, Joginder and Karambir—who were convicted for the murders of Dalbir, Vijender and Smt. Kitabo under Sections 302, 34 and 120‑B of the IPC. The trial court sentenced Dharambir and Joginder to death and Karambir to life imprisonment; the High Court commuted the death sentences to…

The case arose from a property dispute that culminated in a shooting on 6 December 1974, resulting in the death of Onkar Nath Singh. The trial court convicted four accused under IPC 302, with three also charged under section 34. On appeal, the Allahabad High Court acquitted the accused, finding serious infirmities: eye…

The State of Punjab appealed the High Court's acquittal of Joginder Singh and Nachhattar Singh for the death of Makhan Singh. The incident occurred on 20 April 1992 when Joginder Singh demanded Rs.100 from Makhan, who could not pay, and subsequently pressed his neck, causing death, as confirmed by a post‑mortem showing…

The respondent Chandrika and two others were charged with murder under IPC sections 302, 307 and 34. The Sessions Court convicted Chandrika under section 304 and sentenced him to eight years' rigorous imprisonment. On appeal, Chandrika did not contest the conviction but sought a plea bargain on the sentence; the Allaha…

The All India Institute of Medical Sciences Employees Union filed a complaint against Dr. S.K. Kacker alleging an offence under Section 409 of the IPC. The police took no action, and the Union approached the Delhi High Court under Article 226 seeking a mandamus directing the CBI to investigate. The High Court refused t…

The case concerned the murder of Rama, a young woman who disappeared from her matrimonial home and whose body was later found in a hold‑all at New Delhi railway station. The prosecution relied on identification of the victim by her sister through the red saree and glass bangles, forensic evidence of strangulation, and …

A civil dispute over a plot of land led to a violent incident on 16 December 1975 in which nine accused, armed with firearms and bladed weapons, attacked the complainants, resulting in several deaths and injuries. The trial court acquitted four of the accused and convicted the remaining five under sections 148, 149, 30…

Smt. Shashi Nayar, the wife of a condemned prisoner, filed a writ petition under Article 32 challenging the constitutional validity of the death penalty imposed on her husband for murder under IPC Section 302. She argued that capital punishment violates Article 21, lacks deterrent effect, is barbaric, and that hanging …

The petition sought revocation of special leave that had been granted by the Supreme Court in the presence of the respondents' counsel after hearing. The Court examined whether it could set aside its own order of special leave, considering the procedural propriety of the original grant and the constitutional implicatio…

The appellant, an unmarried woman in a consensual relationship, sought to terminate a 22‑week pregnancy under Section 3(2)(b) of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act and Rule 3B of the MTP Rules. The Delhi High Court held that Rule 3B applied only to married women and denied the relief, prompting a Special Le…

The appellants were convicted of offences under the IPC and the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention) Act for assaulting the complainants in separate incidents in 2000 and 1995. After the convictions, the parties entered into amicable settlements, and the appellants sought to have the non‑compoundable offe…

Essar Teleholdings Ltd. and other petitioners challenged a Delhi High Court order and a Delhi government notification that appointed a Special Judge to try all offences, including those under the Indian Penal Code, arising from the 2G spectrum scam. They sought a joint trial of the main case and a second supplementary …

The State of Maharashtra prosecuted 34 accused for mob assault that resulted in the death of Tanaji Rathod. All prosecution witnesses except the deceased's wife (PW‑12) turned hostile; the trial court relied on PW‑12’s detailed testimony, corroborated by medical reports, spot‑panchnama and recovered weapons, convicting…

The case concerned the murder of a village Sarpanch on 27 June 1997, for which six accused were convicted under Sections 302, 148 and 149 of the IPC and sentenced to life imprisonment. The appellants challenged the conviction on grounds that the FIR was ante‑dated, the injured eye‑witness (PW‑3) fabricated his injuries…

The Supreme Court examined an appeal by Balwant Singh and others against their convictions under Sections 498A, 304B and 306 of the IPC for the death of Renu Bala. The Court clarified that Sections 304B (dowry death) and 498A (cruelty) are distinct offences; cruelty as defined in the Explanation to 498A must be proved …

The State of Himachal Pradesh appealed the acquittal of Manoj Kumar, who was charged with rape, assault and criminal intimidation under Sections 376, 506 and 511 IPC. The trial court acquitted him on the basis of benefit of doubt, but the State sought leave to appeal under Section 378(3) of the Criminal Procedure Code.…

The appellant, Yedla Srinivasa Rao, repeatedly promised to marry a girl aged between 15 and 16 years, forcibly had sexual intercourse with her, and continued the liaison even after she became pregnant, later refusing to marry her and absconding. The girl reported the matter to the village Panchayat and the police, lead…

The case arose from a property dispute within a joint family that escalated into a violent quarrel at a bus stop, where the deceased was assaulted with a firewood log and died the next day. Four accused were tried; two were convicted of murder (s.302 IPC read with s.34) and one of voluntarily causing hurt (s.324 IPC), …

The appellant Kailash and two associates entered the deceased Ramkishan’s house armed with an axe, lathi and musal over a land dispute. During a quarrel the deceased received a single blow; the prosecution alleged it was an incised wound caused by the sharp side of the axe, leading to a conviction under Section 302 IPC…

The appellant, Tarakeshwar Sahu, was convicted by the trial court and the Jharkhand High Court of rape under sections 376/511 IPC for forcibly taking a 12‑year‑old girl to his gumti with intent to commit sexual intercourse, although the girl was rescued before any act was completed. The Supreme Court examined whether t…

Ghanshyam, a tenant, alleged that his landlord Surya Prasad (respondent No.3) illegally evicted him with armed men on 8 November 1986, causing serious injuries. An FIR under Sections 147 and 307 IPC was lodged and a charge‑sheet filed, but the Public Prosecutor later moved an application under Section 321 of the Crimin…

The accused Dayal Sahu was convicted by a trial court for rape under IPC s.376 based on the testimony of the victim (prosecutrix) and corroborating statements of relatives, as well as forensic serology reports. On appeal, the High Court acquitted him, holding that the failure to produce and examine the doctor who medic…

The State of Goa prosecuted Babu Thomas, a Joint Manager of Goa Shipyard Ltd., under the Prevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratification from a contractor. Two sanction orders were issued—one by the Company Secretary and another by the Chairman and Managing Director—both without the requisite approval …

The State of Rajasthan appealed against the Rajasthan High Court’s acquittal of Teg Bahadur and others, who were charged under Sections 498A, 304B and 201 IPC for the death of Suman within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged dowry demand and harassment leading to her death, but many witnesses turned hostil…

Arun Garg was convicted for the dowry death of his wife Seema, who died within three years of marriage after alleged repeated dowry demands and harassment, culminating in her poisoning with aluminium phosphide. The trial court sentenced him to ten years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs.2,000; the High Court conf…

The appellant, Buddappa Kolkar, was charged with murder (S.302 IPC) after he struck the deceased, Hanamant Basappa, on the head with an axe during a quarrel over a bullock‑cart passage. The trial court acquitted him, but the Karnataka High Court convicted him of murder. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the…

The husband and mother‑in‑law of Dhanuben were alleged to have set fire to her and her son, resulting in their deaths. Two dying declarations were recorded – one by a police officer and another by an Executive Magistrate – but the trial court excluded them and acquitted the accused of murder while convicting them under…

The appellant, Bhagwati Devi, a mother‑in‑law, was convicted under Section 498‑A IPC for allegedly subjecting her daughter‑in‑law to dowry‑related cruelty that led to the latter's suicide by hanging. The trial court and the Uttarakhand High Court upheld the conviction based primarily on the testimony of the deceased's …

The case arose from a murder trial where the accused (Respondent No.2) first sought discharge under Section 227 of the CrPC, which was dismissed by the Sessions Court and upheld by the High Court. He then filed a fresh application under Section 216 seeking alteration of the charge, which was also dismissed by the Sessi…

The father of a divorced woman filed an FIR in 2021 alleging that his former in‑laws had retained the gold ornaments he had given as stridhan at his daughter's 1999 marriage. The daughter had divorced in 2015, remarried in 2018, and a separation agreement had already settled all marital property. The High Court refused…

The deceased, Sonali Karmakar, committed suicide by hanging in her matrimonial home within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that she was subjected to harassment and dowry demands by her husband and in‑laws, leading to her death. The trial court convicted the sister‑in‑law, husband, and mother‑in‑law und…

The State of Haryana appealed against an order of the Punjab & Haryana High Court that granted anticipatory bail to Dharmaraj, who was charged under multiple IPC sections including 147, 148, 149, 323, 325, 341, 342, 427, 186, 353 and 364. Dharmaraj had been declared a proclaimed offender on 5 February 2021, yet he appl…

The State of Madhya Pradesh appealed the acquittal of the accused in a rape case involving a 12‑year‑old girl. The trial court had convicted the accused under Section 376 IPC based on the victim's testimony, medical evidence of a torn hymen, and an eyewitness who saw the accused fleeing. The High Court reversed the con…

The State of Uttar Pradesh appealed the acquittal of Anil Kumar @ Badka and others for offences under IPC sections 363, 366, 376 and 120B. The trial court had acquitted the accused, prompting the State to file an application for leave to appeal under CrPC s.378(3). The Allahabad High Court rejected the application with…

On 8 October 2004, three accused, including the appellant Ahsan, entered the house of the victim's uncle armed with country‑made pistols and fired at family members, causing the death of a still‑born child and grievous injuries to others, including a head wound to Shahzad inflicted by Ahsan. The appellant was convicted…

Vijay Singh was convicted under Section 307 IPC for stabbing PW‑4 on 11‑03‑1998 and sentenced to five years' rigorous imprisonment. He later claimed he was a juvenile at the time of the offence, relying on a school leaving certificate showing a date of birth of 01‑12‑1981, which would make him 16 years old on the incid…

Guru BasavaraJ @ Beene Settappa, the driver of a tractor‑trailer, was convicted under IPC sections 279, 337, 338 and 304‑A and Motor Vehicles Act section 187 for a highway accident that caused multiple injuries and one death. The accused claimed the crash resulted from mechanical failure and argued that his young age a…

The appellant, Mohammed Ajmal Mohammad Amir Kasab, was one of ten Pakistani terrorists who launched a coordinated attack on Mumbai on November 26, 2008, killing 166 people and injuring 238. He was convicted by the trial court on multiple charges including waging war against the Government of India, murder, and terroris…

The case arose from a violent land dispute in which the deceased Girdhari was killed while both parties were ploughing the same field. The trial court convicted seven of nine accused under Sections 302, 307 and related provisions, but the High Court modified the convictions, reducing Kallu's charge to Section 304 Part …

The accused, Rakesh Kumar, was convicted under Sections 366 and 376 of the Indian Penal Code for kidnapping and rape of a girl who was under sixteen years of age. The trial court sentenced him to three years rigorous imprisonment for the kidnapping and seven years for the rape; the Punjab and Haryana High Court reduced…

Hari Singh Gond was convicted of murder and related offences for beating his father‑in‑law, Harilal Gond, and setting fire to the house, resulting in the victim's death. The appellant claimed protection under Section 84 of the Indian Penal Code, asserting that he was of unsound mind at the time of the offence. The Supr…

The appellant, Bholu Ram, a clerk in a government school, was charged with forgery and cheating under IPC sections 409, 420, 467, 468 and 471. During trial he applied under CrPC s.319 to add the headmaster, Sher Singh, as an accused and the magistrate issued summons. The headmaster sought to recall the summons on the g…

The case involved eight accused who allegedly shot two men, Ratan and Ramesh, and burned their bodies on a funeral pyre in retaliation for the murder of Ishwar Chand. The trial court convicted six of the accused under Sections 302, 149 and 201 of the IPC, while acquitting two; the High Court later reduced the convictio…

The State of West Bengal prosecuted Mir Mohammad Omar and six co‑accused for abducting a 29‑year‑old businessman, Mahesh Kumar Aggarwal, with the intention of killing him, and for his subsequent murder. The trial court convicted them under Section 364 read with Section 34 IPC but acquitted them of murder; the Calcutta …

The Supreme Court examined an appeal by four men convicted for the murder of Gurbachan Singh and assault on his family. The appellants claimed they acted in private defence, alleging the incident occurred on the ground floor of their house where they were the victims. Evidence showed the assault took place on the first…

Shri Maruti Shripati Dubal, a police constable, suffered a head injury in a 1981 road accident and was subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia. He attempted self‑immolation on 27 April 1985 and was charged under Section 309 of the Indian Penal Code. While the case was pending, he challenged the constitutional validit…

The appellant was convicted under sections 302, 201 and 34 of the IPC for the murder and concealment of Joginder Singh, based primarily on three pieces of circumstantial evidence: identification by two liquor‑shop owners, an extra‑judicial confession to a village pradhan, and the recovery of a saw blade under a Section…

The widows of two retired government servants—Smt. Bhagwanti (ex‑Subedar) and Smt. Sharda Swamy (retired railway employee)—filed writ petitions under Article 32 seeking family pension after their husbands' deaths. The Union of India denied the pensions, relying on Rule 54(14)(b) of the Central Civil Services (Pension) …

Dr. V.K. Saxena and a nurse, Bhagwati Singh, were convicted for the murder of Sudha, Saxena's wife. The Sessions Judge sentenced Saxena to death and the nurse to life imprisonment. The Allahabad High Court reduced Saxena's death sentence to life imprisonment and acquitted the nurse, citing a split opinion among its jud…

The appellant Sukhdev Yadav was convicted of murder, kidnapping and related offences and sentenced to life imprisonment fixed at twenty years without remission, along with fines. After serving the full twenty‑year term on 9 March 2025, he sought release but the Delhi High Court had earlier denied his furlough applicati…

The appellant Ajwar filed a criminal appeal challenging a bail order granted by the Allahabad High Court to respondent No.1, Waseem, who had been repeatedly granted and then cancelled bail by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had earlier cancelled the bail on two occasions, directing that any future bail could be so…

The widow of Shaileshkumar Patel challenged the quashing of FIR No. I‑11209016200112, filed under Section 306 IPC for alleged abetment of his suicide, on the ground that the complainant and accused had reached a monetary settlement. The Gujarat High Court, invoking its inherent power under Section 482 of the CrPC, set …

The respondents, seven accused persons, were charged with murder and several other offences for the killing of Sumit Kumar. Their bail applications were rejected by the Sessions Court but were later granted by the Allahabad High Court without recording any reasons. The complainant, father of the deceased, appealed to t…

The appellants were charged under Sections 384, 511, 420 and 120B IPC and, while in police custody, consented to provide voice samples for comparison with a recording obtained during a sting operation. They objected to being asked to read out inculpatory material from the disputed conversation, arguing that the process…

The appellant, a temporary constable in Uttaranchal, submitted an affidavit stating he had never been involved in any criminal case, while an FIR had been registered against him and later closed by the magistrate. The State discovered the pendency of the case during character verification and terminated his service wit…

The appellant alleged that A‑1 to A‑12 conspired, motivated by political rivalry, to assault and attempt to kill him, leading to a charge‑sheet under Sections 120‑B, 147, 148, 427, 307, 201 (r.w.) and 149 of the IPC. While the trial was pending, A‑1 to A‑3 filed a petition under Section 482 of the CrPC seeking to quash…

The complainant alleged that a police inspector, his wife, and an associate defrauded her of Rs.3 lakh in a loan transaction and that the investigation was halted after the money was returned. She filed a petition under Section 482 of the CrPC seeking to have the case investigated by the CBI, arguing that the presence …

The appellant Dasrath was convicted under Section 3048 IPC for dowry death and Section 201 IPC for concealing the death of his wife Pinki, who died from burns after kerosene was allegedly poured on her. The prosecution proved that the death was unnatural, occurred within seven years of marriage, and was preceded by cru…

The deceased Shoba was burned to death by her mother‑in‑law and sister‑in‑law. A dying declaration was recorded by a Taluka Executive Magistrate on 9 April 1995 in the presence of a doctor, and the formal FIR was lodged on 12 April 1995. The appellants challenged their conviction under Section 302 read with Section 34 …

The State of Maharashtra appealed the acquittal of Head Constable Dnyaneswar Laxman Rao Wankhede, who was convicted by a Special Judge for demanding illegal gratification under Section 7(1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. The prosecution’s case rested on two panch witnesses; one died during trial and the sur…

The appellant, Sukanti Moharana, was convicted under Section 302 IPC for allegedly pouring kerosene on her sister-in-law and setting her on fire, resulting in extensive burn injuries and death. The conviction was based primarily on a written dying declaration recorded by a doctor and an oral dying declaration made to t…

Nahar Industrial Enterprises Ltd entered into ISDA derivative contracts with Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp. When disputes arose, Nahar filed a civil suit in Ludhiana seeking a declaration that the contracts were void and an injunction, while the bank filed an application before the Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT) for …

The appellants attacked an informant and his brothers with weapons over a land dispute, causing injuries that led to a police complaint. They claimed they acted in private defence, but the trial court convicted one appellant under IPC Section 304 Part I (culpable homicide not amounting to murder) and the other two unde…

The appellant, Maulavi Hussein Haji Abraham Umari, was arrested in connection with a train attack and initially placed in police custody. An application under Section 49(2) of the Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002 (POTA) was filed to extend his police remand beyond the statutory 30‑day limit, and the Special Court appr…

Sanaboina Satyanarayana, convicted of murder (Sec. 302 IPC), dowry harassment (Sec. 498A IPC) and tampering with evidence (Sec. 201 IPC), sought remission of his life sentence under a Government Order dated 25‑01‑2000 issued under Article 161 of the Constitution. The Order excluded "prisoners convicted for crimes again…

Residents of Ratlam filed a complaint under s.133 of the Criminal Procedure Code alleging that the Municipal Council had failed to provide sanitary facilities, construct drainage, and stop industrial discharge, creating a public nuisance. The Sub‑Divisional Magistrate ordered the municipality to construct drains, provi…

The case arose from a street fight between two families on 15 June 2001, during which the appellant Jagdish, armed with a lathi, struck the deceased Zile Singh, leading to his death, and caused injuries to three others. Jagdish was convicted by the Sessions Court under Section 304 Part II and Section 323 of the Indian …

The State of Haryana charged Hussain and another accused with house‑breaking, theft and causing death under IPC sections 380, 457 and 460 after a night raid that resulted in the death of the complainant's husband. The trial court convicted both accused and sentenced them to rigorous imprisonment. On appeal, the High Co…

The appellant Raju Devade was convicted of murder under Section 302 IPC for allegedly pouring kerosene on an 18‑year‑old girl (Baby) and setting her ablaze. The prosecution relied on the victim’s oral statement to the police and two dying declarations recorded by an Executive Magistrate in question‑answer form, both be…

The Punjab State Warehousing Corporation appealed against a High Court order that set aside the conviction of its former Godown Assistant, Bhushan Chander, for criminal breach of trust (IPC s.409) and related offences (s.467, 468, 471) on the ground that prosecution required prior sanction under CrPC s.197. The Supreme…

The appellant, Praful Sudhakar Parab, a pay‑sheet clerk in the Maharashtra police, lured his colleague, Senior Clerk Prabhudas Narayan Raut, to the office on 7 December 1996 and the victim never returned. The victim’s wife and son testified that they saw the accused and the victim leave together after 9 p.m., and the a…

The case involved the murder of a young bride within six months of her marriage; her body was dismembered and dumped in a park. The prosecution proved that the murder occurred inside the appellants' house, that blood stains were found there, and that the mother‑in‑law was seen discarding the body. The appellants (the f…

The case arose from a long‑standing land and water dispute that culminated in a violent assault on Suresh and Atmaram Bohare, who later died of their injuries. The prosecution relied on the testimony of four close relatives of the victims, medical autopsy reports, and weapons recovered from some accused. The appellants…

Following the opening of the Ram Janmabhoomi temple, communal agitation erupted and the petitioners were alleged to have incited violence, leading to their arrest on several IPC charges. While their bail applications were pending, the District Magistrate issued preventive detention orders under sub‑section (3) of secti…

The CBI investigated a violent attack on the house of Sekh Jamir Hossain that occurred on the day election results were announced in West Bengal, where a mob assaulted the complainant, looted his property and molested his wife. The accused, including politically influential respondents, were arrested and a charge‑sheet…

The appellant Sonu @ Sunil was convicted along with four others for the robbery and murder of Bharosilal in September 2008, based largely on circumstantial evidence, the recovery of a mobile phone from his possession, and the testimony of a witness (PW‑5) who claimed to have overheard a conspiracy. The prosecution alle…

The case involved the murder of Nand Karan, for which three appellants were convicted of conspiracy and murder based largely on confessional statements recorded while they were in police custody and the recovery of a scooter allegedly used in the crime. The appellants challenged the admissibility of those confessions u…

The appellant, Rohtash Kumar, was convicted of murdering his wife, Sonia, an inter‑caste spouse, after she was found dead in a hostel garden. The prosecution relied on circumstantial evidence, including the "last seen together" testimony of the hostel caretaker, the appellant's possession and use of the victim's mobile…

The Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) received a sum of Rs.22 lakh from Y, the husband of respondent Usha Anand, and similar amounts from his three brothers, who deposited the money voluntarily to avoid arrest, not under any court order. The brothers were later acquitted and the trial court ordered refund of …

The deceased Ratna Kumari died from severe burn injuries after alleging that her ex‑husband, the appellant, had poured kerosene on her and thrown a burning stove at her. Three dying declarations were recorded: two on 15‑April‑2000, which described an accidental fire and did not implicate the appellant, and a third on 2…

The appellant, Jugendra Singh, was charged with attempting to rape a nine‑year‑old girl and causing her death by strangulation. The trial court acquitted him, citing minor discrepancies in witness testimonies, but the High Court reversed the acquittal, convicting him under IPC sections 302, 376 and 511 and imposing lif…

The State of Himachal Pradesh appealed against the Himachal High Court’s acquittal of Suresh Kumar, who had been convicted by the Sessions Court for raping a minor girl and wrongful confinement under IPC sections 376 and 342. The victim, a girl aged between 5 and 12, identified the accused as her rapist and her testimo…

The appellant Govindaraju was convicted under Section 3048 of the IPC for the death of his wife Susheela, who died from burn injuries within seven years of marriage. The prosecution alleged that the husband and his family demanded dowry, harassed Susheela for non‑payment, and subjected her to cruelty, leading to her un…

Bhairon Singh was convicted under Section 498A IPC for cruelty to his wife, based solely on the testimony of the deceased's brothers who recounted her alleged complaints of torture and dowry demands. The wife died accidentally by drowning, and the trial and High Courts acquitted him of dowry death and abetment of suici…

Manju Ram Kalita married the complainant in 1992 and a child was born in 1993. The wife left the matrimonial home while pregnant in 1993 and discovered in 1997 that the husband had contracted a second marriage. She filed an FIR under Sections 498A (cruelty) and 494 (bigamy). The trial court, appellate court and High Co…

The appellant-wife alleged that her husband and his relatives assaulted her and her family on 27 October 2020 by throwing chilli powder in her eyes and attacking them with slippers and stones, while also demanding dowry. A criminal case was filed under IPC sections 498-A, 324, 355, 504, 506 read with 149, and the polic…

The appellant, Punit Beriwala, alleged that a receipt‑cum‑agreement to sell dated 12 April 2004 was a fraudulent transaction in which the accused, Vikramjit Singh and Maheep Singh, misrepresented their authority as Karta of the HUF and induced the appellant to pay a large sum. The appellant filed a criminal complaint i…

The father, Govind Singh, threw a burning chimney lamp at his daughter Lalita during a heated argument over a light bulb, causing severe burns that led to her death after seven days. The prosecution relied primarily on the daughter's dying declaration, as the eyewitnesses turned hostile, and secured a conviction for mu…

The appellant, Dilpesh Balchandra Panchal, was convicted along with two co‑accused for the murder of Indrasinh under IPC s.302 and s.114. The prosecution relied on the testimony of the victim's parents, who witnessed the attack, medical evidence indicating two fatal knife wounds, and the recovery of the murder weapon f…

Amarjit Singh and co‑accused were convicted by a trial court for offences under Sections 306 and 498A of the IPC, read with Section 34, and sentenced to imprisonment. They appealed to the Punjab & Haryana High Court, where the single judge dismissed the appeal, stating there was no reason to re‑appreciate the evidence …

Four accused, including Baij Nath Sah, were tried for kidnapping a minor under Sec. 366-A IPC. The trial court convicted them, and the High Court reduced the charge to Sec. 363 and lessened the sentence. On special leave, the Supreme Court examined the sole evidence against Baij Nath Sah—a statement recorded under Sec.…

The appellant Dauna Devi was convicted along with another accused for murder and concealment of body under Sections 302 read with 34 and 201 IPC, based solely on circumstantial evidence that the dead child's body was recovered from a house allegedly belonging to the accused. The prosecution alleged that the appellant h…

The appellant A2 and two others were charged with murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for the death of Damera Shiva Kumar. The prosecution relied on the "last‑seen" theory, stating that A2 and A3 had taken the deceased on a motorcycle shortly before the body was found, and on the discovery of the a…

The State of Uttar Pradesh prosecuted Hari Chand and Jautam alias Andhi for murder under IPC s.302, alleging they caught the victim, Mool Chand, and shot him at close range. The trial court convicted them based on the consistent testimony of three eye‑witnesses and corroborating medical evidence of four firearm wounds.…

The appellant was convicted under Sections 326 and 452 of the Indian Penal Code for trespassing into a house and causing grievous hurt with a dangerous weapon. The trial court sentenced him to confinement till the rising of the court and a fine; the Madras High Court enhanced the custodial term to two years of rigorous…

Four accused were tried for offences under the Indian Penal Code, with the trial court convicting two of them under s.324 r/w s.34 and the other two under s.304(II) r/w s.34. The High Court altered the convictions, sentencing Ahmed Ali and Suraj Ali under s.334 r/w s.34 to one year imprisonment each, and Mamud Ali and …

The appellants Kesar Singh and another were excavating a foundation on land they owned when the victim, the father of a witness, demanded a passage. After being urged to "teach him a lesson," Kesar Singh struck the victim on the head with the reverse side of a spade, causing a serious head injury that led to death afte…

The Supreme Court examined a gang‑rape case where the victim, a married woman with two children, was found unconscious and naked after being chased and assaulted by six men. The victim suffered no external injuries, and the FIR was lodged a day after the incident. The Court held that lack of injury does not preclude a …

Udaykumar Pandharinath Jadav (Munna) was convicted under Section 302 IPC for the murder of Shivraj. Two eye‑witnesses testified, and one witness, in cross‑examination, stated that the deceased first attacked the accused with a knife, leading to a scuffle in which the accused disarmed and stabbed the deceased. The accus…

A bus owned by the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation collided with a truck, injuring several passengers and the bus driver. Both the passengers and the driver filed claim petitions under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 before the Motor Accident Claims Tribunal. The Tribunal held the bus driver negl…

The State of West Bengal filed a criminal appeal against S.K. Bormal and others, who were charged under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947 for offences alleged to have been committed in August 1988. The 1947 Act was repealed on 9 September 1988 by the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, and the case was transferred…

The case involved eight accused who formed an unlawful assembly and attacked the deceased Qasim, resulting in his death. The trial court convicted the accused under Section 302 read with Section 149 IPC, but later the High Court altered the conviction to Section 304 Part I read with Section 149 and sentenced them to te…

The deceased Ramanand Mahto was attacked by a mob of 10‑15 persons who pulled him from his scooter, severed his head with sharp weapons and dragged his trunk to a pond. Police arrived within fifteen minutes and recorded statements of eye‑witnesses, including the nephew of the deceased, whose FIR named some but not all …

Daulat Ram, a Punjab police constable, was convicted of murdering a 25‑year‑old man, Narinder Singh, under Section 302 IPC read with Section 27 of the Arms Act. The prosecution relied on two alleged eyewitnesses, the victim's uncle and a companion, and asserted that the killing occurred at 2 p.m., supported by a post‑m…

The victim Ramdeo Yadav was attacked and killed with sharp-edged weapons while sleeping in a field; his son Gajendra (PW 8) witnessed the assault using a torchlight. The Sessions Court convicted all fourteen accused based on eyewitness testimony, but the Patna High Court upheld convictions only against six appellants, …

The appellant, Madan Gopal Kakkad, sought to overturn a High Court judgment that convicted Naval Dubey, a medical graduate, only of outraging a woman's modesty under IPC s.354 and imposed a fine. The victim, an eight‑year‑old girl, testified that the accused stripped her, forced oral sex and slightly penetrated her vul…

M.R. Pratap, the Managing Director of Rayala Corporation Private Ltd., signed and verified the company's income‑tax return for AY 1965‑66, which was later found to be false. He was prosecuted under section 277 of the Income‑Tax Act for wilfully making a false verification. The appellant contended that the term "person"…

The appellant, a former Chief Minister of Maharashtra, was prosecuted for corruption offences under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act. The Supreme Court, in an earlier order dated 16.2.1984, suo motu transferred the case from the Special Judge to the Bombay High Court for speedy trial. The appe…

The petitioner, an under‑trial prisoner, complained that he was repeatedly handcuffed while being escorted between Tihar Jail and the court despite a trial‑court order prohibiting such treatment. He filed a writ of habeas corpus under Article 32, alleging violation of Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution and invo…

The appellants were convicted under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC for the murder of Abbas Baig, based primarily on the oral testimony of three eyewitnesses. They challenged the conviction, arguing that the eyewitness evidence was unreliable, that the defence counsel's suggestions during cross‑examination …

The appellant, Tarlochan Singh, was the licensed holder of a double‑barrel 12‑bore rifle that was used to murder Gurdeep Singh. The prosecution alleged that the appellant had delivered the firearm to co‑accused Gurpreet Singh, who then used it in the killing, leading to convictions under Sections 29 and 30 of the Arms …

The appellant, Pattu Rajan, was convicted for the murder of his brother-in-law, Santhakumar, after a series of abductions and attempts to force the victim's wife, PW1, to become his third wife. The prosecution proved the murder through circumstantial evidence, including PW1's detailed testimony, corroboration by her mo…

An FIR was lodged under several IPC sections and later under Section 3(ii) of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989. The accused filed an anticipatory bail application, which the District Judge dismissed; the petitioner then approached the Madras High Court, but its registry ref…

The case involves a violent incident on 9 Oct 1983 in which a group of 35 accused, including the appellants (accused Nos. 1‑5, 10 and 25), armed themselves and attacked Satyaban and an independent witness, PW 4 Muralidhar Kuila, before abducting Satyaban, who was never recovered. The prosecution relied on family member…

The appellants, police officers, illegally detained Nandagopal, beat him to death in police custody and gang‑raped his wife Padmini within the police station. The trial court and High Court convicted them based on the testimony of 37 witnesses, including the victim, and sentenced one officer to three years and the othe…

Ranjit Singh was charged with murdering his wife Gurmail Kaur on 1 September 1990, with the prosecution alleging that he, his sisters and his grandmother participated in the killing. The evidence consisted of a post‑mortem report indicating strangulation, an electric wire found near the body, and extra‑judicial confess…

The case concerned a multi‑crore iron‑ore mining lease scam involving former ministers of Jharkhand, including a former chief minister, with allegations of illicit wealth amassed through abuse of official position. The High Court, noting the complexity and trans‑national nature of the alleged investments, referred the …

The appellants were convicted for the murder of Hemant Kumar under Section 302 IPC based primarily on the testimony of two related eyewitnesses, PW4 and PW5. An independent eyewitness, Kapur Singh, who was present at the scene, was never examined, and the prosecution offered no explanation for this omission. The Court …

The petitioner, Smt. Shail, was a victim of offences under Sections 376 and 328 of the IPC by the respondent, Manoj Kumar, who later married her to avoid conviction but subsequently deserted her. She filed a maintenance application under Section 125 of the CrPC before the Family Court, which was delayed; the High Court…

The case arose from a long‑standing feud between the families of Bhagwan Ram and Krishan Lal. On the night of 21‑22 August 1992 the accused entered Bhagwan Ram's house and fired indiscriminately, killing Bhagwan Ram, his son Sunder Ram and his mother Chando Devi, and injuring Subhash Chander (PW2) and his sister Raj Ku…

The appellant was remanded to judicial custody for offences under the IPC and the Maharashtra Protection of Interest of Depositors Act. After the statutory 60‑day period for filing a charge‑sheet elapsed, he applied for bail, asserting the indefeasible right under the proviso to Section 167(2) of the CrPC. The Special …

During K. Karunakaran's tenure as Chief Minister, the Kerala State Supplies Corporation entered into a contract for importing palmolein, which was later alleged to be corrupt. A petition under Article 226 seeking registration of a criminal case was dismissed by the High Court, and a subsequent FIR filed by an oppositio…

Nar Singh Pal, a casual labourer who had acquired temporary status in the Telecom Department, was terminated in May 1992 on the basis of alleged assault and pending criminal charges under the IPC. The termination was effected by paying retrenchment compensation without a regular departmental enquiry. Pal was later acqu…

The accused were convicted of murder under Sections 302, 148 and 149 of the IPC for chasing and assaulting the deceased, an act witnessed by three eye‑witnesses. The appellants challenged the conviction on several grounds, chiefly that the First Information Report (FIR) was not promptly lodged, that the copy of the FIR…

The appellant, Rajendra Pralhadrao Wasnik, was convicted of raping and murdering a three‑year‑old girl under IPC sections 376(2)(f), 377 and 302. The prosecution relied on a chain of circumstantial evidence, including eyewitness testimony that the accused last saw the child with him, the discovery of the child's nude b…

The Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Mano Dutt and Ram Narain for murder under Section 302 read with Section 34 of the IPC. The Court held that the accused had a pre‑planned common intention to assault and kill the deceased during a land‑dispute, and that the presence of fewer than five participants does not prec…